Good morning, and welcome to the Webster Financial Corporation's Second Quarter 2020 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions]. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce Webster's Director of Investor Relations, Terry Mangan. Thank you. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Donna. Welcome to Webster. This presentation includes forward-looking statements within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 with respect to Webster's financial condition, results of operations and business and financial performance. Webster has based these forward-looking statements and current expectations and projections about future events. Actual results might differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Additional information concerning risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from those in the forward-looking statements is contained in Webster Financial's public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our Form 8-K containing our earnings release for the second quarter of 2020. I'll now introduce Webster's Chairman and CEO, John Ciulla.

Thanks, Terry. Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining Webster's second quarter earnings call. I hope that all of you and your loved ones are healthy and safe. CFO, Glenn MacInnes, will review business and financial performance for the quarter. I'll provide updates on our COVID-19 related activities and line of business performance. I'll also report on key credit metrics and trends, including our exposure to industries, most directly impacted by the pandemic, and provide an update on loan modification and payment deferral activities. The portfolio specific credit slides that we walked you through in Q1 have been updated for Q2 and are included in the supplemental slides. After Glenn provides additional information on Q2 financial performance, HSA Bank President, Chad Wilkins; and Jason Soto, our Chief Credit Officer, will join us for Q&A. While we have seen a dramatic improvement, in the health care data, across our 4 straight retail banking footprint over the last month, we know that rising cases of COVID-19 continue to challenge parts of the U.S. and that economic activity, including consumer and business demand and confidence will continue to be muted by the uncertainty surrounding the pandemic. Glenn and I, along with the rest of the executive team, continue to focus on prudently managing capital, credit and liquidity, considering all of the potential macroeconomic scenarios. Webster bankers continue to show great energy, engagement and compassion as they take care of each other, our customers and our communities. I want to thank each and everyone of them for their remarkable contributions during this challenging time. I'm incredibly proud of the entire team. On Slide 2, you can see some examples of the way our bankers have responded over the last several months. I'm pleased with the way our employees have adjusted to remote working environments,…

Thanks, John. I'll begin with our average balance sheet on Slide 10. Average loans grew almost $1.3 billion or 6.3% linked quarter. Our commercial portfolio grew by $1.4 billion, driven primarily by $940 million in PPP loans. In the second quarter, we funded over 10,000 PPP loans. The loans had an average balance of $135,000, with a median balance of $34,000. Over 80% of the loans were less than $150,000. The PPP loans include around $70 million to new customers with the remainder going to the existing Webster customer base. We expect 75% of the loans will be forgiven over the second half of 2020, but timing will depend on final SBA guidelines and customer preferences. We believe that approximately 2/3 of the PPP funds remained in customer deposits accounts at quarter end. Outside of PPP loans, commercial loans grew $458 million. C&I loans grew by $319 million, reflective of line draws, which began late in the first quarter, along with growth in public sector finance. In addition, commercial real estate loans grew $139 million as a result of higher activity in our Investor CRE and middle market businesses. On a year-over-year basis, commercial real estate loans have grown by more than $1 billion. The $114 million decline in consumer loans is the result of reductions of $67 million in residential mortgages and $41 million in home equity. Deposits increased $1.9 billion linked quarter, reflecting substantial pandemic related commercial and consumer liquidity. Demand deposits represented $1.3 billion of this increase. Commercial and business banking demand deposits grew $1.1 billion or 31%. The average consumer demand deposit increased over $1,000 per account or 13.2%, representing $161 million of growth. As a result, borrowings declined by $186 million with FHLB advances, representing the majority of the reduction. Borrowings included $373 million of…

