Good day, and thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Constellium Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2021 Results. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to hand the conference over to your first speaker today, Jason Hershiser, Director, Investor Relations. Thank you. Please go ahead, sir.

Thank you, operator. I would like to welcome everyone to our fourth quarter and full year 2021 earnings call. On the call today, we have our Chief Executive Officer, Jean-Marc Germain; and our Chief Financial Officer, Peter Matt. After the presentation, we will have a Q&A session. A copy of the slide presentation for today’s call is available on our website at constellium.com, and today’s call is being recorded. Before we begin, I’d like to encourage everyone to visit the company’s website and take a look at our recent filings. Today’s call may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements include statements regarding the company’s anticipated financial and operating performance, future events and expectations and may involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. For a summary of specific risk factors that could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements, please refer to the factors presented under the heading Risk Factors in our annual report on Form 20-F. All information in this presentation is as of the date of the presentation. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. In addition, today’s presentation includes information regarding certain non-GAAP financial measures. Please see the reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures attached in today’s slide presentation, which supplement our IFRS disclosures. I would now like to hand the call over to Jean-Marc.

Thank you, Jason. Good morning, good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for your interest in Constellium. I want to start by thanking each of our 12,000 employees for their relentless focus on safety and their commitment to serving our customers in these challenging times. I am extremely proud of what we were able to achieve in 2021, and I look to the future with great optimism. Now let’s turn to Slide 5 and discuss the highlights from our fourth quarter performance. Shipments were 385,000 tons, that’s up 3% compared to the fourth quarter of 2020. Revenue increased 37% to €1.7 billion. This was primarily due to higher metal prices. Remember, while our revenues are affected by changes in metal prices, we operate a pass-through business model, which minimizes our exposure to metal price risk. Our net income of €7 million compared to a net income of €26 million in the fourth quarter of 2020. Adjusted EBITDA was €147 million, 33% above the fourth quarter of 2020 and well above our implied guidance range. Strong end market demand, particularly from our packaging and industrial customers and better-than-expected cost performance helped us overcome continued weakness in automotive caused by the semiconductor shortage and inflationary pressures across the business. I am very pleased with our strong execution this quarter. We extended our track record of consistent free cash flow generation with €14 million in the quarter. Lastly, we demonstrated our commitment to reduce gross debt with a redemption of $200 million of our 2026 notes in November. So now turn to Slide 6 for our full year results. Beginning with safety, our recordable case rate was 1.85 per million hours worked and very close to our record performance last year. While this is best-in-class performance, we remain committed to continuous improvement in this…

Thank you, Jean-Marc, and thank you, everyone, for joining the call today. Please turn now to Slide #8. For the fourth quarter of 2021, Constellium achieved €147 million of adjusted EBITDA, an increase of 33% compared to the fourth quarter of 2020. Compared to the fourth quarter of last year, PARP adjusted EBITDA of €88 million increased by €6 million. A&T adjusted EBITDA of €30 million increased by €17 million and AS&I adjusted EBITDA of €31 million increased by €9 million. Holdings and corporate costs of €2 million decreased by €4 million compared to last year due to a number of one-off adjustments in the quarter and cost reduction initiatives. For the full year 2021, Constellium achieved €581 million of adjusted EBITDA, a 25% increase compared to the full year 2020. Compared to the fourth quarter of last year, PARP adjusted EBITDA of €344 million increased €53 million to a record level. A&T adjusted EBITDA of €111 million increased by €5 million and AS&I adjusted EBITDA of €142 million increased by €54 million, also to a record level. Holdings and corporate costs of €16 million decreased by €4 million compared to 2020. We continue to expect holdings and corporate costs to run at approximately €20 million per annum. Now turn to Slide 9, and let’s focus on our PARP segment performance. Adjusted EBITDA of €88 million increased 7% compared to the fourth quarter of 2020. Volume was flat as higher shipments in packaging and specialty rolled products were offset by lower shipments in automotive rolled products. Packaging shipments increased 5% on continued strong demand. Automotive shipments decreased 18% on continued impacts from the semiconductor shortage. This trend was roughly consistent with our experience in the third quarter of 2021. Price and mix was a headwind of €3 million on a…

