Good morning, and welcome to Tradeweb’s First Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. As a reminder, today’s call is being recorded and will be available for playback. To begin, I’ll turn the call over to Head of Treasury, FP&A & Investor Relations, Ashley Serrao. Please go ahead.

Thank you, and good morning. Joining me today for the call are our CEO, Billy Hult, who will review the highlights for the quarter and provide a brief business update; our President, Tom Pluta, who will dive a little deeper into some growth initiatives; and our CFO, Sara Furber, who will review our financial results. We intend to use the website as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. I’d like to remind you that certain statements in this presentation and during the Q&A may relate to future events and expectations, and as such, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements related to, among other things, our guidance are forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ from forward-looking statements is contained in our earnings release, presentation and periodic reports filed with the SEC. In addition, on today’s call, we will reference certain non-GAAP measures as well as certain market and industry data. Information regarding these non-GAAP measures, including reconciliations to GAAP measures is in our earnings release and presentation. Information regarding market and industry data, including sources is in our earnings presentation. To recap, this morning we reported GAAP earnings per diluted share of $0.42. Excluding certain non-cash stock-based compensation expense, acquisition-related transaction costs, acquisition- and Refinitiv-related D&A and certain FX items, and assuming an effective tax rate of 24.5%, we reported adjusted net income per diluted share of $0.54. Please see the earnings release and the Form 10-Q to be filed with the SEC for additional information regarding the presentation of our historical results. Now, let me turn the call over to Billy.

Thanks, Ashley. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining our first quarter earnings call. The market dynamics during the first quarter were chaotic as our clients juggled continued Fed hikes, dramatic moves in the yield curve, the highest level of rate volatility since the global financial crisis and their own version of fixed income March madness with the regional bank liquidity crisis and resulting market turmoil. Ultimately, the environment led to a mixed bag for our first quarter results, we had some strong days but also many softer ones as the extreme volatility and lack of conviction led to clients reducing risk. We also saw some migration, albeit reluctantly, to the phone during moments of high stress in March. The reality is that electronic trading hasn’t solved everything yet and that is our opportunity. This is what we have been solving for and chipping away at for many years by innovating with new protocols, connecting markets and enhancing available data. Amidst this challenging macro backdrop, our dialogue with our clients remains at exceptionally high levels. We believe that the demand for fixed income products will increase, and risk taking will return as central banks enter, what is expected to be, the final innings of the current rate hike cycle. Turning to Slide 4, record first quarter revenues of $329 million were up 5.7% year-on-year on a reported basis. Stripping out 180 basis points of FX headwinds, we generated revenue growth of 7.5% on a constant currency basis. The revenue growth and the resulting scale translated into 13% adjusted EPS growth and improved profitability relative to full year 2022 as our adjusted EBITDA margin increased by approximately 37 basis points to 52.3%. Turning to Slide 5, the diversity of our growth was on display once again this quarter, marked by…

Thanks, Billy. Starting with munis on Slide 8, we have amassed a strong presence in the tax-exempt space over the years by building and subsequently leveraging our retail platform to launch an institutional offering. Today, with nearly $50 million in annual revenues, and over 25% revenue growth in the first quarter, we are a leader in tax-exempt munis which represent 80% of industry volumes. Looking ahead, we are adding another dimension to our growth algorithm by expanding our institutional muni presence into the taxable muni space, having already completed a soft launch in the first quarter. We are approaching this market by playing to our strengths, like IG bonds, taxable munis trade at a spread to a U.S. Treasury. We believe we can leverage our leading position in net spotting, as well as AiEX and portfolio trading, to make inroads here. On the data front, we continue to invest to improve our muni AiPrice offering, by leveraging the fact that one in every five muni trades is done on Tradeweb, to dynamically predict prices for approximately 1 million muni bonds. We currently only have approximately 3% of the overall volume pie while electronification hovers in the 10% to 15% range. We believe a 1% gain in muni market share can add over $10 million in incremental annual revenues, so remains a sizeable revenue opportunity ahead of us. Turning to Slide 9 for a closer look at credit. While our global credit business set another quarterly revenue record, underlying trends were mixed. Growth in munis and U.S. corporate credit was partially offset by softer overall industry trends in Europe, China and CDS, coupled with FX headwinds. Despite this mixed backdrop, automation continued to surge with global credit AiEX average daily trades increasing 60% year-over-year. Honing in on U.S. corporate credit, the…