Thanks a lot, Glenn. I'd like to provide some perspective on our longer-term operating goals and execution strategies before we open it up to questions. As you know, our goal is to allocate capital and focus business strategies for the purpose of maximizing economic profits over time. For 40 consecutive quarters, we were able to grow revenue period-over-period, distinguishing ourselves from our peers. The differentiated strength of our company has been deploying low cost, high-growth HSA and core consumer deposits into market-leading, specialized and sophisticated C&I and CRE commercial loan growth across an expanding set of industry verticals and geographies. Our view of the macroeconomic environment, over the next several years, is that rates will be lower for longer, and economic growth will be modest. As I mentioned beginning in our January earnings call, we believe we have meaningful opportunity to change the cost structure supporting our delivery of products and services to our customers across all business lines, without limiting the effectiveness or growth or value of our differentiated businesses. We have been and remain focused on operational efficiencies and revenue enhancements across the organization, beginning well before the onset of the pandemic. And with the pandemic accelerating changes in customer preferences and shifting workplace dynamics, opportunities to fully align expenses with our business line execution only get broader. Our goal continues to be generating returns in excess of our estimated 10% cost of capital over the medium and long-term and we'll work diligently to achieve that goal. Donna, with that, Glenn, Chad, Jason and I are prepared to take questions.

[Operator Instructions]. Our first question is coming from Steve Alexopoulos of JPMorgan.

I can start on credit. So if you look at the deferral slide, most of the trends were favorable, but the one that does stand out is the most scrutinized is leverage lending, which saw modifications rise since May 8. Could you give color on what you're seeing there? And should we translate higher deferrals into eventual higher losses in that bucket?

Yes. I mean, the big question is the translation of embedded loss from the modifications, right? We obviously look carefully if customers need some sort of modification that shows that they've got some sort of potential weakness. I'll let Jason comment on some of this stuff. One of the things, Steve, on the leverage portfolio, again, is not all of the modifications are payment related. And if you think about both in our general sponsor book and those leveraged loans within sponsor, the things we're encouraged by are -- we're doing a lot of modifications that are simply providing the customer with some more flexibility with respect to covenant or liquidity or some of the other covenant-based modifications. And we know that we have sponsors behind the vast majority of those deals who have significant equity in the transactions and how are working with us really closely. So for me, I don't get alarmed that that's one of the higher categories. You'd expect in a leverage situation that, that would be a company that might need a little bit more modification and flexibility, but we're not seeing sort of systemic weakness in that portfolio at all. And Jason, maybe you want to give your perspective.

Yes. No, happy to, John. I think you're right. If you look at the amount of the slide, 70% of it is not payment related, right? And so the other 30% is and if you even break down that 30% further, there is a portion of that, that's just the principal deferral, but they continue to pay interest. So ultimately, we worry a little bit less about the covenant modifications versus the payment modifications. And what I'll also tell you is that a lot of sponsors have indicated that they're willing to support these companies even in some of the most impacted sectors, right? But they want sort of a short window to assess the situation and environment and how quickly the borrowers will recover before they decide to cut a check and figure out what the long-term solution is. So right now, the -- I'm cautiously encouraged by the conversations we're having with these sponsors. And I think the right point is that a good 30% or only 30% of them are actually payment related.

Okay. That's actually helpful. And then if we look at the slide on -- with the updated COVID-19 exposures, can you walk us through what reviews you've now done on those portfolios? And now that you've had more time to assess the risk there. How do you think about risk in those buckets?

Jason, why don't you take that one directly?

And so you're talking specifically about the sectors or...

The slide that calls out restaurant, hotel, leisure, et cetera. Yes, all those impacted sectors.

So the rigor review around these sectors is, I'll call it, significant, all right? So we have a normal course review of problem assets. We've had separate special reviews focusing on just things like restaurants, travel, leisure, hotel and motel. We've required an escalation of decision-making modifications on any deals that carry a certain risk rating, which in the past would have been done without coming to my level. So we've been very, very proactive in looking at all these exposures and challenging ourselves to make sure we don't have any blind spots of future problems in these sectors. And most of my comments are around our larger structure businesses, which carry the higher exposure. But I will tell you that also on some of our smaller flow business, we've also taken an approach on things like restaurants that if -- over 50% of your revenue has gone as a result of the situation, we just concentrate to a downgrade because we can't have the same level of review and rigor on a $200,000 loan as we can on a $20 million loan. So I feel really good about the week we rely almost that we have on all these accounts and all the controls in place to make sure that we don't have blind spots.

