Good morning and welcome to the Sun Life Financial Q1 2023 Conference Call. My name is Michelle and I will be you’re operator today. [Operator Instructions] The host of the call is Yaniv Bitton, Vice President, Head of Investor Relations and Capital Markets. Please go ahead, Mr. Bitton.

Thank you, operator, and good morning, everyone. Welcome to Sun Life’s earnings call for the first quarter of 2023. Our earnings release and the slides for today’s call are available on the Investor Relations section of our website at sunlife.com. We will begin today’s call with opening remarks from Kevin Strain, President and Chief Executive Officer. Following Kevin, Manjit Singh, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer will then present the financial results for the quarter. After the prepared remarks, we will move to the question-and-answer portion of the call. Other members of management are also available to answer your questions this morning. Turning to Slide 2, I draw your attention to the cautionary language regarding the use of forward-looking statements and non-IFRS financial measures, which form part of today’s remarks. As noted in the slides, forward-looking statements maybe rendered inaccurate by subsequent events. And with that, I will now turn things over to Kevin.

Well, thanks, Yaniv, and good morning to everybody on the call. Turning to Slide 4, we started 2023 with strong results, driven by our execution capabilities and growth across both our health and protection businesses, highlighting the resilience of our business mix and the importance that our clients continue to place on health and financial security. This is Sun Life’s first quarter reporting under IFRS 17 and IFRS 9, a special thank you to all the Sun Life employees involved in these efforts. With the adoption of these standards – while the adoption of these standards will impact how and when some of our business results are reported, it does not change our strong fundamentals, capital strength or client impact strategy. While global markets remain challenging for our asset management businesses, we continue to see strong fundamentals and performance from MFS and SLC management. MFS AUM has increased since the end of last year and net flows have improved year-over-year. SLC management fee-related earnings were up over 20% year-over-year on higher fee earnings AUM, reflecting strong capital raising and deployment across the platform. SLC Management also completed the acquisition of a 51% interest in Advisors Asset Management and are commencing the development of alternative products to meet the demand of high net worth individuals. Sun Life U.S. had a strong first quarter underlying earnings, reflecting strong premium growth, contributions from DentaQuest and meaningful improvement in mortality and disability experience. DentaQuest had strong business growth during the quarter, with significant Medicaid and commercial business wins. These contracts awards, along with other dental sales in the quarter will allow us to improve preventative care and oral health outcomes for an additional 650,000 members as they are onboarded over the next year. Sun Life Canada also achieved strong earnings during the quarter, driven…

Thank you, Kevin, and good morning, everyone. I’d like to begin by thanking all the teams across Sun Life who worked tirelessly to ensure a smooth transition to the new IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 reporting standards. This was a significant multiyear undertaking for Sun Life and the industry culminating with the release of our first quarter results today. The impact of transition to IFRS 17, are generally in line with what we had previously communicated. The impact of SLF LICA was an increase of 12 points slightly better than the high single-digit estimate we provided in February as we continue to refine our estimates with the finalization of our dual reporting period. We are also reaffirming our medium-term financial objectives, including underlying ROE of 18% plus, up from 16% plus. Underlying EPS growth of 8% to 10% and underlying dividend payout ratio of 40% to 50%. Now let’s turn to Slide 7, which provides an overview of our first quarter results. Sun Life had a strong start to the year with a good underlying earnings growth, an underlying ROE of 17.3% and a strong capital position. Underlying net income of $895 million and underlying earnings per share of $1.52 were up 24% from the prior year, reflecting the strength of our business fundamentals and the benefits of our diversified mix. Sun Life provides three main types of services to our clients, wealth and asset management, group and health protection and individual protection. Wealth and Asset Management businesses comprise approximately 40% to 45% of our earnings. These businesses generate fee-based earnings and spread income on investment products. Drivers of underlying results include net client flows, impact of markets and asset values, spreads over crediting rates on guaranteed products and operating margin. Wealth and Asset Management results were resilient this quarter.…

Thank you, Manjit. [Operator Instructions] I will now ask the operator to poll the participants.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Thank you. And our first question comes from Meny Grauman of Scotiabank. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. You referenced in Q2 pro forma cash at the holdco level of $2 billion. And I’m just wondering if you look out beyond, does that number move up materially? Is there more cash at the Opco to move up to the holdco?