Thanks Tom, and good morning. As I go through the numbers, all comparisons will be to the prior year period, unless otherwise noted. Let me begin with an overview of our volumes on Slide 11. We reported first quarter average daily volume of nearly $1.4 trillion, up 16% year-over-year, and up 11% when excluding short tenor swaps. Among the 22 product categories that we include in our monthly activity report, eight hit quarterly records while another four achieved their second highest quarterly ADV. Perhaps even more notable, seven of the 22 product areas produced year-over-year volume growth of more than 20%. Areas of strong growth include European government bonds, global swaps, U.S. investment grade credit, munis, and repos. Slide 12 provides a summary of our quarterly earnings performance. The first quarter volume growth translated into gross revenues increasing by 5.7% on a reported basis and 7.5% on a constant currency basis. We derived approximately 37% of our revenues from international customers, and recall that approximately 30% of our revenue base is denominated in currencies other than dollars, predominantly in euros. Our variable revenues increased by 7.6% and our total trading revenue increased by 5.8%. Total fixed revenues related to our four major asset classes were down 0.8% and up 1.4% on a constant currency basis. And other trading revenues were up 16%. As a reminder, this line fluctuates as it reflects revenues tied to periodic technology enhancements performed for our retail clients. This quarter’s adjusted EBITDA margin of 52.3% increased by 37 basis points on a reported basis, and 30 basis points on a constant currency basis, from the full year 2022. Moving on to fees per million on Slide 13 and a highlight of the key trends for the quarter. You can see on Slide 18 of the earnings…

Thanks, Sara. As I think about our next chapter of Tradeweb, we are laser focused on continuing to invest to grow many of our flagship businesses like swaps, U.S. treasuries and credit that we believe collectively have a lot of runway ahead of them. We will also be placing more bets on the table, be it organic initiatives like EM and taxable munis that we described today, or using M&A in a disciplined fashion. Strategically, with our multiclient sector presence, we are in a unique position to help our clients find the other side of a trade by blending and linking our wholesale, institutional and retail liquidity pools like we have done so far in credit. We also have an opportunity to continue to monetize our data primarily via our partnership with Refinitiv and also by building out our suite of proprietary solutions. With a couple of important month-end trading days left in April which tend to be our strongest revenue days, we are seeing mid-single digit growth across the firm’s ADV, though these are currently being driven by lower fee per million products. April has seen a slower start across industry volumes, partially due to the timing of the religious holidays and the continuation of elevated volatility in the market. Our IG share is higher than Q1 levels while high yield share is close to first quarter levels. I would also like to welcome Troy Dixon to our Board of Directors, who joined our Board as of March 1. Troy brings more than 30 years of financial services expertise, global leadership and human capital experience to our Board, while also increasing our Board’s independence and diversity. We are delighted to have the benefit of his deep industry knowledge on our Board. I would like to conclude my remarks by thanking our clients for their business and partnership in the quarter, and I want to thank my colleagues for their efforts that contributed to the record quarterly revenues and volumes at Tradeweb. With that, I will turn it back to Ashley for your questions.

Thanks, Billy. As a reminder, please limit yourself to one question only. Feel free to hop back in the queue and ask additional questions at the end. Q&A will end at 10:30 am Eastern time. Operator, you can now take our first question.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our first question will come from Rich Repetto of Piper Sandler. Your line is open.