Okay. That's helpful. And then if I could just maybe ask Chad on HSA Bank. Just a big picture question on what you're seeing how layoffs impact the contributions? Are employees that are still working, still contributing like in the past? I know we talked about employers maybe looking at full replacement. Are you seeing that -- how is this environment impacting that business?

Yes. Thanks, Steve. I'd say that we haven't seen a lot of impact from the furloughs and the layoffs. So really not a big uptick in closed accounts. We have seen the, I guess, a slowdown in new accounts with existing employers. So as employers have kind of paused on hiring as we've gone through the pandemic. And John spoke to the slowdown in our spend levels that was dropped down to about 60%. We're currently -- in June, we came back to about 80%, and that conversely has added a little bit of growth to -- or more growth to our deposits as folks aren't spending as much. Contribution levels have remained about the same, and that's why we're seeing an uptick in growth on deposits. So we really haven't seen much of an impact on the contribution level, just really the spend levels. As I look to the rest of the year, I think the -- as the economy is still in a difficult spot, the enrollments with new employers remain a little bit depressed. We had a dip in our pipeline as we went through March and April, but it came back really strong in June and in July, and we've had -- actually had one of our best sales seasons ever in the large employer market. So it's looking good for win-win. It's too early to tell whether that's indicative of some tailwinds coming into the industry as a result of the impact on the economy. So we'll see how that unfolds as we get into 2021.

Our next question is coming from Collyn Gilbert of KBW.

Just a follow-up first on Steve's question about HSA. So Chad, are you -- with July 1 being, obviously, a big enrollment period. Are there -- are you seeing any -- are any employers -- are they capable of doing it, number one? And number two, are you seeing it where they're extending the enrollment periods out by, say, a quarter or so because of just the work-at-home environment that's occurring or is there not a lot of flexibility on some of the way these plans are structured that they can extend that July 1 enrollment period?

Yes. Thanks, Collyn. We have not seen any changes in the timing of enrollments, and I don't anticipate seeing any changes to the point you made. It's a little inflexible there. We thought we were seeing a pause in folks putting their benefit packages out to bid because they were just so distracted with everything that was going on, just responding to the pandemic. However, that's just come back. And I feel like we're ahead of last year's levels at this point in terms of bids and opportunities because of everything that got pushed back a little bit.

Okay. Okay. That's helpful. And then just in terms of potential M&A within the sector, are you guys seeing any other opportunities coming your way, similar to what you have closing with State Farm or how this current environment maybe has impacted portfolios and businesses that have come available for you in the HSA space?

Yes, Collyn, I'll take a crack and then let Chad follow-up. I mean, I think we remain committed to looking at inorganic opportunities to grow this special business. So from our perspective, we're still as engaged. I will tell you, given the sort of overhang of the pandemic, lower value, perceived value of deposits and growth trajectory, I think sellers are maybe more reluctant to engage in a transaction at this time. So I would sort of say the odds of us executing on more inorganic opportunities are lower, but our desire remains just as significant as it was before. Chad, I don't know if you have a perspective there?

Yes. The only thing I'd add to that, John, because I agree 100% with everything you said, is that there may be some players in the space who are going to struggle with the lower interest rate environment as you see it sizable decrease in the revenue that might create some opportunity, but otherwise, absolutely agree with everything.

Okay. Okay. That's helpful. And then just on the expense side, if we think about this a little bit longer term, are there -- I know you guys had alluded to, maybe at some point, that there's some things that you might be able to do with the Boston franchise? Or just -- can you just kind of give us an update on how you're seeing your branch network, just infrastructure set up now? And if there's areas where you think, both in the near-term and long term, you can look to rationalize?

