Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the Tronox Holdings' Second Quarter 2023 Earnings Call and webcast. At this time, all lines are in a listen-only mode. Following the presentation, we will conduct a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to turn the conference over to Jennifer Guenther, chief Sustainability Officer and Head of Investor Relations and Financial Planning. Please go ahead.

Thank you and welcome to our second quarter 2023 conference call and webcast. Turning to slide 2, on our call today are John Romano and Jean-Francois Turgeon, co-Chief executive officers and John Srivisal, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. We will be using slides as we move through today's call. You can access the presentation on our website at investor.tronox.com. Moving to slide 3. A friendly reminder that comments made on this call and the information provided in our presentation and on our website include certain statements that are forward-looking and subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to the specific factors summarized in our SEC filings. This information represents our best judgment based on what we know today. However, actual results may vary based on these risks and uncertainties. The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. During the conference call, we will refer to certain non-U.S. GAAP financial terms that we use in the management of our business and believe are useful to investors in evaluating the Company's performance. Reconciliations to their nearest U.S. GAAP terms are provided in our earnings release and in the appendix of the accompanying presentation. Additionally, please note that all financial comparisons made during the call are on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted. Moving to slide 4, it is now my pleasure to turn the call over to John Romano. John?

Thanks, Jennifer and good morning, everyone. For those joining today, who may be a bit newer to Tronox, we're the world's largest vertically-integrated TiO2 producer with sales in 2022 at $3.5 billion that were fairly evenly distributed across the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa and Asia-Pacific. Our strategy is focusing on positioning Tronox as the advantage global TiO2 leader to the production of safe, quality, low-cost sustainable tons. More information on Tronox is available on the website. We've added a new video to the homepage that does a great job of outlining the value that we bring to our customers through our vertically-integrated sustainable mining and upgrading solutions. Now, let's turn to slide 5 for a review of a few key messages from the quarter. Our solid second quarter performance was a result of continued market recovery from the first quarter and our ongoing discipline around costs. Tronox delivered adjusted EBITDA at the high end of our previously guided range and adjusted EBITDA margins above our expectations. Additionally, as a result of the team's proactive approach to aligning the business with the current market conditions, we generated $81 million of free cash flow above previously anticipated levels. Tronox results continue to demonstrate the strength and advantage of our vertical integration. These results would not be possible without the hard work and dedication of our global employees, and we thank the team for their commitment to Tronox. As an update on our operations at our Atlas mine in Australia, the primary roads are open, and we're currently utilizing them for hauling, which is allowing us to move more material and reduce inventory levels at the mine. Additionally, we published our 2022 sustainability report in the second quarter, outlining the targets that we've set for our business to become an increasingly…

Thank you, John and good morning. Turning to slide 9. Our adjusted EBITDA of $168 million represent a 39% decline year-on-year, driven by unfavorable fixed cost absorption due to lower production rate, lower sales volume and lower pig iron pricing, partially offset by favorable exchange rate and lower freight costs. Sequentially, adjusted EBITDA increased 15% due to higher product sales volume and exchange rate tailwinds, partially offset by lower average selling price and higher freight costs associated with higher volume. We are continuing to run our operating site at reduced rate as a result of lower demand level in order to manage inventory and cash. As a result, the second quarter includes $25 million of impact to EBITDA of lower cost to market and idle facility charge. Looking to the third quarter, as a result of the market dynamics John previously outlined, we anticipate adjusted EBITDA for the third quarter 2023 to be $115 million to $135 million. This range includes $35 million of impact to EBITDA resulting from adjusting the production rate of both our pigment and mining site to better align with the latest market demand level, and manage working capital and free cash flow. Turning to slide 10. We will continue to balance the medium and long-term strategic need of the business to position tronox for future success while ensuring we are taking the right decision to manage what is within our control in the short-term against the current macroeconomic landscape. This includes discipline action to reduce costs. We have 380 different cost reduction initiatives happening at all our different sites around the world. We are optimizing our fixed costs and driving additional supply chain initiatives. We are prudently managing working capital. this quarter, we were able to relieve some of the working capital built in the…

