In my comments today all references to earnings per share are on a fully diluted basis. Also, please note as I go through the results I will generally not comment on the year-to-date financials as those were detailed in the earnings release. In reviewing our second quarter results I think it will be helpful to put them in context.
As we recovered from the recession throughout 2010 and the first half of 2011, Tennant had achieved on average organic sales growth of about 13% in each of those 6 quarters. We estimated at the beginning of the 2011 third quarter that we were back to pre-recession sales levels and we anticipated organic revenue growth going forward to return to our traditional range of mid to high single digits.
This has generally been the case as we have been lapping those very high growth quarters. The organic sales growth of approximately 1.6% in the 2012 first quarter was lower than anticipated primarily due to order timing in the Americas as well as the impact from the increased tightening of credit in Europe. Now in the 2012 second quarter organic sales growth was approximately 2.6% with about 6.8% growth in the Americas which more than offset the decline in EMEA and Asia Pacific.
Based on the ongoing economic uncertainty, primarily in Europe and larger than anticipated unfavorable foreign exchange impact on sales, we are lowering our 2012 full year net sales to a range of $770 million to $785 million. This is the expected result in our organic sales growth for the 2012 full year in our traditional range of mid to high single digits. Due to our demonstrated improvement in profitability we are maintaining our earnings guidance and still expect 2012 full year earnings per share to be in the range of $2.30 to $2.45.
Turning now to a detailed review of the 2012 second quarter, our sales are categorized into 3 geographic regions which are the Americas which encompasses all of North America and Latin America; EMEA which covers Europe, the Middle East, and Africa; and lastly, Asia Pacific which includes China and other Asian markets, Japan, and Australia.
In the Americas we reported 2012 second quarter organic sales growth of approximately 6.8% excluding about 2% of unfavorable foreign currency impact. The growth in the Americas was driven by North America sales of scrubbers equipped with EC Water which grew about 11%. In the Americas last year we reported 2011 second quarter organic sales growth of approximately 18.9% so we were pleased with our 2012 second quarter organic sales growth of approximately 6.8% on top of that very good prior year quarter. As Chris noted, 2012 second quarter sales to strategic accounts were especially strong in North America as we continue to gain momentum with our focus on large customers.
In EMEA, organic sales were down about 3.6% excluding a large unfavorable foreign currency impact of approximately 8.5%. EMEA sales of indoor equipment were adversely affected by the European economic conditions and a continued tight credit environment which made it difficult for Tennant customers to obtain financing. We are working diligently to identify additional leasing companies to help our customers’ secure third-party financing.
Second quarter 2012 outdoor city cleaning equipment sales growth was a positive compared to the prior year quarter. Higher sales of Green Machines more than offset the lack of Hoffmans’ products that were discontinued in the second quarter of last year. There is sustained interest in the Green Machines 500EZ environmentally friendly city cleaning sweeper that Chris mentioned.
In Tennant’s Asia Pacific region, organic sales were down approximately 7.9% excluding an unfavorable foreign currency impact of about 1%. Sales were lower in mature markets such as Australia primarily due to softer economic conditions. Note that in Asia Pacific last year we reported 2011 second quarter organic sales growth of approximately 17.9%. China is a key market for us, we achieved organic sales growth of approximately 15% in the 2012 first quarter and then 30% in the 2012 second quarter. We remain very positive about the future growth potential in this region.
Tennant’s gross margin for the 2012 second quarter of 44.6% was up 240 basis points from 42.2% as adjusted in the prior year quarter. Gross margins improved in all geographies due to product mix, stable commodity cost and production efficiencies. Tennant’s gross margins have strengthened over the past year rising from 42.9% in the 2011 third quarter to 43.2% in the 2011 fourth quarter and 43.4% in the 2012 first quarter. We are pleased that Tennant again performed above the high end of our target gross margin range of 42% to 43%.
Research and development expense in the 2012 second quarter totaled $6.9 million versus $6.7 million in the prior year quarter. R&D expense as a percent of sales was 3.5% in the second quarter 2012 as compared to 3.3% in the prior year quarter. We are continuing to invest in our core business most particularly in preparation for the early 2013 launch of the first model in our new large equipment modular product line.
Selling and administrative expense in the 2012 second quarter totaled $60.4 million or 30.3% of sales compared to $62.5 million as adjusted or 31% of sales as adjusted in the second quarter of last year. The 70 basis points improvement stem from continued tight cost controls and the improved operating efficiencies. On a sequential basis, selling and administrative expenses as a percent of sales decreased from 34.4% in the 2012 first quarter to 30.3% in the 2012 second quarter.
We had higher than usual expenses in the 2012 first quarter due to large self-insured medical, workers’ compensation, and auto claims which tend to be infrequent and difficult to predict. As I mentioned on our 2012 first quarter conference call, we did not anticipate this adversely impacting our annual claims patterns.
We continue to invest in our process improvement projects during the second quarter. These initiatives are designed to standardize and simplify our global processes in the areas of pricing, invoicing and collections, and machine configuration. These efforts will help us build a scalable business model, reduce cost and make it easier for our customers worldwide to do business with Tennant. We are continuing to tightly control our spending to improve operating efficiencies.
Our 2012 second quarter operating profit totaled $21.6 million or 10.8% of sales compared to adjusted operating profit of $15.8 million or 17% of sales as adjusted in the 2011 second quarter. As Chris said, the $21.6 million is an all-time operating profit record for any quarter. It is also interesting to note that the last time we achieved an operating profit of 10.8% was in the fourth quarter of 1999.
