Good morning. My name is Dorothy and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Second Quarter Fiscal 2018 Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Thank you. I would now like to turn the conference over to Jay Koval, Vice President and Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir.

Thanks, Dorothy and good morning, everyone. I want to thank you for joining us for Brown-Forman’s second quarter 2018 earnings call. Joining me today are Paul Varga, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Jane Morreau, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and Brian Fitzgerald, Chief Accounting Officer. This morning’s conference call contains forward-looking statements based on our current expectations. Numerous risks and uncertainties may cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated or projected in these statements. Many of the factors that will determine future results are beyond the company’s ability to control or predict. You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements and the company undertakes no obligation to update any of these statements, whether due to new information, future events or otherwise. This morning, we issued a press release containing our results for the second quarter of fiscal 2018 in addition to posting presentation materials that Jane will walk through momentarily. Both the release and the presentation can be found on our website under the section titled Investors, Events & Presentations. In the press release, we have listed a number of the risk factors that you should consider in conjunction with our forward-looking statements. Other significant risk factors are described in our Form 10-K, 8-K and 10-Q reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. During this call, we will be discussing certain non-GAAP financial measures. These measures and the reasons management believes they provide useful information to investors regarding the company’s financial conditions and results of operations are contained in the press release. And with that, I will turn the call over to Jane for her prepared remarks.

Thank you, Jay and thanks for joining us for our second quarter earnings call. During my comments today, I will reference the slides we posted to our website this morning to help walk you through our two main areas of focus, which includes, first, a review of our first half results and second, our revised outlook for fiscal 2018. After I complete my prepared remarks, I'll turn the call over to Paul for his comments and then we’ll open it up to Q&A. So let me start with the overall highlights which are shown on slide 3. First, our reported net sales grew 10% in the first half, driven by a strong 7% underlying net sales growth, helped by trade inventories and foreign exchange. Reported operating income jumped 17%, driven largely by the strong underlying growth of 14%. Second, our underlying net sales accelerated to 8% in the second quarter, marking the fifth consecutive quarter of improving growth trends as our teams are executing well against our efforts to reignite our top line back towards historic rates of growth. These results lifted our first half underlying net sales growth to 7%. Third, we delivered meaningful operating leverage, primarily due to tight SG&A controls, but helped by intra-year facing of investments behind our brands. And finally, we increased our full year outlook for underlying net sales and operating income growth and now expect 6% to 7% and 8% to 9% growth respectively. We also increased our fiscal 2018 EPS expectations for the second straight quarter to a range of $1.90 to $1.98, representing growth of 11% to 16% compared to fiscal 2017. Let's now turn to slide 4, a review of first half growth rates for several other key metrics. Underlying net sales grew 8% in the second quarter, resulting in…

Thanks, Jane and good morning, everyone. Let me just add a few comments to Jane’s. We're obviously very pleased with these excellent second quarter and first half results and while we do not anticipate the second half being quite as strong, we still expect our full year results to represent a noteworthy improvement relative to last year, while also positioning the company for growth beyond this fiscal year. As most of you likely know, we typically strive to have a strong balanced comprehensive performance at Brown-Forman. And as we were planning for this fiscal year back in the spring, this again was the case. However, we also felt at the time that we should sharpen our focus in FY18 on accelerating the company's growth and underlying net sales above all else. The logic was that our margins and ROIC remained excellent and that we could create significant shareholder value by improving and sustaining our rates of underlying sales growth. And we felt that the best way to do that was with an improved blend of three items, investment, price volume balancing and innovation. Regarding investment, the idea primarily centered around making our investments work harder to produce sales growth and that in turn entails some resource reallocation, most notably from SG&A to A&P and the call for more impactful consumer communications. Regarding price volume balancing, the idea was to make FY18 a year of volume led growth. This is not to signal any strategic distaste on our part for seeking pricing in the marketplace, which we will continue to thoughtfully do. It is more a recognition that consumers and retailers do have more choices today due to the influx of competitive offerings. And that the advantages that a company like Brown-Forman has relative to many competitors are our investment resources and route to consumer strength, while also knowing that what we put in the bottle is of consistently excellent quality. So it was our feeling that this was a good year to leverage that and lean a little more heavily on the volume part of the equation and so far so good. And regarding innovation, we felt that we were poised for a stronger FY18 and this was reflected in our plans for Jack Daniel’s Tennessee rye and Jack Daniel’s RTDs and to a lesser extent our super premium Irish and Scotch brands. Of course, we would need some cooperation from the environment and that has occurred in our view as we've seen an improved backdrop in emerging markets and a continuation of the nice momentum in the categories and price segments where we are predominantly focused. In combination, we believe that these are the contributing factors to the nice acceleration we’ve reported this morning and which has led us to increase our guidance for the full year. In closing, let me congratulate my colleagues across Brown-Forman on these strong first half results. And now, we’re available for your questions.