Thank you, Peter. So let’s turn to Slide 16 and discuss our current end market outlooks. Demand remains generally very strong in the markets we serve. We are benefiting from sustainability-driven secular growth trends, such as consumer preference for infinitely recyclable aluminum cans, lightweighting in transportation and the electrification of the automotive fleet. Constellium is well positioned today with our diverse and balanced portfolio to capture this growth. Starting with packaging. Packaging is our core market for Constellium and represented 43% of our revenue in 2021. The growth in demand for aluminum cans is underpinned by consumer preference for cans versus other alternatives such as plastics. Aluminum cans are infinitely recyclable, making them the most sustainable beverage packaging container and a well-understood participant in the circular economy. The packaging market is strong in both North America and Europe. We expect mid-single-digit demand growth in the medium term, which is supported by can maker capacity additions in both regions, and we are doing our best to meet the needs of our customers. We are continuing to investigate a number of initiatives to increase can sheet capacity across our packaging platform to serve this growing market. We expect this will be achieved through both debottlenecking of our operations and additional investments in the future. Now let’s move to automotive. Automotive represented 26% of our revenue in 2021. Constellium is well positioned in both sheet and extrusions to benefit from the secular shift to aluminum in automotive and the electrification of the automotive fleet. Electric vehicles need to be light to meet their range of objectives, which makes aluminum the logical material of choice for auto body sheet, crash management systems, structural components and battery enclosures. We also expect continued lightweighting of internal combustion engine vehicles to meet increased regulation, the societal focus…

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of David Gagliano from BMO Capital Markets.

All right. Great. And congratulations on the strong results and the solid outlook. Just when I look at 4Q results, I compare to the implied guidance 3 months ago, EBITDA of the Constellium’s owned guidance by €20 million to €30 million. It’s a pretty big number, especially if that were to be annualized. Then when I look at the 2022 guidance, it implies about 2% to 5% growth versus the 4Q actual result annualized. And that’s despite the fact that fourth quarter is typically the weakest quarter and then you flagged positives in each of your -- significant positive in each of your 3 major buckets for 2022. So my questions are, one, what changed versus 3 months ago that caused Constellium to beat by so much in 4Q? And then number two, what are the implications in terms of upside potential for the full year 2022 guidance?

Dave, thanks for the question and congratulations. So on the first part of your question, yes, it was a significant beat. We are very pleased, and we clearly surpassed our own internal expectations. That’s in the context of strong demand, stronger than we were even seeing and excellent execution in all our facilities. So we are very pleased with that. And we hope to be able to maintain that level of performance, but we really had an excellent quarter from an operations standpoint. Now looking forward, one thing that hasn’t escaped any of us is inflationary pressures. And we benefited, I think Peter commented on it in his remarks. If you look at pricing, we have better pricing in ‘21 than we had in 2020. But inflation kicked in only at the end of the year and only partially because a lot of our contracts for supplies reset on the 1st of January. So we had a little bit of impact on inflation, but we have the full benefit of our price increases. Going forward into next year, we are going to have the full impact of inflation. And we know that our prices are going up as well. But the compression due to price increases on inflationary cost pressures, sorry, the compression is there. So that’s going to put a bit of a damper on our ability to grow EBITDA, and that’s what we’re reflecting in our guidance. We’ve got pretty good visibility, obviously, as to what our prices are for the year, both on the input side and on the output side. And that’s why you are seeing an increase in EBITDA that may be a little bit more modest than what we’ve been delivering in the past. Peter, anything you want to add?

No, I think that’s great. That’s great.

Okay. And so that factors in, obviously, all the cost pass-throughs that you’ve flagged multiple times on this call and in the past. So I guess is there a way to frame a certain level -- I mean it just seems pretty conservative to me. I’m trying to gauge what your assumptions are embedded in there, for example, timing of an aerospace recovery, timing of an automotive recovery. I know you gave us the mid-single-digit growth on the packaging side.

