Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to Ardmore Shipping's First Quarter 2019 Earnings Conference Call. Today's call is being recorded, and an audio webcast and presentation are available in the Investor Relations section of the company's website, ardmoreshipping.com. We will conduct a question-and-answer session after the opening remarks. Instructions will follow at that time. A replay of the conference call will be accessible to anyone at anytime during the next two weeks by dialing 1-877-344-7529 or 412-317-0088 and entering the passcode 10131187. At this time, I will turn the call over to Anthony Gurnee, Chief Executive Officer of Ardmore Shipping.

Thank you. And good morning and welcome to Ardmore Shipping's first quarter earnings call. First, let me ask our CFO, Paul Tivnan to describe the format for the call and discuss forward-looking statements.

Thanks, Tony, and welcome everyone. Before we begin our conference call, I would like to direct all participants to our website at ardmoreshipping.com, where you'll find a link to this morning's first quarter 2019 earnings release and presentation. Tony and I will take about 15 minutes to go through the presentation, and then open up the call to questions. Turning to slide 2, please allow me to remind you that our discussion today contains forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from the results projected from those forward-looking statements and additional information concerning factors that could cause the results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements is contained in the first quarter 2019 earnings release, which is available on our website. I now would like to turn the call back over to Tony.

Thanks, Paul. So first up, let me outline the format of today's call. To begin with, I will discuss our first quarter results and then key market developments after which Paul will provide a summary of our performance an update on recent market activity, supply demand fundamentals and a detailed financial update. And then I'll conclude the presentation and open up the call for questions. Turning first to slide 4 on highlights for the quarter. We're reporting a net loss from continuing operations of $2.6 million or $0.08 per share as compared to a net loss of $8.75 million or $0.26 per share for the fourth quarter of 2018 reflecting improving charter market conditions. Our MR TCE performance was stronger than expected averaging $15,900 per day as compared to $12,500 per day in the fourth quarter of 2018. Rates on chemical tankers improved as well, but lagged MRs resulting in an overall Ardmore fleet TCE of $15,000 a day. MR voyages for the second quarter to-date are now at around $16,000 representing 45% of revenue days signifying continued strength in the MR market in what we thought would be a slower period. We're on track to complete six out of eight 2019 scheduled dry dockings in the first half of the year enabling us to take full advantage of IMO 2020 in the second half, but also resulting in somewhat reduced earnings in the first half of this year. Meanwhile, we're maintaining a strong liquidity position and balance sheet with quarter end cash of $52 million and corporate leverage on a net debt basis of 53%. Consistent with our modern fleet strategy, we delivered the 2002-built Ardmore Seatrader and the 2004-built Ardmore Seamaster to new owners in the first quarter and we intend to find more modern replacement units at…

Thanks Tony. Moving to slide 11 for a summary of our quarterly performance. We reported adjusted EBITDA of $13.5 million for the first quarter. Loss from continuing operations was $2.6 million or $0.08 per share while the GAAP net loss for the quarter was $9.2 million or $0.28 per share. The GAAP loss includes $6.6 million related to the sale of the Seamaster which delivered the new owners in the quarter. As Tony mentioned our earnings in the first quarter were impacted by reduced revenue days as a result of scheduled dry dockings. At the end of the first quarter we will have completed 50% of drydockings for the full year of 2019. Ardmore's fleet average TCE in the first quarter was $15,005 per day made up of $15,856 from the MRs and $12,142 per day on the chemicals. Average rates for the chemical tankers were slightly lower than expected as a consequence of backhaul voyages, but overall rates for chemical vessels rebounded well in recent weeks tracking the larger MRs. As mentioned in previous calls as a rule of thumb to compare the chemical vessels to the MRs as they have lower invested capital you need to add about $1000 a day to the chemical rates. The fleet continues to perform very well operationally. And despite some weather-related delays on some of our dockings in Asia, all drydockings came in under budget in the quarter. Turning to slide 8 for an update on the tanker market activity. Looking at the first quarter we experienced strong winter market activity with increased volumes of gasoline into Europe from the U.S., China and India while volumes of gasoline from Europe to U.S. were also strong on the back of outages in the U.S. As you can see from the chart on the…