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Nik Modi with RBC Capital Markets.

Paul, maybe you can just help us understand if these results are pretty dramatic when you think about the rest of the consumer staples landscape. Everyone's been talking about weakening category growth. So I'm just hoping you can provide some context on, was this category driven, was it market share driven, can you just help us kind of understand why there's such a big disconnect between your results and basically the rest of the CPG universe? I’m talking more about US, from a US perspective.

Okay. I was going to say -- one of the things we typically go to on to just give more color on the type of question you asked is, how well balanced typically our results are across the globe. Often times, I think just to your question, it indicates that because we're US based and there's in -- because this market is the most valuable in distilled spirits, because people have great visibility to it, I mean I think we're over indexed in terms of analytics by many audiences when they consider Brown-Forman and in terms of the focus on the United States, but I mean it's evident in the results we had this morning that a nice part of what's happening with us is the bounce back in emerging markets. And also travel retail, which is becoming increasingly important to us. So I think that's one element to our results generally that I would highlight. But I also think, I mean, yeah, I mean we don't take for granted that even in the US market that the business is actually growing and has been doing this for many years -- consecutive years at this sort of 3%, 4%, 5% range depending upon what the quarter or year is, but -- and that has two elements to it. Of course, it means there's great opportunity to be -- and then of course within that, keep in mind that our categories where we're focused, American whiskeys, bourbons increasingly tequilas, Irish, these are categories today that are growing ahead of even the distilled spirits category in the United States. We think we're particularly well positioned and then within those categories, the areas that tend to be doing better are at the premium plus levels. So -- and that's where Brown-Forman is concentrated. So I think it adds up to having a strong, well performing category and within it, the areas where we're concentrated being those items that are driving the category.

And then just another quick one, from a distributor consolidation standpoint, does that change anything on how you operate, how you go to market? If you can just provide any context on how you see kind of the landscape evolving.

Oh, I think it'll change some things market-by-market in the way that in particular, the merger you're referring to that occurred -- just occurred, I'm sure there will be local adaptations and ways that that particular instance will cause some local dynamic changes that sometimes cause a supplier evolution, et cetera. But for us, I think, we've seen so many of these iterations of change in the US wholesale environment and they are noteworthy every time they occur, but I think the most important thing is we have a very significant investment to our own people in the US market that I think is a source of stability when you do have these changes because our people are out there trying to build our brands each and every day as a supplement to the good work that's going on at the wholesale level. So, for me, the source of stability during these changes are having very long term partners in our arsenal in the United States and then the presence of our own RTC in the US to propel the business.

Your next question comes from the line of Vivien Azer with Cowen.

So -- and I'd echo Nik’s congrats. Really stand out growth against a tough backdrop. As we think about that growth and the investments that you guys have made with over the last, I guess five years, in terms of incremental CapEx investments, can you just remind us where you are in terms of the capacity expansion? Do you have some of those barrels coming out of aging at this point some of the original capacity expansion that was underway and what’s your outlook for CapEx from here? Thanks.