Meny, it’s Manjit. Yes, as you mentioned, we’re expecting to have a nice increase from Q1 where our holdco cash was $1.1 billion, up to $2 billion at the end of the second quarter. And given our strong LICAT capital position, both at the holco and the Opco, we expect that holdco cash to continue to increase in the second half of the year.

Thanks for that, Manjit. And then I guess the follow-up question is just in terms of capital deployment priorities, you have been busy over the last little while. I’m just wondering, with that cash amount, what the priorities are? Has it changed since you talked to us about it last time? So just wondering how you see that cash being deployed over the next number of quarters.

Hi, Meny, it’s Kevin. The priority for our capital deployment is unchanged with the change IFRS 17. We do have a strong position. We continue to have our dividend and organic growth as being the number one priority. We do have – we are active in the M&A, and you’ve seen that in the last few years. We always look for chances to build capabilities or to build scale as long as it meets our financial targets. And then we do consider buybacks based on what’s in our M&A pipeline and what we see from a growth perspective, use for organic capital and those types of things. So we have all four tools in front of us, and we’re prioritizing these in the same way we have in the past.

Thanks a lot, Kevin.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Gabriel Dechaine with National Bank. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. A couple of quick questions here. One, Manjit, you made reference to capital optimization, I think that added 4 points to LICAT. Can you delve into that a bit more? And then question for, I guess, Bentall, GreenOak. All the stuff we’re seeing in the commercial real estate market, rightfully so. Just wondering how that affects their fundraising capabilities or fee stream today? And if there is any general comments about the marketplace that you could share, that would be great, too.

Good morning, Gabriel. I’ll take the first question. I think Randy will take the second one. So reference of internal capital generation in the quarter, about 4 of those – 4 of that was from capital optimization. And those would generally include things where we’re obviously reducing and managing the risk profile of the company. So it would be things like ALM actions where we’re tightening up sort of the some of the residual risk and other reinsurance activities. Randy, do you want to take the second one?

Yes. Gabriel, it’s Steve Peacher. Let me address your question on BGO. Yes, there is no question that there is pressure on the real estate market. And as everyone knows, there is concern about office cap rates are up with interest rates, but also risk premiums, mortgage lending rates are up. Having said all that, in the quarter, BGO was net positive in terms of fundraising, they expect to be for the year. They have certainly seen that there is more pressure on fundraising because of the concerns about real estate. But remember, a lot of their products – two things I’d point out. One is a lot of the products are closed in private equity style products. While they do have some open – a couple of open-end institutional funds, a lot of the products are multiyear products where the money is locked up for that period of time. So that’s very important. And we continue to see fees growing at BGO management fees, we would expect to continue that. The other thing that they have done a great job with is launching a targeted subsector products, like they have a great cold storage product focused on that subsector of industrial. Their biggest weight across their funds actually is industrial, which continues to perform very strongly. So they are reacting to this pressure and have reacted leading into this by being focused on the subsectors of real estate, which are doing well. It doesn’t mean they are completely immune from the pressure on an area like office, but we think they still continue to have momentum.

So inflow is slowing down, not seeing any pressure on like withdrawals or anything of that nature at this point?

No. We’ve seen – what we have seen, they have an open-end fund in the U.S. that’s in the Odyssey Index. And they have seen more redemption requests out of that fund as has every fund in that Odyssey universe, but they continue to raise money in their closed-end funds. They have an open end fund in Canada where actually they are getting money into the fund. So you have to look across the broad platform. So they expect to raise a meaningful amount of money this year, but there is no question that the fundraising environment is more difficult than real estate.

All right. Well, thanks for that. Have a great weekend, everyone.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Doug Young with Desjardins. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. I guess maybe this question is for Dan. Just on the U.S. group side, two parts. The decline in dental underlying earnings, I don’t know if there is like sequentially, I know there is some seasonality in there. Maybe you can weave in with the contribution from DentaQuest was? And was there big swings quarter-over-quarter? And then – the second part is just the U.S. Medical stop-loss sales were down. I know this is a big sales quarter. And – but you did call out last quarter increased competition in that space. And I think the stop-loss business margins are quite attractive, just if there is an update there?