Thank you, Paul. To sum up then, MR charter rates continue at relatively strong levels at a time when we expected more weakness from refinery turnarounds. We believe this is a function of solid supply/demand fundamentals and not yet the impact of IMO 2020, with MR demand growth of 4% driven by strong oil consumption compared with refinery capacity additions in trading-oriented locations, and the MR order book at very modest levels resulting in net fleet growth of 1.5% or less in 2019 and lower still in 2020. On top of these healthy fundamentals, a further boost in product tanker demand is expected in the second half of 2019 when the impact of IMO 2020 begins to be felt. This additional layer of demand is expected we believe to last for up to two years, until the marine fuel market reaches equilibrium. And we estimate that the incremental demand for MRs will be in the region of 5% on top of underlying demand growth. And we believe the impact on MR demand should begin to be felt as early as July and August and kick into full gear by the end of September. So, to conclude then, with our -- to conclude then. With our modern fuel efficient fleet and spot market exposure, we believe Ardmore is well-positioned to take advantage of the market recovery and to generate strong returns for our shareholders with each $1,000 per day increase in TCE translating into $0.28 per share of earnings. And with that, we're happy to open up the call for questions.

We will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] The first question comes from Randy Giveans with Jefferies.

Hi, gentlemen. Good morning. How are you?

Hey, Randy.

Hey. So, first question. You mentioned you're completing most of your dry-dockings in the first half of 2019. You plan on keeping your vessels in the spot market throughout the year. So, clearly that means you're pretty bullish on spot rates and that time charter rates are not high enough for you to charter up ships at these levels. So now with that said what are your thoughts around chartering in ships to increase your operating leverage to what should be pretty high spot rates here later this year?

It's always a possibility, and it's something we've done in the past. And beyond that, we wouldn't want to comment on our commercial intentions.

All right. And then you recently sold your two oldest MRs. You mentioned replacing those with younger vessels. I guess, a few questions on that. Should we assume your one remaining 15-year-old vessel gets sold this year? And then this fleet replacement I guess takes priority over share repurchases obviously, dividends? And then with that would there be new buildings, or kind of younger modern second-hands? So I know multiple parts to that question there.

Yeah. No, that's great. So, good question. I think for planning purposes you can assume that we would be selling off the final ship. Again to explain the rationale, just as a policy we don't like to operate ships beyond 15 years of age. They become more difficult to trade and there are some other restrictions placed on them. In addition, third special survey combined with ballast water treatment is a very significant investment and we're not sure that it's the best allocation of capital to be honest. So that's the reason why we're selling. And as we've mentioned in the past we do intend to replace these over time. We do still like that kind of middle age profile of ships that are sort of maybe six, seven years to maybe eight, nine years old. We wouldn't, at this point, be contemplating replacing them with new-builds.

Got it. And then just priorities in terms of use of cash. Is that your top priority for now?

Yeah. So, again, we're not really in a position to even tell you straight, because it really depends on the circumstances at the time that we have to make that decision. But in any case, looking at the options are, pay down debt, build the fleet, buy back shares, pay special dividends. And it really depends on what we think is the best use of capital at that point in time.

Got it. Make sense. I’ll turn it over. Thanks so much.

Thanks, Randy.

The next question comes from Noah Parquette with JPMorgan. Please go ahead.

Thanks. I wanted to ask a kind of capital allocation. I mean in the last year, year and half markets has been okay, not great, and understandably that leverage has gone up a little bit from the sale-leasebacks. I assume at some point you want to reverse that. I mean, as we go into, hopefully, much stronger period, are you guys still comfortable with like that 60-40 split as being the proper way to both return shares -- or cash to shareholders and de-leverage appropriately?

Yeah. So that's our policy. And we -- I think just maybe going back to the point you're making about the leases, we were pleased to be able to execute the number we did last year for a few reasons. But an important one was that they're actually very attractively priced. And so we look at that as an attractive alternative source of capital alongside our commercial banks. And if you actually look at the weighted average of the leasing deals that we've done in the bank debt, it's actually well under 3% spread over LIBOR still. It's about 2.9%. And we think that's actually pretty good. So I think we're pleased with what we've done. We don't plan to do more of that, nor do we plan to increase our leverage above current levels. But we think it's appropriate and comfortable given our liquidity and also given where we are in the cycle.

Okay. And then I just want to ask -- kind of the news that hit yesterday about proposal for like a speed limit for the IMO. Were you guys the signatories to that? And what are your thoughts on that, and kind of how that would potentially play out for MRs?