Sure. So Vivien, we’ve been at this for, I think, we entered our sixth year of investment this year of stepped up capital. We've done a number of things just as a reminder of what we've done over the period of time, some of our major investments was add another coupe reach. It was to add another distillery of Jack Daniel’s, of course, numerous warehouses that have been expanded and put up at both Jack Daniel’s and Woodford Reserve and this is all in light of what we see as the continued long term viability of this business and sustainability of the growth that we see, so we’re very optimistic and robust about that as we look ahead. This year, we had a forecast or a forecast in somewhere I would say in the $120 million to $130 million of CapEx. I would expect next year to still be another stepped up year. And we would expect things to then come down a bit from there to get more in line with our historical rate of spending as it relates to revenue, not obviously going back to the dollar amount levels that we had prior to our stepped up level. So think of it more in the 2.5% to 3% of revenue. We’ve got a number of investments we are finalizing this year that we're really excited about, one of them being our new distillery over in Ireland, Slane -- Slane Irish whiskey brand. We just opened that distillery at the end of August. It's still open to guests, we’re still officially working on everything around it and we’ve got the Old Forester distillery in home place that we’re looking to open in the spring and early summer next year. So a lot of excitement, a lot of momentum that we see ahead for us, but I think you can see that we’ll be closing out and coming down on our CapEx as we look ahead, maybe to about 2020.

Vivien, additionally though, because you mentioned things in the barrel, the most significant development I think in this fiscal year and started a little bit last year as well is after years of waiting, the company has now had available rye product and we did not go out into the open market in barrel rye. We made our own at both, particularly noteworthy of course this year is the Jack Daniel’s Tennessee rye introduction. So we had waited several years for that product to become available. It was not necessarily tied to the capital expansions necessarily, but it certainly took some forethought on our part in putting down the inventory, much unique about of course rye is it's a different recipe. And so you do have to wait and we just think that right now, it's a particularly unique and special year, not only because Jack Daniel’s rye has been introduced, but also because Woodford rye just been out a couple of years is continuing to perform very strongly and both brands are getting excellent recognition for the quality of the products and the bottle. And so it's given us and in forthcoming years, we will have additional rye inventories to continue to build our presence in that category. So it's another area where we are now well positioned for growth in the US market where that category is outpacing the industry.

Just building on what Paul said, because he reminded me of -- you did ask about barrel whiskey and you will notice that barrel whiskey has -- the investment behind it has continued to increase rather significantly over the past few years. You've got to pull out different things and realize that a big piece of that was just acquiring the Scotch brands. But again, it's important to remember, we've got to be laying down today for what we see in four, five, six years from now and again that reflects the robustness and the optimism that we see in the long term growth trajectory. So you won’t -- you will continue to see us increase barrel whiskey because that's going to -- part of what our optimism is all about.

I will add too Vivien that the annual fluctuations you see in our price volume balancing act not only reflects what's going on in the marketplace, but it also can reflect what we see going on and how well we forecasted whiskey demand several years earlier. So I mean, it's all a complex consideration to each year, but it does influence how you think about it.

Your next question comes from the line of Laurent Grandet with Credit Suisse.

I'd like to focus on the US numbers and more specifically rye and depletion. You had a great quarter in the US, but I would like to understand how big Jack Daniel’s rye selling was and also in terms of depletion, I mean you seemed to have a 3% benefit in the quarter. And I believe some of these is due to rye, but in addition, you had another 5% benefit in the first quarter. So do you think you are now at the right level of inventory at wholesale level or are you higher than usual and how we should think about this in the second half of the year?

Let me talk about rye, just as a reminder, we did started shipping our rye in September. So the impact on the US results was very small in the quarter and for the whole company. So I would not say that that's what's driving the increase in our top line growth rate from 5% to 6%. What we see there is really pretty broad based growth across the portfolio, the upper end are our premium, super premium, bourbons are doing extremely well, think of Woodford Reserve in its various expressions from oaked and rye are growing quite nicely to that and take away trends, most recent trends were up 20%, 30% -- 40% depending on which expression you're talking about. Our Old Forester brands where we're focusing not only on the Old Forester main brand, but we're seeing an acceleration in the top line growth on some of our new expressions, which is all contributing to the mix benefit that we're getting from these part of -- both from the higher end Woodford Reserve and Old Forester. And importantly, the tequilas are doing quite nicely in the US, are up well over double digits and the overall category is growing nicely. So I think if you look at the US business, it's really more organically from those parts of our portfolio. Jack Daniel’s is still growing, maybe not at the rates that it has in the past, but it's still contributing nicely. So, in the quarter, what you saw is the growth rate and what you're seeing now is more from the very broad based and upper end expressions that were really strongly.