Yes. So maybe I can shed a bit more light on the inflation and the pass-throughs. We are in long-term relationships with our customers. And obviously, we discussed, we negotiate contracts, we discuss existing contracts, and we look for solutions that work for us and for our customers. So what’s important also to understand is that we will not be passing through all the inflationary pressures all at once on January 1, right? There will be a ramp-up. And what is not passed through in ‘22 will be passed through in ‘23. So I think we need to look at the long-term perspective here in terms of how our pass-throughs work. And clearly, what that means is we expect to fully pass through all the cost pressures we are feeling, but that will kind of bleed over into 2023. That’s one. Then on the assumptions we have related to our guidance, we’re expecting every quarter some recovery in aerospace compared to the same quarter of the prior year. And we expect aerospace to be back to pre-COVID levels or thereabout by 2024. So it’s a gradual increase. In terms of automotive, we expect that the chip shortage gets resolved in the second half of the year. And if you remember, we said it’s costing us about €5 million every quarter. This is the past year. So we expect that kind of drag on our earnings to continue in Q1, Q2 and then abate in Q3, Q4. And then packaging, I mean, solid continuing and here the challenge is more about producing everything that our customers want. So I hope that gives you a bit more color as to what’s embedded in the guidance.

Your next question comes from the line of Timna Tanners from Wolfe Research.

I wanted a little bit more color on some of the contact revision opportunity that you talked about, just to understand that a little bit more. And then also the mention of debottlenecking and expansion and packaging, if you can elaborate on those opportunities and maybe the size of any investment there?

Certainly. So we’ve been on a multiyear journey to improve the value we bring to our customers and make sure it’s recognized and translates into higher prices. So we’re very happy with the progress we’ve made. And that’s one of the good things about an inflationary environment is that it actually puts wind in our sales in terms of getting better pricing in the marketplace. So look at it as a continuing journey, and we’ve had nice price increases in ‘21. I think it’s well known that there is even more contracts that come up for renewal in ‘22. So they have come up for renewal. They’ve been renewed at a good, better, improved prices compared to the past. So we are quite pleased with the progress we’re making, and that is true in packaging, and that is true as well in automotive, right? We have a nice gradual ramp-up of pricing. Regarding the debottlenecking, further investment in capacity. When you look at how much the can sheet market is growing worldwide in the U.S., in Europe, with all the new can lines, there is substantial need for more can sheet capacity. And today, as an industry, we have a fantastic opportunity to ramp up our production and meet the needs, the growing needs of our customers. We’ll talk more about the options we are considering when we have our Analyst Day on April 6 in Muscle Shoals. But let me say that we are very excited about the future. And we’ve grown our capacities in the past in Muscle Shoals, and we think we have opportunities to further grow them both in Europe and North America at this time. So stay tuned for -- until April 6, please.

Got it. Will do. So just on the first part of the question though, just to think about the contracts, like can you give us any framework on how much is -- how much of the contracts are coming due or how to think about how much is pure pass-through because it’s a little confusing. If you talk about the ability to have some that are passing through inflation, but others are lagging. I’m just trying to get an understanding of how to quantify that.

Sure. And we don’t want to go obviously into 2 specific details because it’s commercially sensitive. But think of our contracts, and I’m talking here more specifically about packaging, but I could also apply to automotive, right? Typically, 5-year duration. So on any given year, you should have about 20% of your contracts that renew. And we said 2022 is a higher year of renewal, okay? So bit more than 20% would be the answer. When we renew contracts, we’ve been in a positive price environment. So there was a step-up in pricing. That step-up in pricing will kick in. Per se, I don’t look at it as an inflation pass-through because it’s driven by supply demand and all that, and these contracts, we negotiate them over many years. So what renews on January 1, 2022, we didn’t negotiate it in December of 2021, right? We negotiated in December of 2020 and for the for the full -- for 6 months thereafter. So the inflation was not very much in the picture then. But we have inflationary protections in those contracts, which means that, by and large, there is a step-up in price in ‘22, and then you’ve got inflation protection kicking in, in ‘23 on the basis of what inflation would have been observed in ‘22, which is very much what we’re living through. So I hope that helps you understand a bit more how the mechanism of the combination of inflation pass-through. And our pricing power, quite frankly, is working in 2 of our main segments.