We're not signatories. However, we are very engaged in the industry forums in terms of discussing ways to meet the targets, and we think it's a very realistic one. I think that the various technology-driven solutions are going to come much later. So I think people are realizing that operational methods are really the way to go early on. And it seems like a really interesting idea. Obviously when you slow ships down, you're essentially reducing effective supply, and that's got consequences for the market. I doubt regulators would intend to put constraints on ships that result in the charter markets going haywire. I don't think we would complain if that happened, but that's probably not really in the cards. But, overall we think it's a pretty sensible component of an overall longer-term solution.

Okay. Thanks.

The next question comes from Jon Chappell with Evercore. Please go ahead.

Thank you. Good afternoon, guys. Tony, just a couple of big picture questions for you. First industry-wide, everything seems set up really well. I mean we've been waiting for this for so long, and it's finally there. If you kind of think about tail risks, is there anything that kind of concerned you in the setup for second half of 2019 or 2020, maybe not even likely but just probable or possible that can kind of throw a wrench in the outlook that we have?

Good. No, I think there are really two things that we think about. One is a global recession, and I think we all have our opinions on that. But I think we're probably more likely to continue experiencing a slight global slowdown as opposed to a recession. And hopefully the other -- the headwinds on the global economy, things like the tariff discussions, et cetera, that will clear up as well. But the other one is, if we had a remarkably smooth and effortless transition to the new fuels that could result in less incremental demand than we thought. But we're not really talking about downside. We're talking about degrees of upside on that. So overall, look, the reality is the order book is what it is. The net fleet growth isn't really going to change for the next couple of years. Oil consumption looks reasonably solid and the way our ships trade looks like it's relatively stable as well. So there's not a lot to be negative about at the moment.

Okay. And then the second one then as it relates to Ardmore, how do you -- or what are you aspiring to be I guess over the next couple of years? I mean is it a mid-20 vessel count fleet kind of where you want to end up through this cycle? Do you think there's opportunities to be significantly bigger? Or is it just let's reap cash flow while the times are good and meet the 60% payout ratio and just kind of be a return of capital to shareholders type play through hopefully a pretty massive upturn?

Tough question, Jon. Thanks a lot, but let me attempt to answer it succinctly. I think we want to balance out different priorities. We have no incentive other than maximizing shareholder value and increasing intrinsic value on a per share basis. That's what we're incentivized to do. And that's really our -- that's the compass that we hold in our hands. If we can achieve that through further growth, we will. If the best way to achieve that is through debt reduction and ongoing dividend payments, we'll do that. So it's really -- that's really our overriding priority and we just look at ways to achieve that. We do recognize that the industry is consolidating around us and we need to be aware of that. We don't think it's really a major issue for us at this point. But we do believe and we've said this for a long time that we think with the right kind of growth we can improve our performance. And with the right kind of steps toward growth we can do that accretively on an NAV per share basis.

All right. That's it. Great answer. Thanks a lot, Tony.

The next question comes from Mike Webber with Wells Fargo. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning guys. How are you?

Hi, Mike.

So Tony, just wanted to start off with IMO. It's pretty well worn ground at this point, but just to go back to your comment around starting to see some demonstrable impacts from IMO on the market is -- I think is at July or potentially earlier. Given that it's May 1, is there anything that you still need to do to your fleet in terms of positioning to be ready for that? Or maybe I guess from the angle of is there anything that you think trade flows will do to your fleet in terms of positioning to kind of get ready for that regulation hitting the market?

Yes. Thanks Mike. So from an operational standpoint, we've got a very good plan in place that Mark Cameron and his team are executing on in terms of being prepared for the switchover. That probably means starting to load -- bunker the new fuels in as early as early October, right? So I don't think we're unique in that regard. So there is going to be meaningful demand for the new fuels starting quite early. And it's been pointed out by others that in particular for the really big ships that engage on very long voyages they're going to have to load early. So in terms of cargo movements, I think that one sort of theme you could probably pull out is that on balance you'll probably see gasoil and blended components moving from the east to the west. And so that could -- we think that's going to generate quite a bit of tonne-mile demand. But it's still kind of early days. I mean, we do -- most analysts are and I believe you as well are saying that this should result in incremental refinery throughput. So that's certainly a demand -- that's additive to demand. In addition, you've got areas for example Northern Europe or Europe generally, which is structurally short middle distillates already and that's going to be only more so once the switchover takes place. And then you've got -- I think another aspect to this is that you've got a huge number of what you could call outports that are very small ports that have to provide bunkering services that also have to switch over time and maybe they're going to deal with that predominantly with gasoil in the beginning. And then the final thing is that we believe this is going to result in quite a bit of oil price volatility. And that's going to be great for oil traders, but it's also going to be great for us.