We remain on track to continue our operating profit improvement and our goal is to reach a 12% operating profit margin in the 2013 fourth quarter. We believe that tenant is capable of obtaining this ambitious long term goal by successfully executing our strategic priorities and assuming the global economy grows at a modest rate. As we work towards this target we are keenly focused on: driving organic revenue growth in the mid to high single digits, holding fixed costs essentially flat in our manufacturing areas as volume rises, striving for 0 net inflation at the gross profit line, and standardizing and simplifying process globally to enable the building of a scalable business model while minimizing any increases in our operating expenses.
We have been successful in leveraging our existing work force and have continued to hold our employee count to about 2,800. This number is essentially flat to when we completed the restructuring effort that begin in the 2008 fourth quarter and is down about 10% from Tennant’s pre-recession peak, yet we have been able to grow sales from $596 million in 2009 to a record of $754 million in 2011.
During the second quarter of 2012 we had net foreign currency transaction losses of $0.9 million compared to net foreign currency transaction gains of $0.9 million in the year earlier quarter. This is reported below operating profit and it was an unfavorable quarter-over-quarter impact of $1.8 million or $0.06 of earnings per share. We do have non-speculative hedging programs in place so swings in the related transaction gains or losses are primarily due to fluctuations in exchange rates.
We continue to successfully execute our tax strategies. The 2010 fourth quarter restructuring and alignment of Tennant’s international operations continues to provide commercial benefits and financial reporting efficiencies as well as a more tax efficient capital and legal entity ownership structure. As anticipated, there is a positive impact to our 2012 tax rate as well as to our long term expected tax rate. Tennant’s overall effective tax rate was 32.5% in the 2012 first half. The base tax rate excluding routine favorable discreet tax items was 32.8% which was in line with our targeted range of 31% to 33%. Note that the federal R&D tax credit has not yet been reenacted for 2012 so we’re not allowed to include a favorable impact from that in our tax rate.
Turning now to the balance sheet. Again, we are pleased with the company’s progress. Net receivables at the end of the 2012 second quarter was $135.1 million versus $140.2 million a year earlier. Quarterly average accounts receivable days outstanding were 60 days for the second quarter compared to 60 days in the 2011 second quarter. Tennant’s inventories at the end of the 2012 second quarter were $68.4 million versus $74.4 million a year earlier.
Quarterly average FIFO days inventory on hand were 82 days for the 2012 second quarter compared to 81 days in the year ago quarter. Accounts payable totaled $49 million at the end of 2012 second quarter versus $55.7 million in the year ago quarter. Capital expenditures of $7.5 million in the 2012 first half are higher than the $4 million in the 2011 first half due to planned investments in tooling related to new product development and process improvement projects.
Tennant’s cash from operations were $12.5 million in the 2012 first half versus $12.7 million in the 2011 first half. Cash and cash equivalents totaled $38.4 million compared to $41.5 million a year ago. The company’s total debt of $34.3 million declined $7 million from $41.3 million a year ago. Our debt to capital ratio was 13.3% at the end of the 2012 second quarter versus 15.6% a year ago.
Regarding other aspects of our capital structure, Tennant is currently paying a quarterly dividend of $0.17 per share. We paid cash dividends of $12.9 million during 2011 and $6.4 million during the 2012 first half. Reflecting our commitment to shareholder value, Tennant has increased our annual cash dividend payout for 40 consecutive years.
During 2011 we purchased approximately 469,000 shares at an average price of $37.51 per share for a total cash outlay of $17.6 million. During the first half of 2012 we purchased 360,000 shares at an average price of $42.50 per share for a total cash outlay of $15.3 million. In April 2012 our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional one million shares of our common stock. In total we now have approximately 1.4 million shares remaining under our repurchase program. As of June 30, 2012 we had 18.6 million shares outstanding.
Moving now to our outlook. Based on our 2012 first half financial results and our forecast for the remainder of 2012 we are maintaining our full year earnings guidance for 2012 in the range of $2 and $2.45 per diluted share as I previously mentioned. We are lowering our net sales range to $770 million to $785 million from our earlier range of $790 million to $805 million. The lower net sales range reflects the ongoing economic uncertainty, primarily in Europe, and the larger than anticipated unfavorable foreign exchange impact on sales.
For the full year 2011 adjusted earnings per share were $1.95 on net sales of $754 million. Our current 2012 full year financial outlook includes the following expectations: modest economic improvement in North America, continued uncertainty in Europe and steady growth in emerging markets, unfavorable foreign currency impact on sales for the full year in the range of 2% to 3%, minimal inflation net of cost savings initiatives and selling price increases, a gross margin slightly above the targeted range of 42% to 43%, research and development expense of approximately 4% of sales, and capital expenditures in the range of $16 million to $18 million.
We anticipate a base tax rate excluding any special items in the range of 31% to 33% depending primarily upon the mix of full year taxable earnings by country. While we do not provide detailed quarterly guidance we do expect sales in the fourth quarter of 2012 to be higher than the third quarter of 2012. The fourth quarter historically has been seasonally very strong for Tennant. Further, we also anticipate improving our profit margins in each quarter 2012 compared to the same quarter in the prior year as we move towards 12% in the fourth quarter of 2013.
Now we’d like to open up the call to any questions.