Yeah. And as a reminder, we reconcile between in the charts at the back of the earnings release, the differences between shipments and depletions. And so of course, we're filling pipeline, the shipments on rye would be ahead of our depletions in the United States and the depletions of course is at this stage because it's still so new, we'd be ahead of the consumer takeaway. But the one thing that’s unique about this is that there is not unlimited supply of rye for FY18 and so there is a limit to even what we can provide, even in shipment out to the marketplace today and that's watched obviously very closely. But, yes, you would have fully expect for the shipments to be ahead of the depletions at this stage and the depletions to be ahead the consumer takeaway, but in our early read on the consumer takeaway that even though as Jane correctly stated, it's not driving the growth rates of Brown-Forman or the US, it is having a positive contribution of course and is being, but from what we can tell anecdotally more than anything, well received in the market.

Now, Laurent, I thought I would follow up just with one more question that you were asking as it related to our inventory levels, because it did benefit our reported results, you saw our reported results up stripping our underlying results at the top line and that is US based on a reported basis that we expect to give back some in the back half of the year. It’s not really -- a very tiny bit of that is rye. Paul said, yes, shipments are outpacing our depletion, but in terms of the amount of top line benefit that we got from our net inventory level being up a bit was not due to rye. I just wanted to clarify that and just -- again just remind you as we said in our script today that we do expect some -- by the end of the year, we will be back more in balance from what we had said at the beginning of the year, maybe a point of growth if you will, the time we get to the end of the year due to inventory levels.

Your next question comes from the line of Judy Hong with Goldman Sachs.

So just a quick follow-up on the US market, just in terms of your view of the underlying category growth that you're seeing in the marketplace, it sounds like you're saying 5% to 6% growth that you're seeing for your business is kind of in line with the broader consumer takeaway trend. So from a category perspective, what do you think that is and then from a channel perspective just because obviously the Nielsen data seems to really understate that growth rate for both the category as well as your business, which channels are actually accelerating from a US perspective?

Yeah. And I'll try to address that. I think that -- I mean it's hard of course to pinpoint a single point because we don't have a comprehensive metric for the entire US marketplace. But, yeah, I would agree with you that I think data we're seeing in at least using Nielsen would understate what's happening. If you look over at the NA VCA markets, which are not comprehensive for the whole market of course, but I think they're more indicative of what's happening and the way we're seeing that is that that business in my view continues to grow in the 4% to 5% range and then consistent with the Nielsen data as well, Brown-Forman continues to perform above the rate of growth for the industry. I think, some of the consistent themes that have been there that the largest manufacturers in both data sources are slightly losing share to the rest of the market, which has been a consistent theme as smaller more entrepreneurial players in both data store sources consistently have shown higher growth rates than the market overall. And I can just say that Brown-Forman is one of the few larger players in both data sources that is performing ahead of the market overall, but I think it is a particularly difficult time to read any one individual data source, simply because they're not comprehensive and it then forces you to think about what are the dynamics occurring within the marketplace that could be causing certain data sources to be reporting higher or lower. So we're in the same boat as you as you try to figure out all the puts and takes involved there, but we consider to see us ahead of the market and similar to the prior question, driven in part not only by our own brands and their good performance, but also where we're positioned at the premium ends of the categories that are growing above the market. And just as a reminder, those tend to be American wet season bourbons, Irish categories doing well, Cognac is doing very well and tequila is doing very well.

And then Jane, just in terms of the tax policy changes, obviously, it's not final yet but I think we have a better sense today than we did of what potentially could get passed in the next weeks or months, so how should we think about sort of the potential benefit to Brown-Forman and to the extent that your tax rate comes down, have you given some thought to how that could be used in terms of flowing to the bottom line, investments, et cetera.