Got it. So there’s a lag effect, all else equal if inflation is static here, we’ll see theoretically margin expansion into 2023, it sounds like.

Yes. So we are seeing compression in ‘21 as a result of that and an expansion in ‘22.

Your next question comes from the line of Emily Chieng from Goldman Sachs.

Jean-Marc and Peter, my question is just -- my first question is around the automotive segment. Appreciate the color there around your expectations for that segment to more meaningfully rebound in the second half. But can you perhaps provide some color on what you’re seeing there in terms of ordering activity from the OEMs and the difference between different regions and how that’s sort of trending versus 2019 levels?

Yes. So we are still subdued compared to 2019 levels. And we do not expect to be at full capacity by the end of the year because of all these disruptions we are seeing. And it’s very choppy. You’ve got customers that pull very heavily for a month and then the following month, they announce they will shut down for a week. So it’s been really choppy. I mean, just to give you an example, I think in Bowling Green, so in North America, where we’ve had quite a few disruptions, we were down 20 days in the quarter, right? So that down, I mean the plant is idle for 20 days out of 90 in the quarter. So that’s -- and sometimes it’s a very short notice. So it is still very choppy. But the underlying demand is strong. And whenever they can make cars or trucks, they will.

Got it. That’s helpful. And my second question is just around the recycling footprint. Can you remind us what the latest update here is on the European recycling center expansion? And remind us of the timing of when that additional volume should hit and the anticipated margin improvement there?

Yes. Sure. So we are making good progress. It’s a significant investment. It needs permitting and all that. So the time frame is start of production in the second half of 2024. But very quickly, it ramps up to full capacity, right? So you should expect 24 is a nominal start, 25 is 80% plus of capacity and 26 are at 100%. Margin expansion, we’re -- the way I think of it is we said it’s about €1,000 per ton of investment with €1,000 of capital expenditures and working capital build and all that per ton of installed capacity. And we want to meet our 20% into hurdle rate, a internal rate of return. So that gives you an idea of what contribution it has to EBITDA on a go-forward basis.

Your next question comes from the line of Josh Sullivan from The Benchmark Co.

Just the comment on aerospace with expectations to be back to pre-COVID levels by 2024. How does that contemplate your new Airbus contract? And then separately, if we look at the structure of that new contract and the long-term nature of it, are there any new features that would ramp differently than what happens historically in a restocking cycle?

Yes, that’s a good and difficult question to answer because of commercial nature and sensitivity of it. I think when we say we expect 2024 to be back to pre-COVID levels, it’s in the markets. And I think we’ve been successful with our customers at better serving them. So maybe we can do a little bit better for that, but we have to earn it. So I would -- that’s I would best answer it I think. In the feature, we very much value our relationship with Airbus. They are very important to us, and we want to be a very good supplier to them, and we believe there are some rewards for us being good. And that should mean that maybe we can grow a little bit faster on their needs.

Got it. Got it. And then just on the alloying agent needs, do you have concerns with actually getting supply of the alloys? Or is it just a matter of having to absorb the higher prices, which are just going to be eventually passed on to customers?

Yes. Josh, it’s really around the pricing. And it’s -- at this point, we feel pretty good about the supply. I mean, in Q3, clearly, the supply was a concern. We worked really hard over the last quarter to kind of get that right. And I think now most of the alloys that we’re seeing the kind of disruptions that there were -- have now been resolved. So the flow of materials coming. But the prices have remained stubbornly supplied or stubbornly high. And so we’re going to experience that, as Jean-Marc said, starting in the first quarter when these contracts start to take effect. But we are -- just as an aside, we’re not standing there just taking this. We’re obviously working a lot on increasing recycled content where we can because there we can kind of effectively displace the need to purchase some alloys. We’re working on conservation. So we’re working on a number of things to lessen the blow. And it’s -- and this is in our guidance too. That’s maybe the last point to make.