Yes. Good morning, Doug, it’s Dan. Yes, let me take both of those questions. First on the dental, there is some significant seasonality in dental loss ratios. Typically, the first quarter is one of the two quarters with the highest loss ratios. And I think you saw that in our peers as well. Fundamentally, a lot of clients, particularly government programs, enroll January 1. People have a new benefit. They tend to go and use that. So that’s certainly one of the contributing factors there. We did have a little bit of adverse experience in the Medicare business this quarter. That’s a small part of the business. We’re taking action to address that. And then we had very good sales results in the quarter. Now those sales tend to be big and they – the clients that were won will be implemented in the future, but some of the sales compensation is paid now. So those are the drivers there. But overall, we are very happy with the performance of DentaQuest, which is the vast majority of this and the dental business. There is great momentum, great sales momentum. We’re on or ahead of our targets for synergies, the integration is going well. So we still feel very, very good about the trajectory of that business. On stop-loss sales, you’re correct. They were down a bit in the first quarter. The first quarter is the smallest quarter of the year for stop-loss sales. But the pricing in the market has grown very competitive. Trends in the market, the medical cost trend has tended to be performing very well. So that leads competitors sometimes to price aggressively to win new business. It’s worth noting our sales are still roughly double the next biggest comparable provider of stop-loss. And again, it’s a small quarter. But we are taking some action, both selectively to increase competitiveness. And then also with new initiatives, we have a new artificial intelligence approach that’s enabling us target cases that previously we might not have quoted on. We recently sold our first case using that AI tactics. So we have a lot of things going on to continue to enhance our competitiveness.

Perfect. And then just second, on commercial real estate that’s on your own books, and I know you talked about returns being relatively flat. Some would suggest perhaps there should be decent marks on the books, whether it’s the mortgage book or the investment properties. Just wondering, can you talk a bit about marks that you have taken on this book and I guess more on the office space than not and/or allowances that you’ve taken on this book and what you foresee if you can talk a little bit of the outlook and what you could foresee coming down the pipe as it relates to marks or allowances on the book?

Sure. Thank you for that, Doug. It’s Randy Brown. So yes, real estate seems to be the topic du jour on everyone’s radar. And our portfolio, as you rightfully point out, was essentially flat on the quarter, which was something in line with our expectation at this point. In terms of our portfolio, as you think about it, we’ve talked in the past, we embarked on a multiyear repositioning strategy, anticipating what we’re seeing now. So let me give you a couple of examples. From 2017 until now, in Canada, we reduced our office weighting from 38% to 24%, retail from 25% to 11% and increased industrial from 18% to 37%. During that time, we sold 39 office properties, while we bought seven and developed two new in Canada. In the U.S., the repositioning was similar. Office dropped from 55% to 28% and retail, 20% to 14% and industrial increased from 18% to 58%. And here, we sold over 30 office buildings, 85 properties in all. So this was the most active CRE transaction period in the history of Sun Life, and that’s led for us to earn returns above both our long-term estimates and above comparable market benchmarks. So our real estate portfolio has been repositioned. It’s performing well. And in terms of outlook, we do expect further weakness, particularly in office. We’ve written it down approximately 20%. It’s very building-specific. So it’s hard to generalize for, let’s call it, approximately 20% in the last several years. So we think our – we’ve reflected some of the market changes. In terms of – but do you see weakness continuing to show in the next few quarters.

Appreciate the color. Thank you very much.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Thomas MacKinnon with BMO Capital. Your line is open.

Yes. Thanks very much. Just a couple of questions here. One, if I look at this line expense as other, Mike, it’s up in the U.S., but that’s got to be overall because of DentaQuest but in the corporate segment, it seems to jump all over the place, and it’s up 46% year-over-year. It seems to be heavily weighted to the first quarter. I wonder if there is anything unusual in that number on how we might be thinking about that number? And then I have a follow-up. Thanks.

Good morning, Doug. Sorry, Tom. So I think in terms of your question, I think in the corporate segment. I think the key drivers there for the quarter were really higher compensation expenses. As you know, those kind of move around with our share price and our performance. We also had higher IFRS 17 costs as we complete a project. And then we also had some higher debt financing costs. So I think if you kind of look at this quarter’s number that you can probably use as a relatively good run rate going forward.