Sure. Collyn, I was pretty purposeful in my final comments there. We've been working across the entire organization on things like automation, on looking at whether or not our entire infrastructure and expense base is fully aligned with kind of our narrow-targeted growth opportunities in businesses. And obviously, our physical footprint, both office space and banking centers is something that we review as we talk about all the time. And I do think that coming out of this pandemic, it's really -- put a highlight on the fact that consumer preferences are changing, and we can deliver more effectively digitally, and there's less reliance on the banking center. So I do think you'll expect to see us along with a lot of other players in the industry be a little bit more aggressive at reducing square footage, making sure that we still can deliver our products and services to our customers. And what I'd say, and to follow-up on my prepared remarks earlier, is that we'll be able to quantify that a little bit more as we head into the third and fourth quarter for the market.

Okay. That's helpful. And then just lastly, just on the loan activity in the quarter and if you covered this in some of the initial comments, I apologize, I missed it. But just the declines that you saw on loan balances and maybe what your expectation is for activity in the back half of the year?

Yes, sure. I mean it was a really interesting quarter actually. We onboarded some great new customers. One of the strengths and it's fortunate in terms of the people how it reflected risk. One of the strengths in that sponsor business is that our largest concentration is around technology, infrastructure, data centers, fiber, those kind of transactions, which are just actually benefiting from the marketplace. So we've continued to onboard some really good credits. One of my comments, I did make earlier is that the non-PPP reduction in commercial balances was entirely driven by line utilization. So repayment of defensive line draws along with a -- probably the biggest reduction I've ever seen or contraction in ABL utilization given what's just going on with working capital. The actual stated numbers of originated dollars and payoffs were almost exactly in line in commercial banking with a year ago second quarter, which is kind of remarkable when you think about the economic slowdown. So I think going forward, now that we've kind of balanced out the utilization, you'll see -- you'll continue to see modest loan growth from us. Obviously, the economic environment impacts it, but we have a decent pipeline as we head into the third quarter. And we're open for business, understanding that our underwriting criteria changes a bit with the overhang of the pandemic.

Our next question is coming from Mark Fitzgibbon of Piper Sandler.

John, given the differences between states on the COVID shutdowns. I'm curious, are the credit dynamics for business customers markedly different sort of across your footprint? And could you maybe give us some color on that?

Yes, that's a great question. I don't think there's sort of a systemic or kind of repeatable underwriting change as we go throughout our footprint. I do think interesting dynamics, even with what's been happening lately, we've been seeing boosted real estate prices in Fairfield and Westchester because people are leaving the city. So what I'd say, Mark, is I think that when we're underwriting transactions, if you think about small businesses, which is more volume-driven, I think we're looking out systemically for industries that may be more vulnerable to this economic landscape and the pandemic and some of the shifts in geography. As we get into the commercial bank underwriting, where it's really credit by credit by credit, I think we certainly take into consideration the dynamics in the geographies. So what you've seen in our branch footprint, our 4 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York and Connecticut is a consistent sort of slow March to reopening and a little bit more activity. And so we're seeing a little bit more loan activity. I don't think there's a differentiation between those 4 states, I think those 4 states are doing pretty well. There are areas, our national restaurant franchise business, we are not originating there now. There's just too much variability, and there's just too much uncertainty as it relates to specific geographical challenges. So I can't really give you any trends. We haven't seen it in credit performance, in delinquencies in consumer. We haven't had sort of hot spots, and I hate to use that phrase because particularly the situation where we haven't seen kind of hot spots of poor credit performance in commercial or business banking based on geography, it's more sector driven.

John, can I add something?

Sure.

What I would say, if you're looking at our modification book and you look at those customers that are asking for second round accommodations, if you will. And within our business banking portfolio, we've had well over $100 million mature of the initial $350 million or so, and only $15 million of that actually asked for a second round deferral. And so I take that as cautious encouragement within our footprint. And what we're hearing from borrowers are, "look, we're not quite sure how things are going to play out, but we've got some good liquidity, and so we're comfortable resuming payments at this point". So take that for what it's worth, but I do view that as a slight indication of some of the positive trend.