Right. I guess and maybe that trade -- you let that trade kind of pull your fleet where it needs to go as opposed to some sort of strategic repositioning or kind of tweaking your balance in terms of your kind of your global geographical balance I guess?

Yes, we do think about that. And anybody who wants to look at our fleet on AIS will get the answer.

Okay, fair enough. And then one more for -- probably for Paul. But you guys referenced about $0.28, I mean, EPS bump per $1,000 of rate upside. I know that's a blended number, but you get $3,000 of rate upside it looks like on the MRs this quarter. You know, I know -- okay I'm not trying to say got you because I know that curve is not linear. And I guess that's kind of the point, I guess if we've seen rates move to the low 15s, you're talking to 16 now should the pace of that EPS accretion pick-up from what we saw from Q4 to Q1?

Great, question Mike. I think in terms of our EPS accretion every -- as you said every $1,000 a day equals $0.28 in EPS. The bulk of the fleet is in MRs might trade that a little bit. But overall you'd expect them to increase in tandem. So I guess the question is how quickly can rates jump? And how far can they go? I think in 3Q 2015, which was a really good market for us and the fundamentals probably aren't as good as they are today, but we made mid-20s. That could happen over the course of a quarter too. So I think the pace is really a function of the markets. You could see it jump maybe no movement at all for a quarter and then it could skyrocket, which was what you saw in 2015. But no you're math is right…

Right.

..$0.28 per share. If we can go another $8,000 or $9,000 a day from here across the fleet you're talking of $2 -- $2.50 a share in EPS.

Yes. I guess I'm looking at it like you give a $2,000 to $3,000 bump in Q1 and then corresponding to the $0.22 bump on EPS. So you didn't quite get that $0.28. But I guess, the inflection point would probably be around breakeven. And I guess the implication will be that the second derivative then should start out to accelerate and that -- I guess that the accretion per $1000 should actually pick up as we move past that point I guess.

Yes, I think that's right. I mean there's obviously a little bit of movement quarter-to-quarter in OpEx that might not quite be flat quarter-to-quarter.

Yes.

But you'd expect it to move up as you said in..

Okay.

… a relatively linear basis.

Got you. All right. Appreciate the time, guys. Thank you.

The next call comes from Chris Snyder with Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.

Hey, guys. So you said in the prepared remarks that you planned to buy more modern units at a future date. I was hoping to hone in on timing a little bit. I mean it feels like sooner rather than later. It's probably best if you want to have these vessels for – to kind of benefit from the IMO tailwinds. However, I also imagine there's probably not too many willing sellers at the moment with sentiment pretty bullish. I mean in this context should we expect that you guys can kind of add to the fleet prior to 2020 or the early part of 2020? Or is that kind of comment maybe more towards hey, maybe the next down cycle we kind of look to kind of grow the fleet?

Everything else being equal would be a good time to add ships you're right. But they're -- the devil's in the details. And again, I have to keep on saying there's not like too but we just can't comment on our commercial intentions. But you're right, everything else being equal it would be good to get more ships in today rather than later.

And I guess kind of obviously asset values have firmed a bit. Even with kind of where asset value stand today you guys see kind of pretty strong returns with your kind of forward rate forecasts?

I think, well, if I understand the question values have come up for that kind of range that we're interested in kind of $1 million to $2 million over the last kind of four or five months. And generally speaking this business is, as you all know, the spot market moves then the time charter rates move and then the vessel values move. So we think that as we see continued strengthening in spot and time charter you're going to see increasing vessel values.

Okay fair enough. And then just next question. We all spend a lot of time thinking about how the product tanker fleet will benefit from IMO. I think the impact to the chemical fleet is a bit more opaque other than just healthy MR market is good for chemical tankers. Could you maybe provide some specific color or any potential IMO tailwinds for the chemical fleet?

I don't think there really are any and maybe somebody running a chemical, you know, full chemical tanker company would be able to articulate this a bit better. But I think that simply the improvement in the product tanker sector is more than enough to really push up the chemical market as well.

Okay. That’s it for me. Thanks for time guys.

Thanks, Chris.

The next question comes from Ben Nolan with Stifel. Please go ahead.