Okay. That’s great. And then maybe I’ll ask the question about capital a little bit differently here. I mean you still be still 2 points of organic capital you’re generating that in my calculation seems to be about at least $300 million, maybe even $400 million, you’ve got more money going up to the holdco here and in terms of cash. And your year through DentaQuest seems to be going well. I guess, Kevin, when you – it’s a high-class problem would have that when you tell investors will invest in our business, what is it that – where do you think you need to invest in your business? And how do you tell shareholders that those investments in the businesses are better return for the shareholders than just giving the money straight back to them.

Yes. So great question, Tom. Thanks. And when I stop and think about it, I want to emphasize that we are in a strong capital position and that reflects our approach to risk management. the strength of our balance sheet, some of the stuff that Randy talked about and how we change the mix and continue to leverage the balance sheet and then the mix of our businesses. And so the strong capital position doesn’t happen by accident. It comes by direct strategy and working on it. If I step back and look at buybacks versus the growth in the business, we have a target of medium-term objective, over 18% ROE. We look for strong growth in business of 8% to 10%, and we look to provide a dividend yield in our medium-term projection of 40% to 50%. So we – when we think about M&A. It’s all about building capabilities or building scale in line with those three medium-term objectives. And so if we can’t do M&A or even organic growth that meets those medium-term objectives, then we will give it back to shareholders. But when we do M&A, we have strong conviction that we can meet those objectives. And we also have strong conviction that we can be successful in the integration. And so DentaQuest is a great example. Dan talked about the momentum on our integration there and the integration approach, and we think that’s going to deliver on our business case. And that’s the second largest M&A we’ve ever done in the history of the company and the first – the largest one we’ve ever done outside of Canada. So that just gives you an example of how we’re thinking about it. So it’s – our commitment is to deliver on those three medium-term objectives and what we do in the M&A should build towards that.

And just as a follow-up, the Asia tends to be a lower ROE than the company’s overall ROE. I mean, is it worth it to put – why do you want to keep putting money into something that’s of a lower ROE? Or what can you do to improve that. Is that the area that probably needs the most money put to work in order to improve performance?

So in Asia, we’ve been building scale, and you’ve heard us commit to a 15% growth in the earnings, and that’s growth in earnings faster than the growth in capital. So you should see the ROE there improving over time. We’re also looking for cash back from Asia, and we stress that to Ingrid and the team there that when they don’t need capital, we want it back in the corporate. So they have to meet the same objectives that the rest of the company does.

And the other thing I’d add on there, Tom, is that obviously, as you mentioned and Kevin mentioned, we’ve invested a lot. So there is a lot of goodwill that’s kind of in the denominator. If you look at it on a tangible basis, our ROE is kind of approaching mid-teens.

Yes. Okay, thank you.

Do we have another question, operator?

Yes, Paul Holden with CIBC. Your line is open.

Thank you. Good morning. So maybe to close the loop on the topic of the day, commercial real estate. Maybe you can talk about the commercial mortgage book on your balance sheet. I don’t know what kind of drill down you can give us, but it would be helpful to get a sense of, I guess, exposure to office there, and I guess, office, specifically in U.S. and any kind of metrics you can give us on credit allowances how you’re looking at watch list and overall ability of the borrowers to cover required mortgage payments? Thank you.

Sure. Paul, Randy Brown. Thank you for the question. So, the mortgage book underwent a very similar exercise to what we did on the real estate equity portfolio, very much of an up-in-quality strategy that’s been employed over the last 5 years. So again, let me give you some examples to demonstrate the case. So, the entire book has gone up from a BBB to A rating over that period, which was a pretty massive undertaking. We have an average loan-to-value of 54%. Debt service coverage about 1.7 and increased the average loan size by about 50%. So, I would call this another big up-in-quality trade in the portfolio to position for the – what we expected to be a weakness that we are seeing now. In terms of office, the numbers are similar to what you saw in – on the equity portfolio, so, we have decreased office. And again, the LTV on the office portfolio as a whole is in the mid-50s, up 55% as well. So, we think that we have got a lot of protection built in to the mortgage portfolio. In fact, we did see positive ratings migration this quarter, so demonstrating the strength of the book. We have no mortgages in arrears and so it’s performing quite well.