Okay. Great. And then just a follow-up for Chad. Chad, I was curious if you think you still have room to push HSA deposit costs down even further or are we sort of bottoming out here at 15 basis points?

Yes. I think that we've seen some more movement in the market. We're paying really close attention to what's going on across our competitors. And I think we have room to move still.

So Mark, it's Glenn, if I could just add to that. So sort of 15 basis points for the quarter, but that's reflective of changes mid-quarter. So you'll get a full quarter of that going into the third quarter. It will probably be close to 13 -- between 13 -- around 13 basis points.

Okay. And then, Glenn, I know you're not giving guidance, but I wondered if you could help us think about some of the major moving parts on operating expenses in 3Q?

So John sort of touched on the operating expenses. I would think all things considered, you would think it would probably be in the $176 million to $178 million range somewhere around there, excluding any significant investments that we make. And then just going forward, obviously, I was -- if you think about guidance going forward, a lot of it is predicated on the PPP forgiveness. And our thoughts on that. I indicated 75% by year-end, but it's anyone's guess, if 20% comes in the third quarter or 25%.

Our next question is coming from David Chiaverini of Wedbush.

A couple of questions. So starting on credit, commercial real estate, you see how 9% of it is shopping center in retail. Can you talk about how you're feeling about this portfolio and modification activity or deferral activity there?

Sure. I'll give a quick overview and then let Jason drive home some points. I've always said when asked about the commercial real estate portfolio that we've been a sort of low risk, low return business, Bill Wrang that runs that business, I always mentioned this name on earnings calls because I think we deal with top-notch sponsors, and we have a very much of an institutional book. My view is, I feel comfortable, given the debt service coverage ratios, the sponsors and the LTVs where we are now. But I would acknowledge, as CEO, one of the long-term concerns I have is what happens with some of the commercial real estate sectors over time with changing work dynamics, with changing retail dynamics. And so I really like where we are now, both from a property-type distribution and from an underwriting distribution and sponsor support perspective. But I think, if anything, I mentioned earlier, you kind of have to wait and see how credit plays out with all of these macro variables. I think commercial real estate is going to be the last one to kind of figure out what happens there just given some of maybe the long-term shifts. Jason, maybe you want to address that question more, specifically?

Yes. No, happy to, John. And you mentioned sort of the ratios and the metrics overall in that book within commercial real estate, where we have a weighted average, 60% loan-to-value, and sort of 1 7 debt service coverage going into the environment, obviously that will see some impact. I think the more important thing is 72% of our commercial real estate portfolio is nondiscretionary versus discretionary anchored by pharmacy and retail and so we've seen a real difference in terms of rent collection rates in those sectors. And so far, we've provided relatively modest accommodations on that portfolio, 6 loans, about $70 million in exposure. So again, I'm never going to claim on this call that we're out of the woods on anything just given the environment. But so far, our performance in that book has been relatively strong.

Great. And sticking with credit, it was good to see the provision down in the second quarter versus the first quarter. How should we think about provision for the second half of the year given all the uncertainty?

Yes. So I think with respect to CECL, you nailed it, I mean, there is a significant amount of uncertainty at this point. And so we just continue -- we'll update our models. We'll continue to look at the macroeconomic factors, risk ratings, loan modification trends as well as we get further clarity on the impact of stimulus on the portfolio. So I think it's sort of -- it's hard to give a number going forward, but we'll continue to monitor that.

Yes, Dave, I mean, it's interesting, right? To simplify it as much as you can if the forward economic forecast deteriorates that leads to higher provision. Risk rating trends within your portfolio, depending on which way they go impact it, and then other sort of more qualitative borrower behaviors like modifications and other things kind of factor in. And so those are the variables, the high-level variables, and then, of course, throw in government stimulus and other customer behaviors, and that's where we go. So this was a pretty simple one. As Glenn went through, we had a reduction in our forward outlook. We had some good news on modification activity, and we had some slight downtick in our risk rating. And we ended up where we are here. And so those are the things that will give you some directional sense as to where we might be going forward.