Yes. Good morning, Billy, Sara, and Tom. First, congrats on the record quarter. And also Billy, congrats on reducing the prepared remarks down from eight pages down to five and a quarter. That’s a 34% reduction, but who’s counting. Anyway. I do get a serious question, Billy. So in the quarter with all the bank, given that you have the multi-channel model, with all the volatility and what happened with the bank, the bank crisis, so how’s that impacted? Especially with Credit Suisse and Deutsche Bank. How’s that impacted your business, the treasury business and credit business in the first quarter, Billy? And then how do you expect it to have any, what kind of impacts you expected to have going forward?

Yes, of course. And Rich, great to hear your voice, and I’ll just say it for a quick second. In the new seat, sometimes you have hard decisions and sometimes you have easy decisions. When I saw Tom and Sara reading Warren Peace during the last prepared remarks, I figured it was the right time to cut back a little bit. So that followed that under easy decisions from me. But to your question, and I think you’re asking sort of an interesting question and a little bit of a direct question, but there’s obviously some knock on effects to it. So I’ll try to answer it broadly and then in the right spirit. To start with, obviously as a company, no exposure to SVB. As you know very well, Rich, [indiscernible] had always been a really good partner for Tradeweb for a long time. The reality is they had really kind of pulled back from the markets that Tradeweb has lived and breathed in for a long time. So they had receded from the U.S. government bond market, the European government bond market credit, and had become a much smaller player in the mortgage markets. So no real kind of significant direct impact around all of that. But the spirit of your question, I think is a lot more about sort of tone and kind of where we’re going and some of the knock on effects of kind of what happened in the middle of March, right? So, interestingly, I will highlight, not that we all kind of needed it, but like a healthy reminder, I would say, not just that like these markets that Tradeweb lives and breathes in are interconnected, but sentiment is interconnected. So that’s just a reminder that we all kind of think about a…

Thanks. That was super helpful. Thank you.

Yes.

Thank you. One moment please for our next question. Our next question will come from Brian Bedell of Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

Great. Thanks. Thanks. Good morning, folks. And maybe Billy, just to stick with the theme on banks in March. Maybe what’s your view of the potential for bank hedging within their securities portfolios, for them to increase usage of interest rate swaps? And then, is there any way to frame the potential magnitude of that increase in and the timing of that? Or at least is your salesforce having conversations with banks on this topic in terms of potentially benefiting you guys?

Yes, it’s a good question. It’s like – it’s risk management, Brian becomes like headline news, right? And everyone was, I think, extremely clear around some of the challenges around higher rates and the implications to it. And there’s clearly some perspective around how the government bond market functioned and the mortgage market functioned in relation to sort of the hedging of the positions. So it’s very, very topical and it’s an interesting question. What I would say is, there’s a moment where some things are kind of combining here, right? And for sure, let’s remember an extremely important premise that the interest rate swap market has changed so significantly over the past bunch of years. It’s gone from what we would’ve described to you as a little bit of an opaque market, a little bit of a back-alley markets into a front and center transparent, robust liquid market that has a very important component to it around central clearing. And Tradeweb, as you know very well, has played a significant leadership role around that transition. And we have a very strong business there. It’s easy for us to connect the dots around that marketplace and the potential of that marketplace to play a better role for clients around risk management pretty easily. We obviously have a robust network within the regional dealer community, and so a pretty big, I would say, focus for us, Brian, without doubt, is getting our interest rate swap product front and center with that community. Our sales force is excellent. We don’t always talk about our sales force on these calls. They are excellent, do a great job of understanding the language of the markets. And from my perspective and Tom’s perspective and Sara’s perspective, this is a big push that we are going to be having on the business side. Connecting, I think what is exceptionally important market to these clients at a moment in time where risk management is top of mind and probably the most important topic that you can discuss with your clients. So it’s a big focus for us. And thanks for the question.