Your next question comes from the line of Curt Woodworth from Credit Suisse.

So I just kind of wanted to circle back to one of the initial questions. To some degree, when you look at seasonality, and you noted some cost pressure in the business in the fourth quarter, yet you’re still annualizing EBITDA €590 million, and you clearly have a lot of operating leverage inherent in the business this year and ability to recapture some of the inflation as you said. So I’m just kind of curious what you see as kind of the puts and takes as it seems like just from your exit rate this year, you’d be -- on a seasonally adjusted basis, you’d be above the low end of guide for next year. So yes, maybe just kind of help frame the puts and takes on the upper low point and then the ability to which you can parse out the €30 million of EBITDA growth by segment, in terms of what segments you think are going to grow faster or slower would be helpful.

So Curt, maybe a way to help frame this is to focus on Q1. So that will give you some context of what we’re seeing in the near term. And I’ll remind this audience that we typically do not like to talk about kind of quarterly performance. But in this instance, maybe to help you understand the cost pressures, we’ll do that. So if we just go back and look at the first quarter of 2021, we had €121 million of EBITDA, right? And we also called out there was a €10 million extraordinary. So if you kind of adjust for that, you’re at €131 million for the first quarter of ‘21. As we see the first quarter of ‘22 shaping up, given some of the pressures, we should definitely be able to beat the €131 million, but we will have a hard time beating the sequential quarter, so the €147 million that we just did. And so hopefully, that gives you a sense for kind of the range of what we’re expecting in the first quarter and some guidance on how it might kind of play out given some of the cost pressures that are going to run through the year. In terms of kind of looking forward and where the incremental EBITDA comes from, remember, we are expecting, based on what Jean-Marc was saying and what we said in the prepared remarks, we are expecting an uptick in aerospace shipments in every quarter as we go through the year. And those are highly remunerative tons. So that should be a nice benefit for us. Automotive, if we get that benefit in the second half, which we’re expecting, then that should also be a nice bump for us in terms of EBITDA. And I would say the packaging is -- we’re running -- as you know, we’re running pretty full on packaging. But as we continue to work on costs there and so forth, we’ll get some benefit on the packaging side too. I don’t know if John-Marc, if you’d add anything?

Yes. Maybe I’ll just add that in this inflationary times, we’ve got the timing element. And we’re going to as we pass through inflation, automotive is lagging a bit more than packaging, right? So that also can help frame how we think about 2022.

Okay. And then in terms of packaging, historically, there’s been some benefit to the widening of scrap spreads, which have widened pretty dramatically the last couple of quarters here. I’d say maybe it’s been somewhat evident in your EBITDA per ton performance in part, but obviously, you talked about mix effect from lower automotive and inflationary pressures. But can you talk to maybe more specifically about packaging this year in terms of either the benefit of the scrap spread widening? Obviously, the beverage can companies are talking about pretty significant can sheet conversion costs going up. I know I believe you have a fairly heavy reset year this year. But any color you could give with regard to kind of packaging dynamics would be great.

Yes. And I’m assuming you’re talking specifically as it relates to scrap, right?

Correct.

Okay. Yes. So maybe just to rewind a little bit to remind you on scrap. So first of all, not all scrap is created equal, right? And so some scrap comes at a bigger discount than others. And then there’s also obviously the cost to discount it or to -- sorry, to convert it into a usable form for us. And then the last thing I’d note is that today, we have a stronger footprint of recycling in North America than we do in Europe, right? So just a couple of things to keep in mind. Now having said that, recycling, and you noted this or we noted this in our comments on favorable metal costs. Recycling definitely was a contributor in the quarter. The scrap profit was definitely a contributor, and it helped us in part, no question about it. But again, the way we’re looking at this is it’s part of a basket of benefits that we’re putting against some of these inflationary pressures that we’re facing. So yes, it helped us -- and kind of we expect it’s going to continue at the kind of levels roughly around where it is today. But we wouldn’t say it’s not changing the story of PARP, I guess, maybe is the way to put it.