Okay. And then on the net interest margin, and clearly, there's going to be a lot of noise in the near term, you mentioned about the uncertainty around when the PPP loans are forgiven. But if we were too fast forward to say the second quarter of 2021 or the third quarter of 2021, if we were to assume interest rates are flat, remaining very low here. Do you have a sense as to where the net interest margin could be close to PPP?

Sure. Within a range. I mean, I think if you look at 1-month LIBOR, we pushed that out at basically 18 basis points fed funds at 25 basis points. So maybe a slight increase in the 10-year, and you can look at the impact of that in our slides, whether you think that rate is going to come down. But if I do all that and I look at our asset growth, I think you'd be modestly below where we are today. And that's -- and you'd pretty much bottom out at that point. You're right about PPP, I think over the next two quarters that will have -- create a lot of noise within NIM as well as net interest income.

And just one quick one on HSA. You mentioned about how the pipeline for RFPs heading into the 2021 season is picking up for June and July. Do you have a sense as to how that compares to the pipeline a year ago?

Chad, do you want to take that one?

Yes, absolutely. I would -- I'd make two comments on that. One is the pipeline is up modestly year-over-year, and we started out much stronger. It died down for a couple of months and then snap back right back to actually above prior levels. So a little bit above last year. It's the win rate that's really up significantly year-over-year in the large employer space, because we're in the large employer selling season right now, which has been delayed a little bit as well.

Our next question is coming from Jared Shaw of Wells Fargo Securities.

Just I guess, circling back to the provision, the allowance, and it looks like the Moody's model for July deteriorated just a little bit, incrementally, versus June. But if we assume that, broadly, the economic model doesn't change much, and you start seeing actual loan level losses, do you think that the current allowance is enough to cover that? Or would you be inclined to continue to provide for incremental losses, sort of, given the broader continued uncertainty around the economy?

Yes. I mean right now, Jared, it's Glenn. We think the $359 million we have right now is adequate, it's reflective of loss content in our book. And it is, as John just pointed out on the last question, I mean, it is a matter of looking at risk ratings, loan modifications and the macroeconomic forecast and then on top of that the stimulus. But a bigger part of this is looking at the duration of the pandemic and the impact to our customer, whether it's a retail customer or a commercial customer, their liquidity profile. And so that's something that sort of hard to give you a number, but I think where we are at the end of the second quarter is reflective of what we see right now. And so if Moody's stays about where it is, then you have to look internally, you have to look at your risk rating migration, you have to look at liquidity on a customer basis and then modification trends. So those are the other factors that we'd look at.

Okay. And then, I guess, keeping with that, I guess, how were the trends in internal credit migration during the quarter? And are all the modified loans automatically downgraded or put on watch list? Or how are you looking, I guess, internally at dealing with those credits?

I'll let Jason take the second one, Jared. I mentioned earlier just with respect to internal risk rating migration that our weighted average risk rating deteriorated modestly in the quarter. But the interesting dynamic there was the vast majority. And I mean, almost all of it occurred within pass rating categories. And so if you think about that, if we're accurately risk rating, which we think we do and our regulators think we do, those are pass graded credits that we would underwrite even at their slightly deteriorated level. So that has an impact on pushing the provision slightly higher. But as we said, it wasn't a material shift because there wasn't a big inflow into criticized and classified assets. And the reason I mentioned it proactively in my remarks is I also want the market to understand that we're not hunting forward or kicking the can on risk identification and risk rating. So we're looking at our credits when information is provided to us, and we're talking to all of our big commercial customers, and we're making the appropriate assessments on a daily basis where we can get information, and we take those circumstances and make the right call. Jason, do you want to talk specifically about what modification means with respect to risk rating?