Hi guys. So I have a couple and I -- well I appreciate that you don't want to comment on commercial aspects of the business and that's sensitive. Just thinking about a few things with respect to how you're deploying your shares. Obviously in the past you've done some time charters. You haven't done that lately with the market being weaker where -- at $16,000 a day. is there a point at which you kind of approach a threshold and say "Let's put some of this in the bank" rather than kind of ride the $0.28 of EPS on every $1,000 of spot movement?

Yeah. We do talk about it quite a bit. And I think, we feel like, we're well -- we're way, way from a level that we'd be happy to charter out. And you have to then, also just think differently about like a one-year TCE, versus a multiple year time charter. And clearly, if you're in a strong market, charters have very legitimate reasons for wanting to lock in even at relatively high levels. They've got their own cargo programs and concerns about risk to them in terms of higher spot rates. And that's very often a good time to lock something in, but we're nowhere near that today. But that would be on a multiple year basis. When it comes to one-year time charter, our view on that is simply how does that one-year rate compare to our estimate of the subsequent 12 months in the spot market? And obviously at the moment we think there's far more upside.

Okay. I'll ask again when rates are above $0.20, how's those? The -- my next question goes to sort of thinking through how to go about growing or replacing the fleet or what have you. Obviously, there is some cash as a function of proceeds from sale. And hopefully increasingly the cash flow generation will be more material. But, as the share price is now at least by my calculation approaching now. Does that sort of open the door for potential capital -- access to capital a little bit wider? Or is that -- would you say incremental equity capital isn't really something you're very interested in doing?

We're not thinking along those lines at the moment.

Okay.

We're -- I guess in this day and age 26, 27 ships seem small, but we're happy with it. I think, what's much more important is the earnings power preserving shareholder value by doing things that are accretive et cetera. So, I think we're pretty comfortable with where we are. And as I said, I think if we saw opportunities of any strife to meaningful increase shareholder value whether through growth by one means or another we would certainly consider it. But that's really the -- that's what we think about.

All right and then lastly, kind of from a macro level, just appreciating that, I'm sure you're kind of thought through this a little bit more than me at least. There's obviously been a widening of the price of hydrocarbons in the United States – well, lower prices of hydrocarbons specifically natural gas and NGLs relative to the price of oil. And you're seeing an increase of the things like propane exports or natural -- LNG exports, which in theory, would eat into things like naphtha demand or diesel demand. That hasn't seem to impact the product tanker market at all yet but is that something that you think potentially longer term is a risk or a potential headwind? Or is it just not big enough on margin to really matter relative to oil consumption?

I don't think it's really big enough to be -- to really move the market. But having said that, I think it's a good thing to look into a little bit more. But, one thing we thought about is the fact that, if you have a world where diesel, gasoil is in higher demand, because of the fuel switch, that also results in incremental -- and so therefore, incremental throughputs required, that's also going to produce more gasoline and more naphtha. And so that could actually create quite a competitive alternative especially for Asian petrochemical plants to basically go after naphtha instead of LPG. So I think it could -- honestly, it could go either way.

Okay. All right. Very helpful. I appreciate. Thanks guys.

Thank you.

[Operator Instructions] The next question comes from Fotis Giannakoulis with Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.

Yeah. Hi, Tony and thank you. Tony, I have found that the sale of the two older vessels has nothing to do with your view about the market. It's more operationally -- operational decision. But I wonder right now this quarter the difference between Eco-Mod and Eco Shift was around $1,400. Do you view that vessels that are relatively older will be in a trading disadvantage compared to the younger vessel that you have in your fleet? And do you -- how much do you expect to be this differential both between Eco ships and non-Eco ships relatively modern non-Eco ships but also on quite older vessels something that can trigger additional scrapping?

Well, I -- okay. So if -- just kind of laying out the fuel differentials, I think it's important. So, if you take a kind of a standard Korean ship built kind of 10, 11 -- 10 to 15 years ago, they're probably consuming about 24 tonnes per day main engine. And the reason why we call these ships that we have Eco-Mod is because they're Japanese. They're more fuel-efficient to begin with. And then we improved them and they're burning a couple two to three tonnes a day less than that. And many of the first generation of Eco-Designs, which are maybe one to two tonnes a day better, and then you've got the second generation Eco-Designs that are better, maybe another one or two tonnes a day better, maybe down to 18 tonnes a day. So that's kind of the spread you're talking about here. And that does -- you can do the quick calculation on the difference. But there's another factor which is that the Eco-Mods are pumped in design which actually have less cargo flexibility. And so they over time will perhaps earn a little bit less on that basis as well. And when you get over 15 years of age, a lot of oil companies -- not a lot but enough oil companies will say "No thank you", which limits your trading alternatives. And just by our experience, we know that that does over time diminish the TCEs you can achieve. So it's a little bit fuel consumption, a little bit age discrimination and a little bit cargo restriction that results in that differential, which we think is a fairly reasonable number that you can see there. So, we think that that's probably going to remain the case going into the stronger market conditions as well. And again, we just didn't really feel it was a really good use of capital to sync same $2 million in for drydocking and ballast water into these ships at their third special survey given those circumstances.