Thank you, JF. turning to slide 11, we ended the quarter with total debt of $2.7 billion. Our net leverage at the end of June was 3.8 times on a trailing 12-month basis. In the first quarter, we amended and extended our interest rate swaps, such that approximately 76% of our interest rates are fixed through 2024 and approximately 67% are fixed from 2024 through 2028 aligning with the maturity of our term loan. our balance sheet remains strong with no near-term significant maturities until 2028 and no financial covenants on our term loans or bonds. Total available liquidity at June 30th was $447 million, including $167 million in cash and cash equivalents, which is well distributed across our global operations. Capital expenditures totaled $55 million in the quarter, approximately 60% of this was for maintenance and safety capital, and 40%-ish was for strategic growth projects. Depreciation and amortization expense was $68 million for the quarter. As John mentioned earlier, our free cash flow was $81 million. This is above our expectations, primarily due to the team's proactive approach in aligning the business with current market conditions. we returned $50 million to shareholders in the form of dividends. We paid both the first and second quarter dividends, equivalent to share $0.50 per share on an annualized basis in the second quarter. Moving to Slide 12. based on the current view that John and JF outlined, we anticipate third quarter adjusted EBITDA to be $115 million to $135 million. pivoting to our expectations for our 2023 cash uses, our working capital assumptions increased to a use of approximately $150 million to $175 million due to softer market demand than previously anticipated. our net cash interest expense assumption remains unchanged at $130 million. Our expectations for cash taxes were lowered to approximately $40 million and our expectations for capital expenditures remain unchanged at less than $275 million for the year. We will continue to assess and execute against the levers we can pull to ensure sufficient liquidity and continued alignment of our production and costs to respond to the economic environment we are operating in. We remain focused on delivering on our commitments. That concludes our prepared remarks. With that, I'd like to turn over the call for questions. Operator?

thank you, sir. [Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of David Begleiter from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.

Good morning and thank you. John, you have mentioned some pricing pressure in TiO2, could you talk a little bit more about how much that pricing pressure is and where it's coming from by region?

Yes. Thanks, David. So, we don't typically provide breakdown by region, but what we can say is that as we saw in the last quarter in Middle East, Latin America, we are seeing a little bit more pricing activity and where we're competing a little bit more heavily with the Chinese. I'd say globally, when we think about that reduction in Q2 to Q3, we're talking about 2% to 3%. And again, a significant portion of that movement is in areas like Asia, Latin America and Middle East.

Very good. And just on zircon, how long do you expect this downturn is destocked to persist?

Yes. look, it's a great question. I think we provided some color previously around what our position is in China. So zircon, we mentioned in the prepared comments is about 50% of the market. And historically, we were aligned with that when we sold down inventory; when the market picked up significantly, we repositioned a lot of what we were doing. So, our sales into China is only about 35% of our total selling of zircon at this stage, compared to 50%. That being said, in the second quarter, we were selling pretty much everything we were making, and we were restricted by what we could produce. And that's when we talked about the Atlas transition moving into the third quarter. So, what's happened in China has happened relatively quickly and I would say over the course of the last 30 days, we just finished the quarter, and we had a pretty strong quarter on zircon. So, it's happened relatively quickly. We do not believe there's a significant amount of inventory in the chain right now. Call it, 45 to 60 days, depending upon the region. And because what we're seeing in China, although China has not been strong for the last two quarters, we have seen it start to turn down and it didn't pick up after Chinese New Year, it didn't pick up after the opening from COVID and I would say it's worse than what we would expect. And so we are now seeing some of the zircon that would have been sold in China moving into other markets. So, even though our position in China is not as significant as it was, zircon moves around a little bit more freely than we would say TiO2 does. So, short answer to your question is, we would expect that there's not much inventory in there. And as our customers start to get a better feel for what's happening in the market, we should start to see a return in the volume in the fourth quarter. July was a very low month. We're already seeing the August and September order pick up. But the range that we gave in that 15,000 tons to 20,000 tons assumed that we'd see a pickup in July and August -- excuse me, in August and September. And we would expect that we'd start to see that same kind of a similar rebound moving into the fourth quarter. But the recovery is largely going to be dependent on what happens in China, how quickly that market recovers. And that's something that we're just not really in control of.

Thank you.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Josh Spector from UBS. Please go ahead.

Yes. Hi. Thanks. So, just within TiO2 and the charge you're taking this quarter from the lower operates the $35 million. Just curious how we should think about that on a go-forward basis. I know some of its bringing down your inventory levels, but if operating rates stay at this level, is that $35 million charge something we should be extrapolating another quarter or two beyond 3Q until we see volumes we pick up. And what's the threshold to consider? Thanks.

Yes. thanks, Josh. if you take a look, we did say that we were going to be burdened this in Q3 by $35 million, primarily due to fixed cost leverage as we brought down our production. We do expect to see that and we have been operating most of the year at less than 70% of our capacity and expect to continue at that the rest of the year. So, we would expect a similar amount in Q4. Obviously, we have significant leverage in our business. As volumes increase, we will bring that production and expect that $35 million charge to go away pretty quickly once the market recovers. And when we think about the market recovery again, we called the bottom in the fourth quarter. We saw a 14% increase in the first quarter, 9% increase in the second quarter, which was below what we initially anticipated and the recovery is just not coming back as strong. So, when we think about third quarter volumes, we referenced flattish as we think about the fourth quarter, where you would normally see some sort of maybe a seasonal downturn. Because we are lower levels than what we would have historically been, we don't expect the fourth quarter at this particular stage to see much of a seasonal downturn from Q3.

And Josh, I'd like to add that, I mean, the drop in TiO2, as John mentioned, running our plant at less than 70% capacity. we had to adjust our mine and upgrading facility as well, and we have lower production on that side of the business. So, it's a double impact for us. But as soon as there's a recovery, it will have a double positive impact on our costs.

Understood. I appreciate that. And just going back to the earlier question around pricing and we were talking about there's more pressure, I guess, how do we think about the pressure of Chinese TiO2 in those markets and what that means for market share? So, you're holding pricing better than maybe the market in total. But do you have any view on if you're losing some incremental share. and therefore, the recovery maybe comes back to a lower than -- lower levels versus the prior couple of years?

Well, thanks, Josh. Again, we just mentioned the numbers on our maybe pick up from the fourth quarter. So again, 14% increase in the first quarter, 9% increase in the second quarter. And if you look at exports of TiO2, which were high last year, they're up 10% if you look at the last year-to-date. So, 10% year-to-date compared to the year-to-date previously. So, they're not growing at the rate that they were. What I would also say is that most of the Chinese suppliers, we believe almost all of them are operating at a loss right now. As recently as this week, we've seen China increasing TiO2 pricing, both inside of China and on the export market. And we do believe that's going to stick. Thus anecdotally, we're hearing some other issues about the high temperatures in China, which are causing plants to have to actually slow down to manage energy consumption. So, there are a lot of things that are happening that we believe could lend itself to China starting to pull back. So, short answer is, are we losing some market share in less strategic areas? The answer is probably yes. but we're managing our business to ensure that we're also continuing to compete. Now, when we talk about small price reductions like 2% to 3%, the price gap between Chinese material and Western TiO2 is significantly different than that. So, we're making some small adjustments, but our customers are also seeing us for other things other than just price. They appreciate our regional footprint. They appreciate a lot of what we're doing on the ESG effort. And we're spending more and more time as we clearly identify what we're doing on our scope 1 and scope 2. as our customers are looking at Scope 3, we're starting to become a lot more valuable and pricing is not the only thing that our customers are looking at us when we think about our strategic value to them.

Yes. and we're in a downturn, so obviously, customer has choice, but they know how it's important as things will turn up to have a reliable supplier. And I think our vertical-integrated position is a key advantage in that regard.

Okay, thank you all.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Duffy Fischer from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.

Yes. good morning. If you look at your volume on a two-year stack over the last three quarters, it's down 34%, 36% and 31%. Clearly, your customers paint and plastics folks aren't down anywhere near that much. When you look at your sell-in versus their sell-out, how much longer do you think you can continue to be significantly more negative than your end customers?

It's a difficult question, Duffy. I think that John kind of explained it with what's happening in China. Look, the Chinese have built capacity and increased export in a market that is not growing. I mean, our customer have obviously not dropped in volume as much as we did, but the Chinese has continued to increase their market share at that time and they're doing it at no profit. In fact, they're doing it as a loss. I mean it's clear that they're kind of subsidized, and more specifically, the government owned entity in China. Look, ore has not moved down. so, their cost structure is just wrong. And I think that even the best player like LB in China have a margin that is lower than Tronox at the moment. So, we don't see that as sustaining and we continue to work on our costs to be a more stronger competitor. And we have prepared our business for a rebound, because we believe that will happen.

And I think it's a great question, because we don't think it can last very much longer. I mean, the reality is a lot of our customers, which you hear reports from, are talking about they're not holding, destocking is complete. Some of our customers are even talking about building inventory in the fourth quarter in preparation for coding season next year. So, it's a valid point. A lot of that was attached to destocking. We talk about China, we talk about the recovery and we can't control. when the market recovers, we can control what we do to manage the business between now and then. We definitely believe we're well beyond midpoint of a downturn and an upturn is coming. It's just a little bit. china, I think, is creating a little bit more uncertainty on when that might happen. But it's a great point and we don't think that can continue much longer. And when you think about again, the two-year stack, we don't typically look at it that way, but we look at it sequentially moving into the third quarter kind of with what we talk about on flat pricing, we should be down 9%-ish to 10% compared to the prior year quarter, which is again, not great. But it's a significant improvement from where we were in the first quarter and a significant improvement from where we were in the second quarter.

Fair enough. And then two other areas that you haven't talked about price, but that are seeing weakness. One is zircon and the second is, and JF, you just kind of mentioned the ore side, both high-grade and low-grade ilmenite. with the weakness, we're seeing in volume, should we expect to see pricing in those three products start to wane?

So, Duffy, I'll cover the ore and I'll let John talk about zircon. But on the ore side, look, starting with ilmenite. Ilmenite price has been very stable. They have stopped increase, but they haven't moved down. And that's truly worthwhile. And look, obviously ilmenite is used to make high grade feedstock like slag and we haven't seen slag price going down. In fact, slag price has continued to slightly creep up and same thing with natural rutile. Natural rutile has been very stable. So, I think this reflects the fact that remember only a year ago, we were talking about a shortage of raw material and nobody has invested to develop new mine and significantly increase. So, I think submarket that look obviously, because of the slowdown in TiO2 at the moment, there is enough feedstock. But as soon as the market will turn, I think that's where you will see the advantage of a company like Tronox that own its own mine, have invest recently in new mine and continue to invest in the mining side of the business and that will differentiate ourselves from the competition, but very stable price on that side of the business.

Yes, on zircon. So zircon, there's a lot of moving parts on that. The biggest shortfall for us in the quarter is going to be the volume. There has been some movement. We had a 1% drop in price that we referenced Q1 to Q2. And a lot of that was attached to probably the lower end, I'd say quality of the zircon that we sell. We refer to that as Zircua [ph] as opposed to high grade. So, we have seen some movement. The pricing has not been significant. there has been some mix. and again, a lot of that -- I mean I think that's one of the reasons that the market kind of slowed down so much. When China slowed down, you saw a lot of what historically for instance, there's about 60,000 tons to 70,000 tons of zircon that comes out of Indonesia, typically goes into China. When China slowed down, you started to see that inventory start getting quoting into India. So, there's some assumptions out there that I think are driving this drop-off in volume that are associated with what our customers might think happens in the market. So, not a lot of movement on price. The biggest issue on zircon is the volume. It's one of our higher margin products. And again, as I said on the prepared comments, it dropped off quickly. And as China recovers, we believe it'll pick back up quickly.

Great. Thank you, guys.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of John McNulty from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Yes. good morning. Just a question on how to think about cash flows as we progress through the year. I think there was certainly some hope you'd start to unlock some working capital and drive some greater free cash flow. I guess, given the further pullback in your operations, is that something that we should see as kind of a good counterbalance where, look, the EBITDA is off, but the cash flows accelerate? Or is that not the case? I guess, how should we be thinking about that as the year progresses?

Yes. John, thanks for the question. and what your assertion is correct. I mean, we are taking significant action in light of this market environment. We brought down production pretty significantly to help drive cash. Additionally, we do have a lot of cost initiatives as well that we will help drive improvement throughout the rest of the year. But generally speaking, we do think there's a logical chance -- realistic chance that we can call back the significant cash use that we've had in the first quarter. Obviously, the first quarter, although a significant use was as we expected. the second quarter was above our expectations. And you can see that was clearly driven by actions that we actively took. We intend to do that in Q3 and Q4.

Okay.

From a cash flow perspective, although it hasn't impacted tremendously in the third quarter yet, we're starting to see the impacts of raw materials starting to move down. So, not only raw materials, we're seeing freight move down, container freight, bulk freight. So, we're starting to see a lot of the things that were headwinds for us that although we've got a long way to go, we'll start to be a tailwind. And we would expect that to start to impact us in the third quarter and we'll start to get more momentum in the fourth quarter.

Okay. So, just to be clear, do you think working capital will be a use or source of funds this full year? Like full '23?

Yes. I mean, we've guided working capital for the full year is negative $150 million to negative $175 million.

Okay.

But as you know, the biggest use was in Q1. So, we're taking Q1 and Q2 net-net, the rest of the year, it's flat to slightly positive from the working capital.

and the inventory that we were building in TiO2, which we've slowed down on, I mean, JF made reference to we are also adjusting mines. but we're still mining, we're still mining heavy mineral concentrates. So, the zircon drop-off will also allow us to build some inventory, which quite frankly could be a positive as the market returns. Because as I mentioned before in the fourth quarter, I mean, the second quarter, which was only two months ago, we were selling everything that we could make.

Yes. And John, you would remember that we talked about $150 million of cash use earlier in the year. We have increased that number to $175 million and that's linked to zircon.

Yes. Okay, got it. Fair enough. And then maybe, just as the follow-up, the TiO2 industries had much better pricing resiliency than we've seen in downturns, especially ones of this magnitude, which I think was believed that it would actually end or lend stability in general to the industry. But with the Chinese producers, running at rates that are actually losing money, I guess, does it make you rethink the pricing strategy that you have for your TiO2 business going forward if you're going to have this level of lapse in discipline from major producers in the industry? I guess, how would you answer that?

I think the answer is no. We would stick with this pricing strategy that we had. It's ultimately designed to help us weather downturns. This downturn is more significant than we would have expected it to be, more significant than what we talked about on Investor Day. But at the end of the day, it's not just the Chinese suppliers that are losing money. It's pretty well known there are other suppliers out there that are going through restructuring. So, the industry is in a bad place. Our margins are still significantly better and we do believe that we are in a better position to make it through this than some others. So, I think there's an element of the loss making of this industry is going to be -- the governor of that is going to be how much balance sheet do people have to manage that. And so that's what we think. when you start to see some of these, I would say, aggressive moves that we're not necessarily responding to. As I mentioned, our pricing reductions, we targeted what we indicated that 2% to 3% in the quarter. Those aren't significant moves, but they're moves that we need to make sure that we're keeping what we need when we think about strategic share.

Got it. Very clear. Thanks very much.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Mike Leithead from Barclays. Please go ahead.

Great, thanks. Good morning, guys. First question, I wanted to go back to working capital, sort of getting back to John's question just now. I think last quarter, you thought it'd be a use of $150 million. Now you're taking actions, rightfully so, to reduce production rates to work down inventories, yet your working capital use of cash is going higher. I would have thought it would have gone lower. So, why is that?

Yes. thanks, Mike, for the clarification question. And you're right. I mean, we did end up guided being last quarter, $150 million and kept the bottom end of that range and then ranged it up about $25 million. Part of the thing that's driving that change is what JF mentioned is the zircon inventory increase. So, while we are bringing down pigment production and we do see volume-wise pigment is going down across the year, we are burdened a little bit there from higher cost. So, overall dollar value of inventory is going up. And combined with the zircon ton increase, as you know, we are slowing our mines down a bit, but we still are building zircon inventory. So that's really driving that band. If we do end up selling more zircon than we expect, obviously we will be able to the lower part of our range.

And when John, I think it's another point on that. John referenced, we've been running at slightly below 70% on capacity utilization. Our plan when we reported last was we'd be ramping up production, because we were expecting to see a higher third quarter. So, there's an element of that inventory costing that's just based on where we're running today versus what we might have anticipated we were going to be running three months ago.

Great, thank you.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Frank Mitsch from Fermium Research. Please go ahead.

Great, thank you. Good morning, guys. It's Aziza on for Frank. So my first question, I think John Romano included a comment on rare earth in the prepared remarks. Can you elaborate on the long-term strategy in that arena?

Yes. Thanks, Aziza. Look, it's something, as I mentioned in the prepared comments, that we're continuing to look at it. It's something where we feel as a mining and upgrading company, we're uniquely positioned to do that. The monazite that we had historically been, I'd say, stockpiling as a waste has now turned into a revenue stream and that revenue continues to generate. So, when we start to think about how we develop that we've got a plan on what we're doing. We mentioned that we're going to let the revenue come from that be the investment in the initial stages. So, it'll be self-funding. But as we think about moving, even between now and the end of the year, there's opportunities that we're looking at that will allow us to continue to expand that. And we'll probably be in a better position, maybe in the third quarter call to give you more clarity around that. But it's absolutely something that we believe is, could be a core part of our business. And we're taking steps, I'd say, measured steps, to ease our way into that. So that we're self-funding it for right now. But it's an exciting part of our business. And I can tell you there's a tremendous amount of our people that are engaged and looking at opportunities on how we can expand that.

Got it. Thank you. And how should we be thinking about the expected lingering impacts from the flooding in Australia as they flow through 3Q and 4Q P&L? And on the Atlas project, are you still expecting it to contribute $70 million or more in a normal year?

Aziza, the answer to that is the flood is gone and everything is back to normal. Look, the unfortunate reality is with what's happening with the zircon market, we would be in a very good position to supply at the moment, but the market has kind of dried out. But as soon as the market recover and with Zircon, I mean, I can tell you 30 days ago everything was fine. We had no issue. It's in July that we had this huge drop. It can turn up the same way as quickly and we'll be in a very good position. As mentioned by John, we'll have built inventory of zircon and our mine will be ready to operate and produce to meet that market demand.

When you think about the roads being open now, we're able to move that material from Atlas to Broken Hill, so that we can upgrade it and it's ready to ship as zircon. So, not to say, we wouldn't have gotten any benefit in the third quarter. We would have, but those roads opening allow us to build that inventory in a position, where we can ship it in the fourth quarter. So, it's definitely having a drag on the third quarter. But if the market does come back, which we're not saying it's going to come back completely, but we do believe it's going to bounce off the bottom. we should start to see that inventory being consumed in the fourth quarter.

Aziza, to your question, we do see once we're back up in normal, the atlas will give us additional $70 million benefit for the year, $70 million to $90 million.

Perfect. Thank you, guys.

Thank you.

Thank you.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Matthew DeYoe from bank of America. Please go ahead.

Good morning, everyone. So, there's the $70 million to $90 million benefits you just said. but obviously, there's the headwinds from just the lower mine operating rates in general. So, if we were to move to 2024 and volumes aren't down 30%, they're down. Maybe, they're up or they're down 10% or whatever. Whatever it takes to get operating rates back at the mine to full rate, I mean how much of a tailwind is that? If you think about just full rate operating at the mine sites and then moving Atlas back to full rates like what monetarily should we expect comes back to the company?

Matt, I'd try to help. Look, obviously it all depends would say, but it has a huge drag on the $35 million that we mentioned of running at low rate on the mining side. And the reason is simple mining our high fixed cost operation and when you talk of mining, you're more at 60%, 70% fixed cost. So unfortunately, as you slow down, you're not saving as much. with the pigment plant, we have developed what I call flexibility in our operation and we're able to turn them down with less impact. Look obviously, there's a limit to what you can do and being below 70% is not a great place to be. but I'd say that in '24, we're convinced that that $35 million of downturn, we could probably recover all of it.

It's a quarter number as well.

Yes.

And from an operational perspective, I mean, that mine is ready to go. Atlas is running. This is just a matter of now having a market to support all the additional volume.

I understand, and the $35 million is helpful, particularly for the context of this quarter. But production costs have been about $100 million headwind for the last two quarters. I think presumably, a fair amount of that is just from other mine operating rates being below. So, I'm just trying to contextualize a more normal operating rate environment.

Yes. I mean, when we quote the $35 million, it really relates to the fixed cost leverage of bringing our production down. We obviously have seen headwinds in costs, but we are seeing that, as John mentioned, tail off towards the end of this year. So, we view it as obviously $35 million is separate from direct material costs, but it would be even more should we return back to normal levels. And as we've said before, direct materials setting the context from 2020 to today to 2022 was up $400 million year-over-year. So, we do see a potential to claw back and get closer to those levels. We're only seeing we had quoted last quarter that we would see '22 to '23 being two to 3% down in direct materials, excluding ore. as John mentioned, we're seeing more of that as the year progresses, more of it in Q4. If you look at overall year to year, we now expect it to be roughly down 4%. So, it continues to make progress on it. So, as you mentioned, $35 million is good from a fixed cost leverage. And if we see further cost decline, it'll be above the $35 million per quarter.

Yes. just maybe a little bit more color on the raws. We've talked about chlorine a lot over the course of the last, I'd say four quarters. The chlorine market in the U.S. is starting to soften and that's going to translate into prices coming down from record high levels. And we're well positioned contractually to take advantage of that downturn as early as this quarter. So, we would see chlorine as an opportunity. And I'd say our procurement team has done a really good job of establishing some strategic relationships, which will put us in a better position on that in the future as well.

Okay. And then if I can, price was up year-over-year across both segments. but I think price was a $4 million headwind to EBITDA. Is that just mix or what's driving that?

primarily, a pig iron price.

All right. understood.

Thank you.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of John Roberts from Credit Suisse. Please go ahead.

Thank you. I just have one. What's the rate in dollars, at which Jazan can send you chloride slag?

Well, john, I mean, as you can imagine, we're not going to give that type of details. But when we compare Jazan, I mean, we would like that operation to be producing at a similar cost than what we are producing in South Africa. And at the moment, I think that with only one furnace running and running at 50% of its original capacity, it's not meeting the level that we were expecting. And that's why the option agreement just lapsed. Look, at the moment, the furnace is running. and it's still producing slag and it's obviously a TASNEE asset. And they work with their supplier of technology to try to see how that could be improved. And meanwhile, TASNEE has agreed to supply that slag to us to pay back the loan. And look, it's like the commercial agreement that we had in the previous year. We're paying market price for that slag.

And as opposed to paying cash for it, going against debt.

Yes. And as we've mentioned before that, assuming Jazan operates as it has historically, we expect that loan to be paid back, assuming they apply all the slag to it sometime about a year plus from now.

Thank you.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Jeff Zekauskas from JPMorgan. Please go ahead.

Thanks very much. Your TiO2 demand was down. Your volumes were down, whatever it was, 22%. If you look at your end markets, plastics, paper and coatings, were the demand decreases different, or were they the same in the quarter, as best as you can tell?

Yes, Jeff. I'd say we saw more of a -- I'd say a downturn on the plastics segment than we did on coatings. That being said, we're heavily weighted on coatings about 79% of our volume goes into coatings, and that's broken down into a variety of different applications and coatings. So, paper and specialty, which is even smaller than plastics was down as well. So, a lot of paper and specialty is actually in Asia-Pacific and in the European market, where we saw that drop earlier. So, a short answer is, I'd say coatings has held up maybe a bit better than plastics and paper, laminate and specialty, but there is not a huge swing either direction. I'd say directionally, they're all down. But what was probably the worst was the plastics segment. And we're starting to see a little bit of at least, I'd say green shoots of customer demand picking back up again, on the plastics, although it's from a low level.

So, when you look at your coatings customers is the way you think about it is that their end market demand is flat to down and their inventories are 20% too high in order of magnitude, and we're going to go through a period. And then depending on whether they build inventory next year or things stay pretty flat, that's the way TiO2 demand will go. Is that your conceptualization or is it something different?

Well, I think what you said absolutely related to what was going on in Q3 and Q4. So last year, that destocking event was what we were thinking actually did happen. So, we've started to see pickup. Our customers are starting to order again. So, we talked about the bottom in the fourth quarter. We had 14% growth in the first quarter, 9% growth, which was not quite what we expected. So, it's not as if it's getting worse in the third quarter. It just hasn't rebounded. So, I do not believe, nor does JF believe, that we have a significant amount of destocking to complete now. This is the market. And as the market rebounds, to the extent, there is a coding season next year and people start building inventory; as I said, we've heard some customers talking about building inventory in the fourth quarter. We'll start to see the volumes move. but a lot of that's going to be driven by macroeconomic activity, which we can't control our influence.

Yes. Jeff, year-over-year in Q3 of this year, we're expecting an improvement versus the drop that we had in Q2. I mean, Q1 was 30% down, Q2 was 20% down, and Q3 will be 10% down versus 2022. So, when we called the bottom, that was Q4 '22. on TiO2, that's still how we believe the market is playing. It's really the zircon in Q3 of this year. That is a surprise to us. at a time, where we had gear up to increase zircon sales with our mine. Unfortunately, the market is not there. but look, we'll be ready for when it turns.

So, you have a certain amount of optimism around zircon. I mean, zircon pricing was under $2,000 a ton from 2012 through 2020, and then zircon prices spiked beginning in '21. And I don't know, maybe they got all the way up to like $3,500 a ton. And now maybe, we're at something like $2,200. Like why can't we go from $2,200 a ton to $1,500 a ton? What is it about the zircon market that makes prices more stable now than they've been historically?

Yes. so that $3,500 number, which I guess was regularly out there on Bloomberg, was more of the spot market. So, we didn't have a lot of spot market volume at that numbers.

Call it wherever it was, yes.

Yes, in the $2,000 range. I think it all comes back down to supply. So, when the market rebounded in '21; and in 2022, we sold 100,000 ton -- actually in '21, we sold 100,000 tons more than we produced. We adjusted our footprint. That's how we made these adjustments to have a lower exposure into China. And there hasn't been a lot of additional capacity added. So, up until the second quarter, as we mentioned, we were selling pretty much everything that we were making. And now China slows down and that's why if 50% of the markets in China, you've now got prices at a point, where they are higher than they would have been historically. we didn't say prices weren't going to move. but we said, we don't expect a lot of volatility in that area. And the reason that we saw the significant drop-off in July is because I think customers are thinking just what you're thinking and that is the market's changing, I'm going to hold off. There is not that much inventory in the system. We believe there's maybe 30 days to 60 days of inventory, depending upon the customer and the area that we're selling into. So, there's not a tremendous amount of time for customers to wait before they start repurchasing again. And that's why, although we're not saying the market is going to rebound in the fourth quarter to where it was, we think it's -- july was definitely a bottom. it was a very low number and that was -- we believe a lot of that was speculation on what was going to happen.

So, have Zircon spot prices begun to rise or are they still falling?

Well, I will tell you, as recently as three months ago, spot prices were starting to move back up. Indonesia started raising their price again. And Indonesia is a good indicator for what's happening in the spot market. And now, I would say, they've stalled out a bit, because of what's happening in China. I would say no rebound at all. And with 50% of the demand there, and call it, a significant portion of that, that's tied to housing finishes. A lot's going to depend on how quickly China recovers. And there's things out there. China's talking about more stimulus. I'm not sure how they can continue to put stimulus into housing and infrastructure, but they're talking about that. So that could stimulate some growth in this area.

Same thing in the rest of the world, Jeff, I think that -- we think that the bottom on new construction is over, and as things will improve, I think that the zircon is a key essential material for those construction to happen. So, I think that we're not worried that there is a huge inventory in the pipeline.

and everywhere else that we sell. Again, we were selling what we were producing up until the second quarter, and Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia-Pacific were already depressed. So, the real driver was China in this most recent downturn.

Okay. thank you very much.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Roger Spitz from bank of America. Please go ahead.

Thank you very much. If the impact of the unobserved fixed costs in Q3 is going to be about $35 million of EBITDA, can you provide the numbers for Q1 and Q2, please.

Roger, we laid out for Q2, it was $25 million approximately, and a similar level for Q1, excluding the impacts of the Atlas and the KZN.

Got it. I missed that, sorry. And then otherwise pigment volume has been increasing substantially sequentially, 14% to 9% as you mentioned. and you've been running your pigment plants at lower rates to manage inventory, you spoke about 70%, although maybe that was for the entire system. So, I mean, is this because you had a large pigment inventory at December 31st that you can absorb this increase in pigment volume sequentially. but you're still having to run at low rates? And if that is the case, how should we think about 2022 EBITDA of $875 million, which presumably would have benefited from overproduction or a benefit from better fixed cost absorption?

So Roger, we're going to recall, what we said in the fourth quarter was that we were going to bring down our operating rates to align more closely with the market, but we didn't bring it down to align with that 35% year-on-year decline, because that level we did not believe was sustainable. And we've been right about that. Q4 was a trough and we've seen TiO2 rebound from there. So, we've expected a continued step-up in pigment tons from that level. So, we've always been working to balance the replenishment of some of our inventory at year end, which was needed. because we were well below safety stocks earlier in 2022 and then also planning for the expected demand to come. As we mentioned, the second quarter saw a 9% increase versus what we had previously thought might be the mid-to-high teens percent increase. So now, instead of increasing the operating rates as we previously anticipated, we're keeping them lower and so managing that inventory. So it's all a trade-off between looking at our cash, inventory build and short term impacts to EBITDA. But again, these are just charges that we're incurring in the short term. We believe it's the right decision to manage and generate higher cash, and the leverage of our business will be significant when we ramp back up our operations. we'll see savings from the projects we've been investing in. we'll see the margin improvement and all of that will come back quickly as we bring the assets back up.

And when we think about where our inventory is now, it's above seasonal norms. but that's another reason why we were expecting a bigger uptick in the third quarter than we're seeing. So, we talked about flattish. So, we've maintained our volumes at the same production level that we had in the second quarter. And when we start thinking about if there is a build in the first quarter, I mean, in the fourth quarter, for the first quarter coding season, we'll still have enough inventory, where we can meet that uptick if there is one. And when we see that pickup, we would then start pulling production back up.

Thank you very much.

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Hassan Ahmed from Alembic Global. Please go ahead.

Good morning, John and JF. I wanted to revisit the $35 million charge you guys are talking about for Q3. I don't know whether you'd be able to sort of parse it out for me, because obviously, you guys are talking about flat sequential TiO2 volumes. So obviously, production isn't going down over there. So to me, obviously that hit is primarily from the mining operations. And then you're obviously guiding to 15,000 tons to 20,000 tons of lower zircon volumes. And I understand that's a high margin business for you guys. And if I were to sort of run my numbers based on some estimates, I'd like to think that that 15,000 to 20,000 ton reduction in zircon volumes may be around a $20 million hit to EBITDA. So, I'm just trying to understand the different components of that $35 million.

Well, the 20 million that you reference on zircon is not part of the $35 million anyway. So the $35 million, let's just talk about fixed cost absorption on the TiO2 side. Again, we were anticipating moving into Q3 that we would see a pickup. We also thought that Q2 was going to be more like 13%, 14% as opposed to 9%. So, the assumptions that we had were that we were going to increase production as we saw demand increasing and we didn't see it to that level. So, John referenced this 70%-ish kind of capacity utilization, which at this particular stage, we will probably continue to run at through Q3, which is having an impact on fixed cost absorption for TiO2.

John, you want to add? Yes. That's exactly right. And when you ask about our range of $115 million and $135 million, the range was primarily related to zircon volumes.

understood. as a follow-up, where do you guys stand now? Obviously, market conditions sort of having moved the way they have and we're all sort of obviously learning of the impacts. But in terms of just you guys' view of the trough earnings power of the company, I mean, it just seems that every quarter, the range sort of keeps getting more volatile, right. I mean, if I were to go by your $115 million to $135 million Q3 guidance, that would imply annualized $460 million to $540 million. If I were to sort of credit it for that $35 million hit that you guys are giving on an annualized basis, that would imply $600 million to $680 million in "trough EBITDA." So, where do you guys stand with your views around the trough?

Yes. I don't think Hassan, our view on where we think trough EBITDA is going to be. as you know, if you start on this year, we did have and go through a couple of one-off challenges, primarily relating to Atlas and KZN, that is lowering the base of where we're starting from. But as you also know and we've chatted about this entire call, we are up against market dynamics that are unprecedented from our view and that we don't have a lot of control over. We did think that more demand would materialize from China, which it hasn't. And that's a big driver of both our TiO2, and zircon performance and outlook for the rest of the year. We don't think it's going to stay depressed from these levels. And we do think we are past John mentioned the midpoint of the cycle, and we'll expect to crawl out of where we are today.

Yes. I think the short answer is we do not believe where we are today is a multiplier by four to come to an annualized number. And the reality is this is, in fact, a much deeper recession and we use the recession word downturn, pick the word you want to use. We believe the TiO2 industry leads in and out of one. We believe we're in one and we're much further or much closer to a recovery. So, we still believe in the long-term dynamics of this business to the points that were brought up on this call around. The reality is our customers have managed their inventories down. TiO2 has not been displaced at the rates that our sales have been displaced. It's not a permanent thing and we do believe the market is going to recover. The zircon piece, which was quick to John's point, is the one that probably for this quarter was the most significant one and the one that turned the quickest. And as recently as June, the market was much stronger than it is, in July is for sure the bottom with regards to what we're seeing on demand.

Yes. Hassan, I'd like to finish on a positive note that would add to that. And it's the rare hurt. I mean, this is a business that is growing very fast. The demand for rare earth material is very strong and will be very strong with the electrification of the world. And Tronox is well positioned to become a key player on that space, and that would also help be a bit countercyclical to our TiO2 and zircon business.

Very helpful. Thank you so much.

Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. I'd now like to turn the call back over to Mr. JF, Co-Chief Executive Officer for any closing remarks.

Thank you, Lara and thank you for joining the call, everyone. Our key priority for 2023 remain unchanged. We will maintain a relentless focus on sustainability and safety, continue to align production with customer demand, and prudently reduce cost accordingly, manage our key capital project without losing sight of the long-term benefit to Tronox, including reducing our cost per ton and managing working capital and free cash flow in current market environment. That concludes our call. Have a great day. Thank you.

Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes your conference call for today. We thank you for participating and ask that you please disconnect your lines.