Thank you. One moment please for our next question. Our next question will come from Alexander Blostein of Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Hey everybody. Good morning. Thanks for the question. Tom, I was hoping to get your thoughts and really an update on where we are with FI [ph] migration. I think you guys were supposed to get that started and new data center at some point in time. And in April, maybe later in the quarter. But more importantly, how’s that going and what the response from client has been so far? And how are you thinking about that in the context of opportunity to improve market share within that market field?

Good morning, Alex. Great to hear from you. Yes, our central limit order book, I guess the first thing I’ll say about it is we’re not satisfied with our market share position in our club right now, and we’re working very hard to improve it. The good news is we actually accelerated our data center migration that you’ve been hearing about and completed that very important technological milestone on March 27. So we moved the data center from Carteret to Secaucus, where the rest of the industry is located and very happy that’s behind us. So right now clients are now coding up and testing at the new data center that does take some time to sort of calibrate their models and make sure everything’s working properly. So we do expect to rebuild the liquidity from here from a wide range of dealers and PTFs. And many clients did tell us specifically they were waiting for this migration to reengage with us on our club. So we’re working hard at that right now, and additionally that we have a significant list of prospects that we’re working to add for the first time. So we do expect that we’ll be building this liquidity and growing the liquidity over the course of this year. The final thing I’ll mention is that we also made an organizational change, which combines our Dealerweb club and streams business with the rest of Dealerweb – with the rest of Dealerweb, which includes our session based trading another protocol. So this will allow us to better leverage existing dealer and liquidity provider relationships across our other businesses with the benefit of the broader sales force focusing on it. So we’re optimistic that this will be a turning point and we’ll continue – we we’ll start to grow from here. And the final thing I’ll say is, the club is a very strategic asset for us that will be important as U.S. treasury market structure continues to evolve and change in the years ahead as we expect.

And Alex, this is Billy. Just, I mean, Tom framed that perfectly. The only other thing I would add is and Tom was, I think exactly describing that at the end, perfectly well, feels like these events that occurred in the middle of March are, if not – if they’re not happening more frequently, it almost feels like the kind of word unprecedented is getting overused. And for sure, as these events occur, the first thing that comes up is serious considerations around liquidity in the marketplace. And one of the things that we’ve talked about, and we have been 100% on, is this concept, again, of the ability to blend the market structure that we have between our institutional business and our wholesale business. And at the end of the day, be able to present to our clients the best possible liquidity that they can receive. That’s an enormous focus for us as a company. And there’s no doubt that the trends that are happening around the – what we would describe as a little bit of the fragility of the system is absolutely leading us to feel like we are kind of spot on around leading that blend of market structure. And at the same time, I would say we are exceptionally well set up to be the leaders and the benefit of the beneficiaries as we do that. And so that’s just my follow on comment from Tom’s point. And thanks, Alex.

Thank you. One moment please for our next question. Our next question will come from the line of Kyle Voigt of KBW. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. Maybe a question for Sara on the market data business. I believe the current Refinitiv data contract expires at some point in 2024. Just wondering if you could provide a bit more color regarding how should we think about your ability to renegotiate that contract potentially ahead of expiration, and also any way to frame potential revenue upside from that contract renegotiation as we look out the 2024.