Yes. No, I'll just talk a little bit about our overall approach, right? So it's not an automatic downgrade if somebody is being modified. It certainly depends on a number of factors, whether it's a payment modification, whether it's a temporary covenant modification, bridge to a broader solution, as I mentioned before, right? And our approach is really, of course, more forward-looking than just looking at historical metrics given the current environment. We're specifically assessing whether the borrower has adequate liquidity to make it through this environment until revenue returns to reasonable levels. And as we know, overall liquidity has been enhanced by PPP deferrals. And in some industries, advanced payments and grants like in health care. In our larger structure businesses where you're having a lot of these conversations on meaningful risk ratings, we're getting cash flow projections that will really help influence our decision on a rating, and we're actively tracking the true liquidity on a weekly basis versus what the companies were projecting and the revenue associated with that. In some of our smaller businesses, we're downgrading by sector. So we'll continue to address and adjust our ratings as we get more borrower specific information. And obviously, within the context of the overall economic environment. But it's not an automatic downgrade just because they've asked for a deferral.

Okay. That's great color. And then just finally for me, Glenn, you mentioned PPP forgiveness assumed to be 75% in 2020. What's your total assumption forgiveness out of the whole portfolio? I'm sorry, over the life of the portfolio.

I think we go all the way through probably the end of the first quarter of 2022. So it drops down. If you think about it this way, Jared, say, 20%, 25% in Q3 and 50%, 55% in Q4. So that's 75% of it right there. And then most of it sort of just trends down throughout 2021.

So I can sort of assume like a 90% total forgiveness level for the year?

Yes. By the end of 2021, I think that's a good number.

Our next question is coming from Steven Duong of RBC Capital Markets.

Most of my question has been answered. So just a high level general question. The Moody's economic forecast that you guys look at, how do you -- in your experience, how does that compare to what you guys went through during the financial crisis?

It's hard to handicap, it's a different form of economy and that you have the sharp -- real sharp GDP. So you go from a negative GDP in Q1 to minus 33%. Likewise, unemployment. And so it's sort of very steep and then a snapback in some respects.

That's exactly right.

I think it's interesting because, obviously, the banking -- the industry as a whole is doing a lot more stress testing and has a lot more capabilities to forecast now than when we went through this during the Great Recession. But what's interesting is, I think Glenn hit the nail on the head, we're dealing with something here that's difficult because there's a big exogen shock right away. And then there's a lot of uncertainty about the path of the recovery. Whereas as the financial crisis just had a longer duration, and it was kind of cumulative losses over time. And so I think that's what I would say is that it's a different shape of economic forecast with a lot more uncertainty going forward as to the shape of the recovery.

And Steven, I'd just say, look, if you look at our worst-performing four quarters, during the financial crisis, it was 2009, and I think our loss content was like 167 basis points. So that's just four quarters. I mean, I think -- just as a reference point.

Right. Right. I guess, like the snap back that Moody's is forecasting, I guess we're experiencing such dramatic numbers going like a 40% drop and then 50% bounce off that lower base. Do you ever -- do you guys think that the absolute level of the economic activity matters at all when we're talking about such gigantic numbers, but GDP level, is it -- does that matter into how businesses are run and how they perform going forward?

You're asking great philosophical questions. I actually think -- and I'll give you my editorial, right? I think that all of the -- the whole CECL framework is a reasonable model framework. But I think what you're getting at and our belief is, there's a bit of a disconnect right now between the direct correlation on things like unemployment, GDP shock. It's not immediately correlated. And so what you have is we need to wait and see, particularly with the government stimulus coming in and sort of muting a lot of the impacts, I don't think that when you look at GDP or you look at the unemployment posted number that it's really reflective of what we're going to see with respect to consumer credit behaviors or what's going -- whether a small business is going to make a decision. So if that's where you're going, I think we need to wait and see how predictive some of these variables are going forward, particularly with the bounce back and the huge GDP decline in 2Q.