Do you foresee that this disadvantage or this discount of the older vessels will increase proportionally to the fuel prices as we move to the IMO 2020? Or there is a possibility that the disadvantage of the older vessels will become even greater beyond of what the fuel consumption differential is within your ships?

No, I think it will be -- I think the age discrimination and the cargo -- less cargo flexibility that will remain the same. And then, obviously if you double the price of fuel, you're going to double the TCE differential given the same voyage.

Thank you, Tony. One more, earlier when you mentioned what are your concern, I noted that you didn't say anything about the potential supply. In the past the excess ordering was what was destroying the tanker market. Is this different this time? And we've been hearing some deals of trading houses triggering new building orders for vessels with scrubbers offering a couple of years of charters. Is this something that might be a concern for you? Or it's different this time?

I think it would be unwise to say. Definitively, it's going to be different this time. But I think a lot of the money that came in to support ordering activity three years or four years ago has at least for the time being learned a lesson, about the fact that it's a fairly delicate supply-demand balance in this business, and just indiscriminate ordering of these ships isn't necessarily a great investment. So, in terms of the shipyard capacity that's changed a lot even over the last few years. So you kind of went through three phases. If you go back to the last boom market, and then a couple of years after that, you had a lot of capacity. And they were trying to stay in business, and they were really prepared to do very, very low pricing. And then a lot of those fell out. You still had a fairly large, but you could call it core group of builders at least in the MR size. And they then really, really went at each other competitively and went way below their breakeven costs. Even the best yards like Hyundai Mipo played into that. And that was sort of the ships that delivered in the last three years or four years. And they learned their lesson, went bankrupt, lost their bank support. And so a lot of those yards are still shut down or probably never open up again. And even the yards that are still open are under -- are in a very, very tight -- very short leash from their banks as well as their parent entities. And so the capacity for building even is very limited at the moment. I mean, the one yard that could build and scale would be Hyundai Mipo, but that's not really enough to get us back up to the kind of numbers that we saw even just a few years ago. The order book was 20% of the existing fleet in 2014. Today, it's 6%. And if I can just add one more thing. If you look at the recent order books for the bigger sizes, they're also quite low right now. So, looking at for example LR1s, that's 4.2% of the existing fleet. LR2s and Aframaxes is 5.4%. So these are all pretty attractive numbers now.

Thank you very much. Tony, I appreciate.

The next question comes from Bryan Lee with Private Management Group. Please go ahead.

Thanks for taking my question. We've heard some chatter that the regulators may restrict the use of the open-loop scrubbers, which actually put the sulfur back into the ocean. And for my knowledge that's the most economic scrubber out there. So my question is, have you heard any of that -- anything like that? And maybe give me your opinion on that. And then if that would be the case, would that accelerate scrapping all else being equal?

Well, so Bryan, we don't -- we're not intending to install scrubbers. And so it's something that we track, but we don't really get too focused on. There are two different types of scrubber systems, open-loop and closed-loop. You're actually right. The closed loop are more expensive. And then you have also a sludge disposal problem, which you don't have with open-loop, because it just goes over the side. And there are -- I mean, so for example, Japan has said, they're happy enough with open-loop scrubbers in their waters. Singapore had said, no, thank you. So it's kind of a mixed response from people. And it doesn't appear that there's going to be a significant move against open-loop scrubbers anytime soon. So I don't think that should be a major concern, but we'll see what happens over time. And I think you had a second part to your question?

Yes. Just kind of stepping back and actually for your forecast this year of somewhat relatively flat scrapping year-over-year, is that conservative? Or are -- have people gotten ahead of this? And where do you see like is there a potential upside to that guidance on the scrapping outlook?