Okay. I am sorry, that percentage in office then is around 20%, 25%, is that right?

Yes.

Yes. Okay. Alright. Okay. Second question for me, noticed a significant jump in insurance sales in India this quarter. Maybe you can just talk about what the driver of the big jump in sales there was, and if that’s sustainable and kind of remind us how that flows through the JV and into earnings for Sun Life?

Thank you. It’s Ingrid Johnson here. What we saw in India was actually strong sales ahead of some tax regulatory changes to product attributes that would cause some of the earnings to be taxable downstream. So, there was a fire sale of strong sales. Having said that, we were top three overall in our sales and given the momentum in the business, maybe not at that high level, but we expect that to continue. In terms of how this flows through, it would come through in the JV line.

Thanks great. Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Mario Mendonca with TD Securities. Your line is open.

Good morning. This is maybe best suited for Dan. Dan, I am looking at the segment ROE, the U.S. segment ROE. And I appreciate this disclosure. It’s helpful to see. What I observed was the significant increase in ROE starting around Q3 ‘22. My explanation versus that it was DentaQuest, but it may be more than that. Could you talk about how the fundamentals in the U.S. business perhaps it’s employee, perhaps it’s top loss, maybe it’s DentaQuest that are contributing to that sharp improvement in the ROE from, say, Q2 to Q3.

Yes. Well, I think overall, the ROE is getting stronger and stronger because the margins in the business have been getting bigger, so a couple of factors there. One, as I am sure you know, especially back in the first quarter of last year, we had greatly depressed earnings due to very high mortality in the group life business related to COVID. So the margins started to rise, obviously, as that faded off from the experience. Secondly, as you know, the stop-loss business has continued to perform very well and the margins have actually continued to increase in that business as the loss ratio has dropped. So, I think as far as the fundamental performance of the business, we have seen the margins rising and therefore, the ROE improving. I might ask manage it to comment on this, but I also think there are some impacts from how DentaQuest blends into the results.

Yes. I think Mario, if you look at the current level that we have, the 15% ROE, I think we feel very good about that level of return, again, that incorporates the investments that we have made in different businesses like DentaQuest. And I think we see that continuing to go in that direction.

Okay. Perhaps a different type of question, maybe a little more detail in its orientation. On the contract service margin, and this is not unique to Sun Life, and I am just trying to piece together why the increase from new business in the roll forwards are different from the actual contribution to earnings from the amortization? I just expected those two to be essentially the same number, but they are different, could you help me think that through.

Yes. Thanks Mario. This is Kevin Morrissey. I will talk about that. I think that when you are looking at the different components of new business, one of the things you have to consider is par and non-par splits on the CSM contribution. And you also have to step back and look at all the different components going into the CSM that you have different impacts in terms of how they interact and how they impact the amortization levels. So, I won’t go into all the details. There is a number of technicalities we may want to cover more detail next week, but that’s probably how it would respond for today.

And so just to close the loop on that, the amortization of the contract service margin over time hasn’t really kept pace with the growth in the contract service margin. Another one that Ingrid has talked about how higher interest rates are having a depressing effect on the proportion of the contract service margin that amortizes into earnings. Is that a similar effect for Sun Life?

Yes. Mark, it’s Kevin again. Yes, you are right. There is a key interaction especially on the variable fee approach products that have embedded guarantees, and there is an interaction between the market movements between the cost of guarantee liability and the CSM liability and it has an effect of kind of dampening changes in the CSM amortization. So, we think that’s actually an attractive quality because it does stabilize our CSM amortization into earnings over time.

Alright. Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Darko Mihelic with RBC Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Hey guys. Thank you. Good morning. I just – my first question is just I wanted to revisit, Manjit, your answer to Tom’s question on the expenses being a run rate. Like I thought I had heard you say there were three things impacting it. And then in my mind, I thought okay, well, it should go lower as a result from a quarterly run rate, maybe the interest cost sort of remains. But why is it that it’s a good run rate? Look, as higher comp expected to continue for the rest of the year? IFRS spending, I guess why would that – unless you capitalize on expenses? Maybe you can just give me a hand and then just to touch it off, I mean, the whole other corporate sort of segment has a lot of moving parts. Maybe you can just wrap it all up by saying, look this is a good overall run rate for that business in the model?

Yes. I think maybe I will start with your last point first, Darko. So, I think in terms of corporate, you are right. I think our run rate kind of at the levels that we are seeing now around $100 million is probably what you should expect to see going forward. And as you mentioned at the end, like there is always a bit of puts and takes in the corporate segment just in the nature of what we include in there. So, this quarter, there was those two items you mentioned in other quarters, there could be some other things. Certainly, the debt financing costs are more permanent. And the compensation costs are really a reflection in most cases relative to our share price performance. So, that could move around.

Okay. That’s helpful. And then just, again, another modeling question, I have been rebuilding models here, and I am just trying to understand a few things. And I want to just go back to the expected investment result. In many ways, when I look at the quarter, it seems to have been a fairly big contributor to the year-over-year improved results and maybe it’s not a great comparator, but I look at the investment. The expected core net investment result is up 79% year-over-year. The invested assets are up 33 basis points year-over-year. That number also the core net investment result is up significantly quarter-over-quarter. So, I am just trying to get a sense of how you would characterize it. Is the number ballpark now, the number we should expect for the next few quarters? Just want a little bit more clarity around how I should be thinking about modeling that. I have got some ideas, but the result I saw today kind of smashed my ideas.

Alright. We will try to help you there, Darko. It’s Manjit again. So, I think exactly right, to your last comment, I would really focus on this quarter as a baseline, Darko, because obviously, last year, there was a lot of movements in terms of how we transition to IFRS 17. So, if you look at the two biggest components of the investment income, there is sort of the expected investment income and there is the earnings and surplus. So, maybe I will talk to both of those in turn to answer your question. So, the expected investment income really includes sort of the two portions, which is the income that we earn on our assets backing liabilities, and that’s really the spread over the discount rate on the liabilities, so that’s one. The second one for the assets backing investment contracts, it’s really the spread of the crediting rate. So, if you look at how that number will move, obviously, those are the – that’s what’s going to impact it, so how does the overall asset yields move and of course, how does the crediting rate move on our investment contracts. And you combine that with our book is going to likely grow, so that’s going to contribute to earnings overall. So, that’s kind of on the expected investment income side. And when you put that all together, we expect that to be relatively stable. On the earnings and surplus and we break it out in the – in our slides, Darko, I mean the core there is really what you should be focused on, because the other elements in terms of AFS gains can be lumpy from quarter-to-quarter because obviously, we are looking at opportunities in the markets on when to capitalize on that. And the other items are just sort of some accounting noise between derivative positions and cash positions that even out over time, but you could see a little bit of noise in that quarter-over-quarter. So, on that one, I would rely on the core as your baseline going forward.

Okay. Thank you very much Manjit. Appreciate that. I think I may want to follow-up with you next week if possible. So, thanks again.

Sure.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Nigel D’Souza with Veritas Investment Research. Your line is open. Nigel D’Souza: Thank you. Good morning. I just wanted to touch on the CSM balance. Correct me if I am wrong here, I may have missed this, but it doesn’t look like the CSM balances are disclosed at the business segment level. So, just wondering both the rationales for that and how we should think about changes in the CSM balances at the segment level and how that might impact CSM amortization to maybe different rates of amortization across your business. I was just trying to get a sense of the run rate here going forward?

I think if you look at – Darko, I will start and I will let Kevin comment as well. So, I think if you look at the CSM amortization, there is a few things that impact it, but broadly speaking, I think we expect that to remain relatively stable. And the two business groups that really contribute to that are Asia and Canada.

Nigel, it’s Kevin Morrissey. Maybe just to add a bit to that, so there is some technical details going to. So, I won’t go into a lot here, maybe we can follow-up next week. But the two things I will highlight for today is CSM amortization will be impacted by mix of business, because as you know, it’s amortized over the lifetime of the service of those contracts. And so that varies by the length of term of the business. There are also some intricacies related to VFA products and especially market moves and interactions with cost of guarantees and the CSM and how that amortization happens over time. So, there is kind of the measurement model impact and then there is duration impact to mix of business and both of those interact together. And what we have seen though is that number has been fairly stable. As you look at our results, the trend line is good. We have seen both the CSM amortization and risk adjustment re-disposals have been quite stable over time, and we are very pleased to see that trend. Nigel D’Souza: Okay. That’s helpful. And if I could just follow-up on investment activity gains, when I look at 2022 on a comparative basis, it’s about 8% lower on the IFRS 17, which is in line with your guidance. And I think I remember you mentioning higher investment activity gains on the IFRS 4 contributing to the decline. So, just trying to get a sense of how does that impact IFRS 17 results going forward? I think I understand that those – that item now goes through net investment results. So, just trying to get a sense of what the impact is on a go-forward basis on what you saw this quarter from investment activity gains?

Nigel, it’s Manjit. So, you are right. So, I think the way it’s going to kind of flow through in IFRS 17 is those the spread benefit that we were getting in IFRS 4, as you know, was being present valued, and that’s what caused the lumpiness that you are mentioning in your investment trading activity gains under IFRS 4. Under IFRS 17, that spread will be recognized over time through investment income.

And Nigel, it’s Kevin, maybe just adding to that. You will see that in the expected investment earnings line, and that’s one of the reasons why we are expecting a favorable trend over time. And as you add to the investing activity, which we will continue to do, to add value to the portfolio, you will see that build over time as it gets amortized in and that, again, comes in the expected investment to earnings. Nigel D’Souza: Okay. So, it sounds like the more stability and kind of gradual pie there. So, okay, appreciate the color. Thanks.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Joo Ho Kim with Credit Suisse. Your line is open.

Hi. Thanks. Good morning. I just want to go back to CSM another sort of modeling-type question. Just on the – first, I guess on the new CSM from Asia, really strong growth, and there were some mentions about how we have really good results from sales from India. But I am just curious if you could give a bit more detail on sort of what drove that almost doubling of new CSM balances from Asia? And then I have a follow-up.

Thank you. It’s Ingrid Johnson here. So, just to note that in our CSM, we have some units that are not part of IFRS 17. So, the joint ventures as well as Vietnam would not be in the CSM. So, that’s – so the sales of the units in the CSM are 27% up. So, what we are seeing is a doubling is a combination of both the strong sales as well as then the product actions to improve margin for the benefit of client outcome. So, over time, you should see the continued good run rate.

And at the top of the house sort of like our company level, is there a reasonable range that you could guide us to for the new CSM?

I mean I think obviously, sales never move it directly in a straight line overall, Joo Ho. But I think what we have sort of said is that we expect the organic sort of CSM to kind of be in the mid to low-double digit growth range over time – sorry, the new business CSM. So, that will bump around, but that’s kind of what you are looking at over time, that’s kind of the growth you should expect.

I think Manjit’s comment that – it’s Kevin, that it’s dependent on sales is that’s the closest linkage. And Ingrid mentioned that, that the combination of sales and mix and pricing action. So, our goal would be to, as Manjit said, is to grow that over time.

Got it. Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Lemar Persaud with Cormark Securities. Your line is open.

Thanks. I just want to come back to the line of questioning on expenses, but at the consolidated level. So, that $470 million in other expenses, that’s been climbing sequentially for the past, I think three quarters. But thinking about the growth rate forward – going forward, is it better to think about this on a year-over-year basis or sequentially when modeling this out? And then more broadly speaking, if we think about the costs at the top of the house, the cost with IFRS 17 are coming off here and lower inflation, should this drive the growth rate lower moving forward, or are there other project-related spends that could keep this growth rate elevated?

Yes. Hi Lemar, it’s Manjit. So, yes, I think there are a few elements that go into that number. So, there is obviously – we have had inflation impacts coming through that number. You have heard about significant volume growth. So, that’s obviously included in that number as well. And there is also some currency impacts that impact that number. So, some of those will move around depending on what’s happening. But I think if you want to think about it on a core basis, I would sort of say, overall in this environment, in top line, you are probably going to see 7% sort of growth in our expense rate, including inflation, which is running around 3% to 3.5%. And then our core business growth is growing at a similar rate. And that reflects also the investments – some of the investments we are making into the business.

Perfect. Yes, that’s helpful. That’s it for me. Just a quick modeling one.

Thank you. We have no further questions at this time. I will turn things to Mr. Bitton for closing remarks.

Thank you, operator. This concludes today’s call. A replay of the call will be available on the Investor Relations section of our website. Thank you and have a good day.

This concludes the program. You may now disconnect.