Yes. And maybe, Curt, to add to what Peter said, in ‘21, it was a benefit, right, compared to ‘20. But going forward, we do not anticipate scrap spreads to widen and all that. But we do anticipate energy costs, which are a big part of the conversion costs that Peter was talking about to be higher. So the net impact of that may be a little bit less scrap profit, so to say, in ‘22 than we had in ‘21.

Okay. And, can you comment on how much your can sheet is repricing maybe this year or next year, if possible?

Yes. I think I said more than 20%, and I’ll just earlier in one of the questions and less than 30% would be a good ballpark.

Your next question comes from the line of Corinne Blanchard from Equity.

I think one of the first comment to go back on some of the question. You expect auto to recover in the second half of the year. How do you view seasonality? Would you still expect like the regular seasonality that we’ve seen in 4Q or a little bit different?

Corinne, well, it’s an assumption, more than a definite prognostic, right? The assumption is a recovery in Q3, Q4, which means that we would expect Q4 next year to be better than Q4 this year. And typically, you know that auto is stronger in the first half than the second half. So maybe a more balanced year is the way I look at it for 2022.

Okay. And just another question to go back on your aerospace comment. I believe you mentioned expecting 2024 back to the 2019 level. Is it like an industry comment? Or is it more specific to Constellium?

It’s more an industry comment.

Okay. So if that’s an industry comment, like would you -- what’s your view on the impact on Constellium in term of margin? I believe aerospace is one of your highest EBITDA margin contributor, right?

Sure. Yes, yes. So we think we should be able to replicate margins that we had back in 2019 or thereabout, right? So we said trend line, we said €700 to €800, maybe €750 to €850 per ton would be the kind of the…

For A&T overall.

For A&T overall, yes, that would be the overall kind of guidepost for margins in A&T.

Okay. That’s helpful. And just one last, if I can actually on A&T. I think you have seen significant improvement in term of volume and pricing mix for TID. Do you expect that to continue like this year and maybe like 2023 as well?

Yes. So I think we’ve reached a very nice performance level. And our objective now is to maintain that. It’s putting pressure on the system because the same assets that produce TID are also the assets that produce aerospace. And if aerospace grows gradually or if it grows all of a sudden, that puts a different type of pressure on TID. So our objective is try and maintain the TID levels where they’re at now and accommodate for the growth of aerospace.

Your next question comes from the line of Christian Georges from Societe Generale.

On your free cash flow, you did over €100 million again this year, right? And then the net debt is down hardly more than €10 million, which is like kind of like a low conversion level. If you look at Bloomberg consensus, that suggests €1.71 billion net debt at the end of next year or about €200 million net debt reduction. I mean is that realistic to expect you to have a really high level of conversion into net debt reduction next year?

Well, first of all, Christian, we -- just to call out what happened in 2021. We did have some FX translation that worked against the debt reduction. And remember that we have some costs associated with the -- with some of the refinancings that we did that also kind of worked against the absolute debt reduction number. And looking at ‘22, again, our guidance is greater than €150 million. And we are kind of very confident in our guidance, and we’ll do as well as we can. But I’d say, assume €150 million or better of free cash flow and, therefore, debt reduction. Everything that we’re going to generate from a free cash flow perspective, we’re going to put into debt reduction until we get to that 2.5x leverage target.

So is the €1.7 billion, something you would judge as a challenge or realistic?

Well, we’re going to try to get as low as we possibly can, but I’m telling you our guidance is kind of €150 million or better. So, for €1,981 [ph] million, take €150 million off of that, and that’s about where we should be.