Well, the scrapping for MRs is a little bit different. It seems to be much more of a routine thing and a little some to a degree independent of charter rates. Whereas with other sizes, bigger ships, it's very much a function of the health of the market. MRs the average scrapping age is about 25 years. And that -- it's kind of ongoing. So in a very strong market, with no other compelling reasons to scrap, you might see 20, 25 ships scrapped and in a weak market 50 plus. So I think that's kind of the range that you can expect. We think -- and this is the wildcard. Certainly with container ships and bulk carriers there's I think very, very logical, very good analysis indicating that IMO 2020 should result in heightened scrapping of those sectors. We're not sure that's going to happen with MRs, but it's a possibility as well. So it's hard to tell just yet.

And should we see that acceleration in August? Or at what point would you know that that scrapping had accelerated or does that thesis point out?

I think it wouldn't necessarily be linked to the kind of time line we talked about. But scrapping typically happens when you're coming up against a survey like drydocking. Because at that point, you're making a marginal investment decision to take the ship through and make the investment. And what do I think I can earn for the next two to three years? Or do I just scrap? And so I think it's more a function of the timing of the docking for that particular ship. And probably at this point, people are beginning to make that decision. So say for example, you have a very high consuming container ship, that's a rather old and maybe a Panamax not in direct to size and you're coming up against the drydock. This autumn might be a good time to scrap.

Appreciate it. Look forward to the future quarters.

Thank you.

The next call comes from Nick Linnane with Sefton. Please go ahead.

Thanks for taking my questions. Can you give us some sense of what your expected mix of usage is between LSFO and MGO next year? And can you give us any color on kind of your testing LSFO products has gone so far if you've been doing that and whether you can get any certainty on the price which will be available, either relative to HSFO or relative to MGO or if it's not possible to sort of get any contracts for supply with price certainty?

Yes. So we don't know yet. Obviously, we'll have -- we'll basically be faced with one or two choices either gasoil or compliant fuel. And we -- through our -- the relationships we have and what we're doing we have sort of indirectly been involved in testing some of the new compliant fuels. And so certainly that will be available to a degree. But it very much depends on how our ships trade and how confident we are the quality of the compliant fuel that's available. And in particular in our business where trading patterns are so unpredictable, we very often give just dozens of port discharge options to our customers. We don't know what's going to be available in that port. And very often the amount that you bunker in the load port or at a major hub has an impact on how much cargo you can carry. It ends up being a very complex analysis that can only be made at that time. And in the framework of what the market looks like at that time vis-à-vis one alternative versus the other. And so for example, if there's only gasoil available, one way whereas you can do compliant fuel the other way the returns will probably -- will equalize to take account for the difference, because it's a competitive market. So, I'm kind of rambling on about this a little bit. But I think it's -- short answer is that we're going to almost certainly be burning both. I think that most owners are going to be erring on the side of caution, by really just sticking with kind of known qualities of the 0.5% compliant fuel. Otherwise you burn gasoil at least in the beginning.

And if I can ask one other, do you see any potential for actually demand disruption in some areas as a result of IMO? Because diesel that previously got exported from Asia or actually dies in Asia are to be used as bunker fuel?

Yeah. That's possible in North Asia where you've seen these kind of, long-haul, kind of Maiden voyage, VLCC and Suezmax and even Aframax cargoes that may go away because North Asia might just need to keep there what is currently a gasoil, surplus for their own, regional needs.

And Singapore?

Singapore, it's a very -- it's a complex -- Singapore is a major bunkering hub. I can't give you a straight answer. But I would suspect that they're actually probably going to be short gasoil. And they'll need to get it either from Arabian Gulf or from North Asia.

Okay thank you very much.

This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Anthony Gurnee for any closing remarks.

Thank you. So, just one final note, before wrapping up the call, we'll be hosting an analyst and investor event in New York on May 30th, where in addition to our usual MR market overview and Ardmore update. We'll be doing -- and then, we'll be having an in-depth discussion with -- on IMO 2020 with Andy Lipow of Lipow Oil Associates. That should be really interesting. And we're looking forward to it. You can reach out to us or to the IGB Group for more detail or to register. We look forward to seeing you there. And we hope the rest of you will be able to join on the webcast. The other thing I want to mention is, just to congratulate our CFO, Paul Tivnan, as well as Louise on the birth of their daughter Fia, last Wednesday. And as you know we're generally not in favor of new buildings, in this environment. But we are happy if they're human, so, congrats Paul and Louise. And with that I'll conclude the call today. And thanks for joining us.

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.