All right. Good morning, Kyle. Thanks for the questions. The contract actually expires in the fourth quarter of this year and then has a one year extension. So it’s still a little bit early to go through a lot of detail, but I definitely think I can help with the framework. The first thing that I would say is the teams have been working together very well spending a lot of time together. And obviously it’s an arms length negotiation between the companies, but it’s quite constructive. And I think the best example of that in terms of the partnership is, if anything the teams are going through and identifying more and more use cases where we can partner together using the data then was the case five years ago. So if anything, I think that’s a real solid indicator of the partnership. If you take a step back, generally speaking, this contract was put together about five years ago and an our overall franchise, the amount of data, the asset classes we’re producing data in has increased. And I think the market environment for data has only gotten more positive. So I think we think this is positive. We think it’ll be constructive, but it’s a little bit early to kind of shape a number for 2024. I’d say while we’re on the topic of market data, maybe just beyond the Refinitiv contract. We’ve seen a lot of growth overall for us. And obviously we work hard to first deliver most of that value in terms of data into our clients in improving the products and their trading execution and that’s by far our primary focus. But away from that and the Refinitiv contract, we also have a really nice and growing proprietary data business. And I think you saw in the first quarter that revenue stream is actually up quite a bit 18% year-over-year, and 24% actually on a constant currency basis. So we’re continuing to innovate across a spectrum of different avenues. We saw new products driving growth this quarter, SONIA, iNAV pricing products, and then continuing on some of the AI pricing products that we’ve talked about in the past for our corporate bond business as well as Munis, we’re seeing increased traction on. So overall there are a lot of things going on that make us quite constructive on that line. So thank you for the question.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] The next question will come from Andrew Bond, Rosenblatt Securities. Your line is open.

Hey, good morning, Billy, can you speak a little more specifically to the cross-sell opportunities and the revenue synergies the Yieldbroker acquisition will create?

Sure. Andrew, hear you and we definitely want to talk to you more about that and in detail and with some of the kind of stronger kind of financials around it. And there’s going to be a time for us to do that, and we’re looking forward to it. So hear me on what I can kind of talk about now a little bit, which is like we’re excited about it, obviously in the most straightforward way, it complements our existing rates business deepens our product footprint and very, very importantly expands our client footprint in the APAC region, which we care about. The way we’ve been able to build our international business has always been a very big priority for us. We’ve talked a bunch about the concept of continuing to put bets on the table, and this is another bet on the table for us. There will be more is our instinct but we feel really good about it. From a cultural fit and from a approach to the marketplace, obviously, they have – Yieldbroker has a comprehensive product offering, government bonds, swaps, inflation linked securities, very diverse set of protocols, which feels in sync with us in a lot of ways with requests for market, requests for quote click to trade. There’s a really good fit around all of this. We’re excited. If I were going to make Andrew a wallet size comment to you, what I would say is, we believe that the wallet size is somewhere between $130 million to $145 million. Electronification rates somewhere in that kind of 20% range of Australian government bonds and smaller only about 5% in Australian and New Zealand swaps. So feeling really good about where we’re headed with this and definitely looking to – looking forward to talking to you all more about some of the economics and the numbers attached to us as this progresses. And thanks for the question.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question will come from Patrick O’Shaughnessy of Raymond James. Your line is open. Patrick O’Shaughnessy: Hey, good morning. How should we think about the fee per million movements that we see in your reported numbers? Is it just noise due to mix shift or are there some important underlying trends that we should be paying attention to?

Hey Patrick, it’s Sara. Why don’t I start with that and obviously Tom and Billy can add anything. I love and hate the fee per million metric. It’s definitely not noise, but I do think it’s important to frame what moves that number. And when you think about the variables that really move our fee per million, the biggest variables are really around business mix, client channel mix and then within certain products or asset classes, I would say the other variable to think about is really particularly over the last year duration as being a big driver and impact on fee per million as well as the protocol shift within an asset class. So overall, it’s just important to remember what it is and isn’t a function of. When you think about trends, I kind of separated a little bit into long-term and short-term, short-terms maybe more episodic than the word trends, but long-term trends, I think they’re probably three things that I think about for Tradeweb. One has been our retail channel. I talked about client mix. The retail side of our equation has proven to be quite durable, and obviously it’s clearly a positive impact a lot of which we’ve realized already, but is a positive impact in fee per million, given the rate versus some of the other averages. I’d say the second thing, and I alluded to this was around duration. Duration over the last year has certainly been a headwind. You’ve seen that in credit and swaps fee per million. I think we’re at a stage now where that’s stabilizing and potentially long-term actually that headwind flips to a tailwind as you think about the long-term trend for fee per million. And maybe then the last thing, which is probably one of the most important things is as we think about what’s in our control as well, some of the newer growth initiatives, the long-term growth initiatives that we talked about in prepared remarks things like emerging markets and Munis, both of those are higher fee per million businesses for us. So when you think about the long-term trends, those would be sort of the big ones that I would be paying attention to. On the short-term, like the short-term tends to be episodic, we’ve seen a lot of compression activity obviously most recently in the first quarter. I’d say the good news is in April from a fee per million perspective, particularly if we’re just talking about swaps like that long – longer tenor swap, we’re seeing some of that compression activity reduced and therefore that’s a positive for fee per million. So I just think it’s important to separate the long-term and the short-term episodic pieces, but generally, like we’re quite constructive about where we are. Hopefully that helps.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question will come from Chris Allen of Citi. Your line is open.

Good morning, everyone. Really appreciate the details and all the growth opportunities you guys provided. Wanted to focus on the rates business, some of the growth opportunities that you didn’t – you haven’t talked to. Maybe if you could provide an update on the penetration of specified pools and mortgage backs and any thoughts on expansion of the structural products there. And then the U.S. Treasury is the off the run business for you is physically traded with a trading desk. What are the keys to electronification there and what would that translate into in terms of potential mortgage improvement within that business?

Cool. Hey Chris, how are you? So let me a quick second I’ll start with the sort of a little bit of the mortgage landscape and the specified pool, and then I’ll – we’ll transition into the to your excellent question on off the runs in margins and voice versus E because I think they’re really interesting points and good questions. We’ve had this like leading, leading role in the TBA mortgage market for a very long time, combination of both on the institutional side and the wholesale side. The specified pool market, which kind of lives side by side has always been sort of cumbersome, voice oriented, gets done on some spreadsheets and then kind of highly negotiated. We feel like this is again the right time for us to make a meaningful push into electronifying and digitizing that marketplace. We got some interesting, what I would describe to you as validation, just around our strength in the marketplace and the way we’re regarded with BlackRock in the financial markets advisory group on the behalf of the FDIC picking us to begin liquidating the pass through market for SVB and Signature Bank. Those are important kind of industry moments that from our perspective mean a lot. The work on specified pools is again going to come back to this concept that we’ve talked about, which is like behavior change. It can come slowly, but when it comes it’s a very, very important thing. And there are aspects of the specified pool marketplace in terms of the way it trades and net spotting and net hedging that actually feel quite comfortable to us and feel a little bit similar to how we built some protocols in credit. So this is a product focus for us. To your question, and I…

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question will come from Daniel Fannon of Jefferies LLC. Your line is open.

Thanks. Good morning. Just a question on your broader M&A strategy, knowing you can’t give specifics on the yield broker economics. But as you do more M&A might be helpful just to kind of walk through the framework you guys use both strategically and then financially in terms of hurdles as you think to kind of get to complete those transactions.

Yes, good question. So look, as I – a little bit kind of mentioned on the first question that Rich asked, we feel really good about the environment that we are headed into. I use the expression new equilibrium, but this concept of the higher rates, deeper curve environment with more clarity around the end of rate hikes. We think that sets up really well for our organic businesses, and that feels good to us. That being said, as we were talking about yield broker, we mentioned the concept of more bets on the table, and we are going to be putting more bets on the table going forward, because we feel like this is a good opportunity to be a little bit more aggressive around M&A. I come back to something that we’ve said in the past, I think it’s important, when we think about it, M&A obviously – and yield broker obviously fits exceptionally well into this, like the concept of a cultural fit matters. Adding on a network that we have – would have a more difficult time getting into on our own matters and acquiring a piece of technology that would take a longer period of time or more expensive for us to build matters. So that’s how we kind of think about it. The other thing I would say, I’m going to kind of kick this to Sara a little bit on the financial framework. Great time for us to continue to expand our footprint in the macro space, right? There’s so much going on in the macro world that if we can create an edge for ourselves around the leading positions that we have in global government bonds, interest rate swaps, mortgage backed security, we’re going to lean that way. We think this is a environment that plays really well to a strong macro backdrop that we want to be strong in.

I think that really well said on the financial framework, just to kind of compliment on the strategic side. Just as a reminder to put M&A in the context, we are focused on a waterfall of how we allocate capital. Organic growth is always at the top and we still have a lot of organic growth initiatives on the table. M&A would come second before share purchases and dividends. On the financial framework, I think we want to be really disciplined. We have the great fortune of having a business that produces a great deal of free cash flow and quite a nice size cash balance, but that doesn’t mean we don’t want to be disciplined. And so whether we’re talking about yield broker or other M&A opportunities, we have a framework where we’re looking at a number of variables, but clearly, we’re focused on return on invested capital in excess of our cost of capital. And we kind of have a benchmark of being in excess of 10% over the medium-term. And we’re looking for acquisitions that ultimately are going to be accretive and that complement our growth strategy. Strategic, culture, all the things that Billy talked about obviously lead with, but we want to evaluate things consistently. And the good news is, if anything, if we take a longer look, the market environment is such that I think the targets and the acquisition ideas are becoming more and more attractive. So hopefully, that gives you a sense of how we look at both sides of the equation.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] The next question will come from Alex Kramm of UBS. Your line is open.

Yes. Hey, hello everyone. This may be a little bit to big picture, but obviously, the move from phone to electronic is obviously the long-term mission of the company. But I’m asking about it because, Billy, you made this comment, I think right at the beginning of your prepared remarks, how you saw in March, obviously some volume going back to the phone and you used the word reluctantly. So I just would love to flush it out a little bit more. First of all, where did you see most of that? And obviously, that can happen. But then, since you said reluctantly, is this actually something that was unique in March that you haven’t seen before in times like this? And this is actually allowing you to learn something and go back to your client armed even more to say like, hey, this is what just happened and this is how we can solve it. So I guess, I was looking for something more specific about what actually could come out of this, if it was unique or maybe I’m just overplaying it.

Its – no, you’re not. You’re actually thinking about it really well. We get – Alex, we get asked a lot of questions about the competitive landscape and we – as you know really well, we answer those questions like super bluntly, you’re always going to kind of hear what we think. It’s a reminder a little bit, I think embedded in your question that in a lot of these businesses that we are in, the biggest competitor is still the phone, right? And look, there are moments in time where we win that battle, and then there are moments in time where maybe we take a quarter step back in that battle. Some of that happened in the middle of March. I would say, if I were going to define it for you or describe it for you really well, I would say, it mostly happened in the credit markets, particularly in the high yield market. If you ask yourself the question of, like, how in 2023 is – there’s still this little step backwards that occurs. It happens in extremely stressed market environments around trades that have either a feeling that there should be a negotiation or an actual real negotiation involved in the trade, right? And so one of the things that we remain extremely focused on is how do we, at the end of the day, capture trades that get negotiated or at least at a minimum have an expectation that there is a negotiation. And so we’ll do exactly what you would expect us to do, which is roll up our sleeves, spend time with clients, understand why behavior occurred, and then solve for that. And that’s how we’ve gotten to this point and been able to build all of these businesses and we’re going to continue with that approach and we learn some things in that period of time and some takeaways. And we’re going to get better as we keep building these protocols, because that’s how you keep improving that’s what we do. And it’s a good question.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question will come from Mike Cyprys of Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking the question. Wanted to circle back to some of Tom’s commentary just on the muni business. Clearly, early days for the asset class with just the 12% to 50% electronification as you cited. I guess, just how do you think about accelerating that penetration from here? Where do you see that marketplace expanding to over time? And if you could speak more broadly to your overall strategy in munis?

Hi, Mike. Good morning. Yes, as you highlight, I did mention this market is about only 10% to 15% electronified. So we’re very early in that electronification journey and quite optimistic about the growth ahead. This market, as you know, has been historically a retail market, a retail business, but we’ve seen increasing interest from institutional investors and we have expanded our offering into the institutional space. Additionally, while we focused exclusively on tax exempt munis, historically, we’ve now just launched taxable munis as well. Now taxable munis trade on spread as this credit, so we think that we’ll be able to leverage our extremely effective protocols in that business, specifically, net-net spotting which is a significant advantage for us in addition to things like portfolio trading and AiEX. So we’re quite confident that we’ll be able to develop this market electronically. And we think munis generally will benefit from the principles of electronic trading, given that it’s a very fragmented market, it’s a large number of issuers, and there’s about 1 million different muni bonds out there across both tax exempt and taxable. The final point I’ll make on this is that we’ve recently expanded our AI price offering into munis. So that will help assist clients pricing this large and dispersed universe of issues out there. So overall, we’re quite bullish on continued strong growth in the asset class. And we’re executing on our plan to get there.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] The next question will come from Ken Worthington of JPMorgan. Your line is open.

Hi, thanks for taking my questions and squeezing me in. Fixed income ETFs can continue to grow. We’re seeing firms like Jane and Flow actively driving the electronic intersection of credit via principal trading algos and ETF market making. So maybe first, if and if so, how is this evolution flowing through to benefit Tradeweb given your capabilities and recycling risk? And then I know this is totally pie in the sky, but you’ve built a great business on block ETFs. Are there more strategic things that you can do in fixed income ETFs to better compliment the liquidity elsewhere on your platform, like, I think we’re seeing with these market makers?

Hey, Ken. Good morning. Yes, look, the ETF business is a fantastic business that’s been growing rapidly since they were introduced and widely expected that strong growth will continue. Fixed income ETFs in particular have been growing rapidly in recent years. That industry is now $1.7 trillion. And the recent BlackRock study points to that growing into a $5 trillion market by 2030. And we’re going to be – we plan to be a big part of that as we already are. It’s been a success story for us. Our own ETF revenues have grown about 20% annually over the last four years. And yes, as you pointed out, the block trading protocol and the innovations we’ve done there have been a big success. Clients can move large sizes, but to your question on synergies, market makers can also hedge their risk by trading the underlying securities on our platform in either rates or credit. So there’s definitely synergies there that we’re seeing. So we – in summary, I think we’re well positioned to benefit from growth here, we have a lot of focus on it, there’s secular growth, and we’re continually pushing and innovating with both traditional and non-traditional dealers, including the names as you highlighted. And we think for us, this business will cross the $100 million revenue mark for us in the coming quarters and continue to grow from there.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question will come from Craig Siegenthaler of Bank of America. Your line is open.

Good morning, everyone. We wanted to get an update on the FXall collaboration, which I think is going to be going live in a few months. And so how do you think about the addressable market for emerging market bond hedging and also the potential pace of client options?

Hi, thanks. I can take that one as well. So yes, I mean that project is underway. Initially, we’re beginning with the emerging market bonds, again, it allows clients to execute emerging market bonds and do the FX hedge and sort of one stop shopping approach. We do think that there’s opportunity to expand not only within emerging markets as we grow our emerging markets credit business, but also into the developed market space. So we are focused on doing all of that, and we’ll have further updates in the quarters ahead for you.

Thank you. I see no further questions in the queue. I would now like to turn the conference back to Billy Hult for closing remarks.

Thank you all very much for joining us this morning. If you have any follow-up questions, please feel free to reach out to Ashley, Sameer and the team. And everyone have a great day. Thank you very much.

This concludes today’s conference call. Thank you all for participating. You may now disconnect and have a pleasant day.