Yeah. So, Judy, there are -- like you said, there's so many elements of this that are still outstanding and we're looking for it and welcome, hope of it that this get passed us at some point. For us, I think it will finally level the playing field with many of our competitors that have a much lower tax rate. In terms of how if this comes about and if we have a lower tax rate could produce higher cash, as you’re suggesting, I don't think it changes our approach to capital allocation that we've been so thoughtful doing for a number of years. And so again, we'll look at all the things -- levers that we have available to us, make sure we’re investing fully behind the business, which we think we are at this point, given our, not only the expected increase in our spending for this year, relative to sales growth, but just our CapEx levels of spending, but we’ll step back and look at it all. As this becomes more clear, we’ll be able to communicate to everyone here more, transparently in terms of what this impact may mean to us and how we will potentially use this cash as we go forward.

Your next question comes from the line of Robert Ottenstein with Evercore ISI.

A few small items, I think you had said that the used barrel sales helped the top line by 50 basis points. Can you specify what impact it had on the US business, which I think is running at 6% so far.

Robert, this is Jane. So used barrel sales actually had -- I think that's a little bit less than a half a point impact on our top line results. It's not included in our US business. We separately talk about it as its own line item. So when we go through our various geographic areas, it provides you tables. It’s not in our US numbers.

And then a little bit more longer-term, Paul, just wanted to get your thoughts on two areas that you're in relatively small in one case and more importantly the other and that's Scotch and tequila. Tequila is clearly one of the faster growing categories right now. Just I guess your quick thoughts in terms of your strategy there is, do you have the right brands, do you need more brands, where you see it going, and then some comments on scotch and how you see the Scotch market evolving in the US and whether you're happy with your presence or looking to add to it?

I mean, our tequila strategy I think remains unchanged. We feel we have the assets and trademarks from our acquisition of Herradura more than a decade ago and this year's performance really is building on last year's. I mean and it’s comprehensive, it's a nice performance from Herradura, el Jimador and New Mix. And both in the United States and Mexico, and one of the things that's, I mean, and there's always hidden nice performances in this that even we don't report that to you all in a table or chart. The one that’s been building over the last couple of years down in Mexico is Herradura Ultra, which is -- and the reason I bring that up is that versus adding trademarks innovating within the existing trademarks, we think is a critical piece of the growing -- growth of the category and the success and in that instance, it's been rapidly growing. It’s really only available in Mexico and in some ways, remember the tequila category down in that market is much more established and well known than it is anywhere else in the world. So the relevance of innovation is even more impactful. So that’s a project that we're looking at and continuing to be excited about in that one country, but also in passing quarters and years, consider its applicability for introduction into other markets, but that's one such example of how innovation can be important to the tequila category, but again we are really, I mean, excited with this last sort of two years or so of momentum that's been building on and we’re investing more behind it. We had consistently been investing well ahead of the last two years and so we just think things line up particularly well for our premium plus tequila business…

And how do you see just the Scotch market in the US in general developing and maybe if you kind of go back in time, when bourbon has been strong, has Scotch followed along and just trying to get a sense of how you see the two of them relating with each other going forward and how you want to play in that?

Well, I think, they actually have a lot of similarities, Robert. I mean the single malt category in the United States has been growing very nicely for a really long time even back. I mean, I'll just use the days when we were introducing Woodford Reserve and had started developing Gentleman Jack and Jack Daniel’s single barrel. Around that same time, Brown-Forman actually started to represent and then ultimately took an ownership position in glenmorangie. So our memory of the growth of single malts in the United States goes way back and that has continued pretty much interrupted for a generation. So some of what we've seen and because there's so much attention on the bourbon aspect, particularly the super premium bourbons, today, people – it’s kind of overshadowing how strong and significant the American single malt market is and of course because the -- the huge amount of volume that historically existed at the standard price of Scotch overwhelms even the growth sometimes of the single malt. It doesn't come into focus so much whereas as you look at other categories like Tequila and Irish and then increasingly American whiskey where a lot of the development is at the premium end. When that premium growth is coming in, it's not being offset by sluggishness in the standard part of the category. So I think the single malt aspect has been -- single malt category the United States has been attractive for a very long time. It’s one of the reasons we were so interested in the acquisition and continuing to try to find a way to participate in it.

Your next question comes from the line of Tim Ramey with Pivotal Research.

And boy, it's fun to think back 10 years ago, you doing the -- I think it was just over 10 years ago the Herradura acquisition and that had some sacrifices at the time, What a payoff that it's been for you. Congrats on the long term strategy there. Jane, just to ask the tax rate question in a slightly different way, can you tell us what your cash tax rate might be expected to be this year?