And Steven, I would just add, I mean, it is going to be, as we said a few times now, it's more duration and so you look at our numbers and you look at the PPP loans as a percent of total loans, and it's pretty significant. So even under that modification numbers that we talked about, payment modification, is a significant number of PPP loans. If you look at our consumers, and their average DDA account is up $1,000, 13%. So they're feeling pretty good. Our overdrafts are down, right? 20-plus percent quarter-over-quarter. So that can't -- we know that can't last forever, but it's a matter of looking out on duration and saying, how strong is the liquidity profile of our clients and can they see their way through the other side of this? And that's what we're focused on.

And again, just editorial, if you're a management team, if you're our management team, you're less focused on whether all of the -- all of these variables are accurately correlated to performance and the shape of the curve is, you're just looking at all of the potential outcomes and the duration and making sure you're making smart decisions that will help you under a wide variety of potential economic outcomes.

Our next question is coming from Matthew Breese of Stephens.

Just a couple of quick ones. So it seems like there's a mixed view from the industry on how long deferrals could extend. And the idea of a long-term deferrals emerged as it becomes apparent, there are parts of -- there are businesses and parts of the economy that could be impacted well into 2021. Do you think you have this type of flexibility? And then practically speaking, will you exercise it? Or should we expect after 180 days of deferral...

You cut out a little bit there. I think we got the gist of the question, and I'll give you a quick thought and then hand it over to Jason. We were actually talking about this yesterday internally. So I think there's kind of a natural cadence given where we are, given the fact that people still view fundamentally that this is a temporary disruption that you'll have your original modifications. Jason gave you some indication that we're surprised pleasantly that there's a lower number of people who are on modification, asking for a second modification. But we're still under the, CARES Act. We're still in a place we want to help our customers. We were talking about what would happen if we sort of get into what we would call kind of the third wave of modifications. And I think our view institutionally is that we really have to take a strong look, to your point, at what the underlying fundamental strength of the business is -- are over the long-term before we just blindly grant a third wave of modification. So I think what you'll see in the industry is after the first 90 days or second 90 days or 60 days or 60 days, however, they're done under the CARES Act protection, non-TDR modifications. I think not just because of the way we'll have to account for them, but also because we really want to look and see whether or not some of these businesses are permanently impaired or impacted. I think you won't see sort of just continued modification after modification as we go into the -- kind of the third wave, if you will. Anything to add on that, Jason?

Yes. I think the only thing I would add is there's probably going to be a bifurcation between the types of business, types of products, right? I mean, if you're talking consumer, small business going to third wave, you have to start thinking about, all right, is this permanently impaired? And should we be talking sort of loss mitigation type stuff at that point, whereas I just take on the commercial side and sponsor, right? You may have a situation where we granted an additional waiver, the sponsor in the second amendment agreed to put in a few million dollars because the lion's share, the revenue that they were expecting in the second half of the year is gone, take a company that puts on events and conferences. That's just not going to happen this year, right? And so they've put a temporary bandit on, but we all know that in early 2021, when they have their slate of events laid out, there may be a third round, which is a broader solution with some equity, maybe some incremental deferrals on payments and that's just the way it works more on the structured larger deals. So I think the answer is different depending on what business you're talking about.

Understood. So practically speaking, you have the option to carry deferrals well into 2021, but it's a case-by-case as to whether you'll exercise it or move it to NPA.

I think that's well said.

Okay. And then just a real quick one. What was the PPP contribution to net interest income this quarter? Or what was the all-in PPP yield this quarter?

So the all-in -- the contribution was somewhere around $6 million, and the all-in yield is probably around $272 million. And you got to be careful with that because that's not a full quarter yield, right?

Understood. What would it be on a full quarter? So it's probably closer to like a -- so if you think about this, if you think about -- I said our average balance of a PPP loan is about $135,000, the all-in yield would be about $350 million, funding cost, about $35 million. So you'd be around $350 million.

At this time, I would like to turn the floor back over to Mr. Ciulla for closing comments.

Thank you very much. Thank, everyone, for being with us this morning, and be well and stay safe. Thank you.

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your participation. This concludes today's teleconference. You may disconnect your lines at this time, and have a wonderful day.