Okay. That makes sense. And my other question is on this automotive rolled business. I mean if I go back because Jean-Marc, you were saying we’ve been subdued since 2019, right? So we’re running at about 65,000 tons per quarter. With a peak, I suppose, 63 back in Q1 ‘21. Say that by the second half of 2022, given the incredibly buoyant demand for automotive, right, second hand cars are going through the roof. I mean what would be this amount in second half? If things have be normal for the past 2 years, would you be running at like 65,000, 70,000 tons per quarter? Is that a realistic top level?

So our maximum capacity enrolled automotive products, Christian, is 280,000 tons a year, which means you never quite get there, right? You need a little bit of buffer. But shipping up to 17 in any given quarter is possible as a consequence. And obviously, that’s not included in our guidance, right? So that would be upside if the markets recover strongly and faster.

Okay. So 210,000 tons per quarter is your packaging type of like full on, 70 on automotive. I mean within 18 months, I know you’re going to talk to us in April, but your -- on rolled products, you’re pretty much at capacity, right?

Yes. We are pretty much at capacity, and that’s why we’re going to be talking about capacity expansions. And again, we’ll be talking about it in the context of we want to remain at that 2.5x leverage target all the time. I mean it’s going to happen in the medium term. It’s not even more a long-term target, it’s a medium-term target. We want to stay around that. And we think that there are plenty of very attractive growth opportunities for us that will require some capital investment, but we’ll make those capital investments and continue to maintain that leverage level and actually delever all the time because this is a company that I think we’ve demonstrated can generate meaningful free cash flow in about any market situation, right? Upmarket, downmarket, pandemic, crisis, recovery, and we want to maintain that economic model through good times and bad times.

Your next question comes from the line of Karl Blunden from Goldman Sachs.

Just a question maybe more for Peter. On the liquidity side, you have been reducing your liquidity post the pandemic induced borrowing. Would you say that €500 million to €600 million is the right level for the company to run with? I know that was the 2019 teen level, but you have some growth ambitions. You also potentially have some working cap needs associated with supply chain uncertainty. So just wondering how you think about what the right level is going forward?

Yes. We’d be very comfortable at that level. And I think as we’ve said in the past, we could comfortably run the company even at lower levels than that. But I think we’d be very comfortable at that level. And I think that’s very likely the type of place we go to in the interim.

Okay. That’s really helpful as we think about debt reduction. And just with regard to inflation for this year, as you look at what the variables are that could lead to the most variation versus your guidance. So what should we have on our mind as we work through our models?

Well, I think -- so again, metal is a pass-through just to remember -- to remind everyone on that. Alloys, we’ve kind of locked in a lot of the pricing there. So we’re -- we still have some to buy, but -- and we’re hopeful that, that price is going to move favorably. But thus far, it has not, but there’s obviously some risk there. Labor, which is our -- labor is our second biggest increment of cost. And labor, we benefit from contracts that we today know where we’re going to be on our labor cost for ‘22. So we should be in reasonably good shape there. And then on energy. So energy, remember, we buy forward. We are going to see some significant increases in energy costs this year just given the kind of way the energy curve have shaped up and some of the needs that we have there. I would say that, that is maybe one place with some of the challenges going on around the world just with the energy transition and then geopolitically, we could have some slightly higher costs there than what’s built into our guidance if things turn the wrong way.

So on energy, do you basically build in strip prices, just what you see in the market today?

Well, we -- well, no, we have -- I mean we have actual costs that were contracted. So we would build in those costs. And then for whatever is outstanding, we would factor in something more along the line is what you’re saying.

Right, for the uncontracted volumes. Okay.

There are no further question at this time. I will hand it over back to Jean-Marc Germain, CEO of Constellium.

Well, thank you very much, everyone. Great to talk to you today, and I look very much forward to updating you on our future and establishing our new long-term guidance on April 6, 2022. We hope you can come to Muscle Shoals, otherwise, we’ll be available with all the modern technology options. Thank you so much, and have a good day.

This concludes today’s conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.