I don't have that in front of me right now, Tim, but I'll be happy to follow up with you after the call. We said our overall effective tax rate for the year was going to be a little bit under 28%. I think if you'll go back and look at last year's, each of our occasion, our 10-Q and 10-Ks, you will see our cash tax rate at the bottom of that. So I would -- utilize that information and get yourself, but we can walk you through that aspect to help you off line, if that's okay.

Your next question comes from the line of Bill Chappell with SunTrust.

Hi. This is actually Grant on for Bill. Just had a question on the travel retail segment that continues to kind of outperform and you said it's becoming more important part of your portfolio, maybe at what stage are we in, in the growth of that segment and kind of how sustainable is that going forward.

Well, it's benefiting from I think just the return of travel generally and then if you think about that channel compared to our universe at large, it really is an environment for premium brand building, which is an area where we tend to be focused. So, it really helps a company like Brown-Forman when you have a channel that is premiums due to return like it is and then within that, historically, the categories that were so strongly developed in global travel retail, it was always led by whiskey, but also alongside categories like cognac and other very high end categories, we're still, I believe, at the very early days of the American whiskey and bourbon and tequila and Irish presence in that channel. So my view is, yes, it's accelerating for our company, but from a -- still relatively early stage of development of the channel.

And then actually our second question just on the guidance range for the back half of the year, just kind of why didn't you pass through kind of the full quarter, is that just conservative on your part at this point in the year, are you looking to maybe invest more in the brand building going forward and maybe is that going to drive more growth into ’19?

Yeah. I mean the whole idea was just what Jane I think articulated and her -- the primary reason for some tougher comps in the second half, but also the desire to invest more so the mix of spending first half versus second is going to change in a way that has the effect that you referenced and so we of course will be making those investments for the benefit of the second half, but also hopefully to position the company for continued growth beyond this fiscal year.

Your next question comes from the line of Brett Cooper with Consumer Edge Research.

I was wondering if you guys can breakdown geographically where the two points of better top line growth are coming from and then as you increase ad spend, I am wondering if it's safe to make the assumption that some of the higher ad spend is going into emerging markets, given sort of the better backdrop that you’ve been talking about.

Okay. I've heard the first part of your question. So, we went through all the various growth rates, but essentially, the acceleration in our growth rate and this is why we're referring to the second half being a little bit more difficult came from emerging markets largely, a little bit from barrels, but primarily that acceleration came from emerging markets. Some of that was timing, some of that was just improving momentum in the business and that's why we gave you some insight into the visibility of our normalized trend.

And then the second part of the question was, would that then dictate or suggest higher investment rate in the second half related to emerging markets.

Yes. So, it may or may not in terms of the emerging markets and I think we're looking at putting incremental investments in the back half of the year. We started talking about some of that, some of it’s just feeding the new brands that we have out there, Slanes and the Scotch brands. Some of it is to continue to fuel the momentum that we've seen on our tequilas as well as our premium bourbon and we've seen nice growth and we've accelerated our investment behind both Woodford Reserve and Gentleman Jack and we've seen results accelerate correspondingly. And then of course we will split it behind Jack Daniel’s and Jack Daniel’s emerging markets would benefit from that piece of it.

Yeah. There’s no -- and in terms of our approach just more strategically, we always -- what we're always looking to is that we said in our remarks make the investments we make work harder for us in any given time. I mean, we still prefer a balanced approach geographically because we continue to think there's growth opportunity globally for the company and you will see pockets from time to time of investment spike, one such as this year on the SG&A front for example is the investment in the Spanish consumer, which of course in the second half will have higher investment levels in SG&A versus last year because we didn't have it last year. And so there's examples like that, in every quarter almost or every half year and so but as a general theme, we would certainly feel like now is a better time to invest in the emerging markets versus two years ago, same thing with say travel retail in some of these areas, but also we typically are putting in incremental investments that will show up in a particular quarter behind whatever's new on the innovation front. That's the other thing to keep in mind. So if you're investing behind Jack Daniel’s rye, that will incrementally hit a particular quarter or a segment of the year. So -- and I think that continues to be the right mix for us and but we're always looking at that to see if there's not some timing based thing to try to propel growth during a particular one to three years segment for the company.

And if I could follow up with one more, I was wondering if you have a reasonable read on industry inventories for US whiskey and sort of the implications of that, what that means from a competitive standpoint obviously three, four years out?

It's a hard -- I mean, obviously, we have some visibility. Obviously, Jane, the leader of it, we have significant influence on it ourselves, because of the inventories we place, but there's ways to estimate it and I mean I think that because -- I mean how does it impact our businesses would be the natural question that comes from having visibility in those inventories. And I would say probably the most significant one in this year doesn't mean it will be this way every year, but because there are an increased number of competitors and people in the industry are leaning more on to the volume part of the -- volume price equation, you see Brown-Forman in some ways adopting the same philosophy. I think it has, at least for this fiscal year, and I think it's actually served us very, very well this year. It's one of the contributing factors as I stated. So I mean, you're constantly looking at first and foremost your own historical forecast because remember we had to make these forecasts a few years ago as well and are regularly then trying to extrapolate those out into the future and it will have -- the most significant impact it will have is on how you manage your volume and pricing. There's not much we can do if for some reason, we thought that the consumer was going to walk away from the category, I have said this many times before that I think the boom bust aspect of this category will be moderated in part by the fact that aging is required. It at least will lengthen the rod up and I think it will have the impact of lengthening any kind of bust that people might forecast. So I consider that to be a mitigating effect to the fashionability of the category right now.

And just to build on what Paul said obviously, the boom bust thing, when we look at our opportunity in emerging markets with American whiskey and things like that, just the knowledge of what’s out there in the social economic place that consumers are there, the demographics, all those things, even if you're thinking boom bust US, there's still tremendous opportunities outside the US as it relates to whiskey and that’s the plot we need to be laying down today.

I would remind everybody the company had excellent result and growth for many, many, many years when the category was not growing and so it goes back to some of the basic elements. Whether there's excess supply in the industry or not, critical items like investing behind your brands, having your innovation pipeline thoughtfully planned are continue to be critical element, no matter what the supply situation is.

And your final question comes from the line of Mark Swartzberg with Stifel Financial.

Also US question focusing on the Jack Daniel’s family. Paul, if we presume you do have an appetite for getting better price realization whether it’s fiscal ’19 or sometime not long after the current fiscal year, do you have confidence that there's an environment supportive of that from both -- from a competitive and consumer standpoint, no one has a crystal ball for what Christmas next year will be like for example but just wondering how you're thinking about the opportunity as you at least have the early preparations for next fiscal year because the dynamic between you and the beam family for example is obviously rather price competitive right now and your tactics are working very well. I'm just wondering how much opportunity you see for a change in tactics, given the competitive environment?

Yeah. I mean I think thing is being responsive and also thinking beyond just a 12-week period when we make these determinations. The things that I look for, the basic old list that I would look for are what are the -- what is the category strength generally, so just you’re trying to see if you have general momentum in your category and that category of course when you're a brand like Jack Daniel's is both the distilled spirits industry and the bourbon/American whiskey category. You will be looking at what we referenced you on the call which is the supply and demand dynamics and then as a result, you're looking at your competitors. I think an underappreciated piece of how we sometimes look at this that actually in my view is starting to show a little bit of encouragement versus prior years is the strength of the on premise environment. I've always considered the strong and growing on premise environment to be one of the helpful considerations when companies or brands go to raise price in our industry and in the US, I mean, it would suggest to me just looking at some of the anecdotal elements and seeing actually some of the differences between some of the data sources, it might suggest that the on premise is beginning to improve a little bit. So that can be a factor as well. And I think the other thing comes down to how we are spending money and what our consumer communications are actually communicating and that can be -- a consumer communication can be a packaging change, a consumer communication can be an improved representation of the brand and advertising, it can be a number of things. And so there can be conscious efforts generated by the brand owner…

And thank you, Jane and Paul. And thanks to all of you for joining us today for Brown-Forman’s second quarter call and we hope you all enjoy your holiday season. Please feel free to reach out to us if you have any additional questions.

That concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect.