Good day, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the SAP Quarter Four and Full Year 2018 Conference Call. Today's conference is being recorded. At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Mr. Stefan Gruber, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir.

Thank you very much. Good morning or afternoon, this is Stefan Gruber, Head of Investor Relations. Thank you for joining us to discuss our results for the fourth quarter and full year 2018. I'm joined by our CEO, Bill McDermott; and Luka Mucic, our CFO, who will both make opening remarks on the call today. Also joining us for Q&A, our board members, Jennifer Morgan and Adaire Fox-Martin, who together run our Global Customer Organization; Rob Enslin, who runs Cloud Business Group; and Christian Klein, who leads Intelligence Enterprise Group. Before we get started, as usual, I want to say a few words about forward-looking statements and our use of non-IFRS financial measures. Any statements made during this call that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements, as defined in the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as anticipate, believe, estimate, expect, forecast, intend, may, plan, project, predict, should, outlook and will and similar expressions, as they relate to SAP are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. SAP undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward looking statements. All forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. The factors that could affect our future financial results are discussed more fully in SAP's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the SEC, including SAP's annual report on Form 20-F for 2017, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018. Participants of this call are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. On our Investor Relations website, you can find our quarterly statement and the financial summary slide deck, which are intended to supplement our prepared remarks today, include a reconciliation from non-IFRS numbers to IFRS numbers. Unless otherwise noted, all financial numbers referred to on this conference call are non-IFRS and growth rates and percentage point changes are non-IFRS constant currency year-over-year.The non-IFRS financial measures we provide should not be considered as a substitute for or superior to the measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. And finally, we're looking forward to welcoming you to the New York Stock Exchange on February 7, 2019, which is next week, for our Capital Markets Day. Our senior executives will discuss our strategy, gross drivers and some of our customers will share their experience with SAP. We're looking forward to seeing you again in New York city. With that I turn things over to our CEO, Bill McDermott.

Thank you very much, Stefan, and hello, everyone. I hope you're doing well. What a quarter, what a year. In our 47th year and beginning my 10th as CEO, there's been one constant. It's all been about pride in engineering and empathy for the customer. Since 2010, we've doubled or nearly tippled our addressable market, revenue and operating income. Not to mention, SAP is now the fastest-growing cloud company at scale in the business software industry. The true measure of a company goes beyond financial metrics alone. 93% of our employees are proud to work for SAP, our colleagues volunteer to 0.25 million hours and touched 4 million lives in 2018 alone. While growing the entire size of the company by 10%, we beat our ambition to shrink our carbon footprint by nearly 5%. Among many others, these make me proud to report that SAP is a strong, sustainable, profitable growth company. You've heard me say trifecta in past quarters to describe our growth in three key areas. Well, last year, SAP delivered double-digit growth in five key pillars of our business. You could call it our pentafecta. I'm going to give you a few stats from Q4 and the full year. Cloud revenue grew 40% in Q4 and 38% for the full year. Cloud and software revenue, up 11% in Q4, 10% for the full year. Cloud and software new order entry, up 18% in Q4, 14% for the full year. Total revenue, 13% in Q4 and plus 11% for the full year. Our operating profit was also up an impressive 10% for the full year. As you know, SAP raised our guidance on multiple occasions in 2018 and with these results, we hit or exceeded all of those raised metrics. Our customers, employees, partners and products are in…

Yes. Thank you, very much, Bill. This is now my 20th earnings call that I intend, and I'm extremely proud of the progress that we have made since my first call in early 2014. In the last 4 years, in particular, we have consistently met or beat all financial guidance matrix by raising the multiple times. In 2018, I'm excited to say that we, once again, kept our promise. We closed out the year with a strong Q4. We set bold goals for 2018 and we hit or exceeded every single one of them. Cloud revenue grew by close to 40%, much faster than our main competitors. We had double-digit growth in cloud and software, total revenue and operating profit. Our cloud backlog now exceeds €10 billion for the first time ever, growing at 30% year-over-year coming off a very strong comparison. This high level of committed future cloud revenue will ensure that our strong cloud momentum continues. SAP once again successfully navigated evolving economic and political environment. Now to our results in more detail. Both our cloud and software and total revenue comfortably exceeded the high-end of the guidance range, even though, we raised these targets 3x in 2018. Cloud certainly was a big driver of this. For the full year, new cloud bookings were up 28% to €1.8 billion. Our consistent stellar growth has doubled our new cloud business in 3 years only. And remember, this metric doesn't include our pay-as-you-go businesses within Ariba, Concur and Fieldglass as well as the SAP Cloud Platform. Our cloud revenue surged 28% for the full year, exceeding €5 billion in cloud revenue and achieving our target, which was raised 3x this year as well. Cloud revenue as for the first time surpassed software revenue in full year 2018, as we had…

[Operator Instructions]. We're going to take our first question from Adam Wood from Morgan Stanley.

The first one was just on the 2020 guidance. You added €200 million to that guide at the top end and €600 million at the low end. I think investors would have been anticipating Qualtrics alone to add above €600 million in that year. So could you maybe just help us out? Is it Qualtrics that you're assuming slightly slow growth for over the next couple of years? Or is it another area of the business that you become a little bit more cautious on versus the previous 2020 guide? And then maybe just a housekeeping point for Luka on the IFRS change in 2018. I think, in Q3, you were expecting that to be €200 million. And it looks like you ended up at €400 million. Could you maybe just help us understand why that change? And would that mean the licenses and the EBIT would have been kind of flattish or slightly down ex that benefits in the year?

So maybe I'll start with the IFRS question to bring that out of the way because I think that is really the wrong way of thinking about that change. You're right that we've always been clear that there will be benefits, especially to expenses around the accounting change. And indeed, we have seen such a benefit slightly higher than what we had expected. I think we ended up at around about €240 million. But the other half, I think, is a theoretical math exercise. Yes, we are reporting a benefit from the introduction of IFRS 15 on the revenue side of a bit more than €150 million. But to be clear, I fully expect that this revenue would have happened either way because our sales force is very much aware of how to structure transactions in order to optimize the revenue performance on whatever metric. To give you a concrete example, 2 of our largest deals that we had in Q4 of 2018 were so called global enterprise agreements, GEAs, that in the past would have resided in ratable revenue recognition over a number of years. And now under IFRS 15, you have a larger share of upfront revenue that is generated from them. Under old accounting, it is close to certain that we would have seen these deals as well but probably as a so-called UDD or limited -- unlimited transaction, which by the way would have been less healthy for SAP because we would have missed any kind of further order entry for outer-years that we'll now get under a global enterprise agreement. So I would really see the benefit on the revenue side as fully theoretical. On the expense side, you are right that we had a benefit of slightly above the €200 million that we had originally seen.

And Adam, I would just give you an update. We've had a kind of a repetition now, 3x last year raising and beating. So there's no reason why we don't have the winning culture here to do it again. So that's just the macro comment. I want to give you a quick update on Qualtrics since you mentioned them. We -- when we took on Qualtrics, the idea was a €575 million cloud company end of 2019. I can tell you that they came out of 2018 at €500 million, which was beyond their own expectation. I can tell you that they're growing at 45%, and I can tell you that they are cash flow positive. And I can also say that there is no other company with that profile in the marketplace. With the synergy of Qualtrics and SAP, combining the experience, data with the operational data from the SAP intelligent enterprise, we think we have something incredibly special here. And it will make archaic slides of CRM market share look silly. So we're ready to get to work and we have tremendous optimism and motivation in our company to take the hill.

We're moving to a question from Michael Briest from UBS.

Luka, just on the cloud gross margin. Can you talk about how Qualtrics changes your ambitions in 2020? And maybe looking out to 2023 now, you have previously said the lever should kick in after 2020, where would you expect cloud margins to reach by then? And then just on the cloud bookings number. I appreciate it doesn't capture the activity in the Business Network. But the growth there of sort of low 20s at constant currency, I guess, Callidus was a help to that, so perhaps even in the teens. Can you maybe sort of explain how that deceleration occurred and what you expect for 2019?

Yes. I can start and certainly everyone else feel free to chime in. And let me start with the notion of a deceleration of our cloud business. I can't follow this at all. I mean, of course, there can be from 1 quarter to another changes and fluctuations in how our order entry comes together. It was actually up to 18% growth combined between software and cloud in Q4 and 14% for the full year. So Q4 was a particularly strong one. But it had a different composition. That's true. We were -- we saw licenses returning to growth even without the hyperinflation impact. And on the flip side, cloud was a little bit lower. But you need to take a look at the full year performance, which was up 28%. And if you then add the backlog growth to it, you see that we have a very, very healthy business here, where the order entry in 2018 comfortably will carry us towards reaching our targets for the midterm. So nothing at all to be worried about here. When it comes to the cloud gross margins, certainly, Qualtrics has a very efficient platform, and they run at very high gross margins, actually far above the 80% mark, which will, of course, help us on the -- particularly the SaaS/PaaS margin progress. However, having said that, we retain our ambition for the entire portfolio that we have had all along. I know that some in the market have had concerns whether SAP will be in a position to end up at the 71% weighted gross margin performance in the cloud given where we are at the moment, which is only at 63%. But remember, there is a big bump coming our way now with the platform conversions that we are looking to achieve and complete by the end of Q1, which will make room for substantial run rate savings outside of Qualtrics in our established portfolio, which will carry us to that 71% target. And that remains our stated target objective for 2020. Going beyond, of course, our objective remains to increase the cloud margin further beyond that. And we will update markets in due course about our ambitions in that respect.

And I think we got about €10 billion on unbilled cloud revenue at this point in the bank and also about 65% of the revenues as a company, which are totally predictable. And as I recall, that was the #1 thing that the investment community was very interested in, not only the cloud growth but also a healthy backlog and predictable revenues. And Michael, you're absolutely right to press on the margin in terms of the cloud operations within SAP to improve and to get to the benchmarks that we've seen from the external cloud companies. Actually, I consider that low-hanging fruit, and we're chasing it.

Yes. And perhaps just a final comment here that complements what Bill has been saying. Our average contract duration in the cloud has actually been further up. We are now at 3.8 years for an average initial contract life cycle. And that, together with the backlog statements, should tell you one more thing. And that is why our new cloud bookings are based on ACV, annualized contract values. We actually see a large number of contracts that have very attractive ramp-up curves that will bring us even better returns for the longer term. So this is a very, very healthy position to be in, and one that makes us very confident around our targets.

Our next question is from Kirk Materne from Evercore ISI.

Maybe I'll start with Luka. Luka, just on the 2023 sort of outlook, I realized it's a long ways out. You mentioned sort of operating profit growth. One of the questions we continually get is about free cash flow growth for you all. And I realize there's a lot of moving parts with stock-based comp and now this restructuring charge. But is there any reason why free cash flow wouldn't sort of accelerate ahead of operating profit as those factors normalize for you all? Could you just talk a little bit about how we should think about free cash flow growth in the context of sort of your longer-term guidance?

Absolutely, you're spot on. Absolutely, free cash flow should actually accelerate beyond our performance on profit because, as you said, we are becoming more efficient in terms of our capital expenditure. We definitely are seeing -- already in 2018, we ended up below where we plan to be. We see that in 2019 and beyond, we will basically remain at this level. So any kind of leverage that we gain from our business operation should flow through on the cash flow side. At the same time, we still have also room for further improvement in terms of the operating cash flow leverage. Our DSO was slightly down year-over-year but just by less than 1 day. I think we have still further room to go down from, let's say, the current almost 70 days to probably low 60s at least, which should give us a further positive leverage. And that's what we are working on. You're right, we have significant special effects at the moment, certainly the restructuring as well as some of the increased share-based compensation that we will have for 2019. But both should dissipate quickly and make room for definitely superior cash flow returns.

And maybe I could just add one thing. When some companies talk about restructuring, they're like tired companies dealing with headcount problems. We're talking about getting the necessary skills on top of the growth opportunities. It's a HANA world. We're running away with the cloud, experienced management's on fire. And everything that can be in the artificial intelligence and machine learning category that's built into our apps, we're driving it with all we have. So what we're doing is optimizing our workforce to actually increase the growth of the company, just to be very clear.

Yes. And just to sneak one last one for Bill. Bill, you mentioned the strong end of the year the Qualtrics team had. As you think about this experienced management category, I know you're leaving Qualtrics independent. But how are you all working together in the field to sort of raise, I think, their profile probably internationally and sort of bring both the teams together as you're having these larger digital transformation conversations with the customers?

It's a great question. I'm grateful for it. When I leave Germany, I'm headed to the United States. And one of my first thoughts is going to be Silicon Slopes where I'm keynoting a major Qualtrics event with thousands of people. So here's what we're doing. We have a very experienced executive board colleague, Robert Enslin, that runs the cloud business group within SAP. As you know, he has SuccessFactors, Ariba, Fieldglass and basically the C/4HANA initiative for the company, okay? We are redefining the whole CRM space with C/4HANA. And we're going after that market and we're growing it in triple digits. Experienced management has already been infused into our whole company as the biggest transformational idea in the culture. Every single sales representative globally has it in their bag. We now have complete synergy between Qualtrics and the entire SAP sales force. So if they're growing 45% year-over-year without us, what are they going to do when you put 15,000 customer-facing assets next to them? This is probably the biggest growth opportunity I've ever seen in my career. So rest assured, we will be a major force to deal with in CRM with the C/4HANA initiative, but even more when you can broaden the conversation to experienced management because now you're touching a company's products, you're activating their workforce, you're moving their brand and you're really touching everything operationally with everything on the experience side. And it's truly breathtaking. One of my favorite examples is JetBlue. They had very good on time arrival for their passengers, yet their customer satisfaction wasn't where they wanted it to be. So operationally, the systems of record couldn't tell them that. But when they looked at the experience of their customers, they could quickly locate, oh, the call center is the issue. We're just not handling the customer right when they call in. So you connected the operational data and the experience data, solve the major issue for a major company. And they're off and running now with net promoter scores that are very high, very happy customers. So this is totally transformational. Think about the SAP Digital Boardroom now, not only having the operational data for an enterprise, but now the experienced data for all things that are moving outside the enterprise. This is really big.

The next question is from John King from Merrill Lynch.

I've got two, actually. Actually, the first one was on the back of your comments, Bill, around the experienced opportunity you have there. Do you feel as though you've got all the pieces in the jigsaw there? Or can you see further acquisitions you may need to make or current developments that perhaps you wanted to -- in order just to round out that offering? And then second one was going to be on the free cash flow for Luka, following up there. Can you maybe just give us a guidance on what you'd expect free cash flow to look like in 2019? I know there's a few one-offs that dragged down '18 quite significantly below. So I'm just trying to work out, well, I guess, how much of that was a one-off, and therefore, what the real underlying base should be as we look into 2019.

So John, well, maybe I'll open it up. And first of all, I want to say that the trust that I have and that SAP has with all of you can't be overstated in its importance. And last year, I know we acquired Qualtrics a little off of what you expected for a large-scale acquisition. But don't forget, they filed an S-1. They were going public. We acquired them. And there was no way of knowing we could have possibly been successful in that endeavor. Knock on wood. I'm really happy for all of us, we were -- but don't think in any way we had that one in the bag. That was a unique development and a great opportunity, and we seized it. And hopefully, you know in trust and transparency, we're always upfront with you. We don't have any big ones on the docket right now. We have what we need. You know we're good capital allocators. Everything we've ever bought outperformed the business case in the boardroom. So Qualtrics has what they need organically. They have plenty of things going on. And right now, we're not looking at any business cases in the strategy room. Similarly, neither does SAP. So what you see is kind of what you get. And I believe if we do something, it'll be very tuck-in in its orientation and nothing sizable or scalable for you to be concerned with. Luka?

Yes. On the free cash flow 2019 side, so very clear, our underlying free cash flow was significantly improved before restructuring-related cash outflows and share-based compensation outflows that we will see increase because of the acquisition of Qualtrics and the share-based compensation that we are taking over from that. But otherwise, in particular, due to the moderation of the CapEx needs, there will be a significant increase. Now considering those 2 factors, in aggregate, I expect both operating cash flow and free cash flow to be broadly in line with what we have seen in 2018 to then make room as of 2020 for significant increases. But that is really driven by the restructuring as well as by the share-based compensation. All other elements, I don't expect similar one-offs as we have seen them in 2018.

The next question is from Gerardus Vos from Barclays.

Just quickly on the revenue. What have you implied for kind of licenses in '19 and '20 and perhaps kind of beyond? Then secondly, coming back on the cash flow and particularly on the share-based compensation. How much of the increase in '19 versus '18 is driven by the share price and how much is by more outstanding options? And then would you consider a share settlement instead of a kind of cash settlement in the kind of future given the kind of volatility we've seen on this line here?

Yes. So let me peel those back from the back to the front. In terms of share-based compensation programs and moving them to equity-settled programs, I think that's something that we will need to very carefully weigh because that comes with disadvantages. For example, in many countries, equity-settled programs would not be tax deductible, whereas they are when they are cash settled. What we will do is definitely increase the level of transparency that we provide around our free cash flow in terms of what is driven by share-based compensation. So you can expect when you visit us next week in New York that I will provide some more transparency around that. In that same light, in terms of the impact from share-based compensation for 2018 and 2019, I can give you a rough ballpark figure here in the sense that 2018 was affected by roughly €140 million higher share-based compensation expense in 2019. We're rather looking at something like €300 million on top. That gives you a ballpark range. But please, more exact ideas will follow with the Capital Markets Day. And in terms of the license implied guidance, when you make the math, I think you will see that for '19 and '20, we consider -- we still consider implied mid-single-digit declines of licenses. And then for the outer-years, it would start to increase. We think that is a prudent and balanced assumption. And it's broadly supported by the trajectory that we have seen in 2018, at least it does not leave us exposed in that sense and there's certainly a scope for possible better development, as we have seen it in Q4. But we want to be prudent and want to make sure that we hit each and every one of our outlook metrics, which is also what could explain some of the perceived conservatism that you have highlighted in your notes. But I think it's good, especially when you look out 5 years into the future, that you are not getting too far ahead of yourself.

Yes. One thing, I think, that Luka mentioned that's very noteworthy is the license performance in 2018. If you remember, at the end of Q3, we told you we would deliver our full year guidance with the on-premise software license. And I think to probably the relief of many of you, we not only delivered that, but we beat it quite handily. So when we do these guidance calls with you, we take them extremely seriously. But I do want to reiterate, SAP has an ever strong core business, and SAP is growing faster than all the others in the cloud. And we have, in each case that we have done these guidance calls with you, done what we said we were going to do. So I wouldn't, from quarter-to-quarter, maybe this year, fuss too much about one metric or another from a 90-day cycle. I think if you looked at it semiannually or annually, you'd be very happy with SAP. And I hope that you agree with that and reward SAP in kind.

This question is from Phil Winslow from Wells Fargo.

Just want to focus back on the restructuring or, as Luka called it, the fitness program. Obviously, we talk a lot on this call about sort of the technology side and where the focus is going to be. A question for Bill here on the go-to-market. When you think about sort of the fitness program and sort of the plan for growth going forward, how do you envision sort of the go-to-market alignment or capacity changing going forward? Any sort of change in focus? First of all, we've been seeing a sort of change in size, capacity, alignment. Just more detail there would be great.

Thank you very much, Phil. I think you should think of it this way: the structure of the go-to-market strategy for SAP is very similar to what you've grown accustomed to because it works. What you're going to see us do is put more emphasis on the big growth opportunities and get the skills in the jobs that we need to truly transform the way our customers serve their customers. So think of the business network in the spend management context as something we're going to double down on. Think of C/4HANA, our flagship CRM end-to-end offering, as something we're going to double down on. Think of experienced management as something we're going to revolutionize not only SAP, but the entire industry on, and that includes the partner networks that go along with it. Think about our core business as much more focused on the value drivers. When you think about HANA as the ultimate platform for a modern enterprise, you think about what we can do with HANA as database-as-a-service, you think about Leonardo with predictive AI and deep machine learning and IoT, we're going to double down on these things. And we're going to be in every industry and we're going to be in every market where we know we can get leverage. One such example is China. Everyone keeps talking about the slowdown in China. You're talking about the world's second largest economy growing at 6% instead of 6.6% or 7%. It's still minting countries every year in terms of its size and scale. And we happen to have an enormous advantage in China. So I think of experienced management engineering. You're very familiar with our value engineering story as a way to tie together the X data and the O data to rethink business processes across…

Our next question is from Charlie Brennan from Crédit Suisse.

Can I just come back on Phil's question on restructuring from a different angle? Specifically, I've had a number of client conversations today asking me whether we should view this as a one-off program or something more sustainable. If I just look back across my model, we saw a reasonable restructuring back in 2015. Looks like there was a smaller program in 2017 and now a bigger program again in '19. Is some kind of restructuring do you think the norm every other year for SAP? And should we be thinking about that when we put our cash flow forecast together for the future?

The answer to that is a simple no. You shouldn't. And in fact, SAP in its history has had, I think, only three programs of this type: one was directly in the financial crisis, the other one was in 2015 and this one is now 4 years later. So no need to reflect major restructuring activity on a per annum basis, clear no.

And we were -- go ahead.

No, I was going to ask a separate question, so please finish.

No, no, no. I was just saying on a per capita basis, it would be similar when you think about the size and scale of the company to the one we did in 2015. I want to remind everyone that we didn't have any morale issues. In fact, the workforce understood the high performance culture we're driving here. We expect a similar outcome this time. When we cut the deal with the executive board on this particular fitness initiative, everybody was looking at this with a 5-year time horizon in mind. This was the gateway to kicking us up a notch in terms of really taking advantage of the market opportunity.

Great. And just a very quick follow-up. You mentioned the platform convergence on the cloud side and the initiatives there to improve margins. You're originally expecting that program to end at the end of 2018. It sounds like that's now slipping to Q1. Can you just remind us of the reasons for that slippage? And is there any danger that, that continues to slip into Q2 and Q3 and undermine your margin efforts this year?

So no, not at all. And to be very clear, we are exactly where we want and need to be. My comment is around the fact, I think we've covered that on one of the previous calls, that the maintenance agreement for our third-party legacy database is that we are replacing or ending as of end of March 2019. And that's why you will see the run rate benefit from those initiatives only starting as of Q2 2019. But that should not imply that we are offtrack in terms of finishing the replacement. That hopefully clarifies.

[Operator Instructions]. Our next question is from Mohammed Moawalla from Goldman Sachs.

I have two questions. First one, Luka, I may have missed your answer earlier. But if I look at the quantum of the cloud gross margin expansion in Q4, that was lesser than what we saw in sort of Q2 and Q3. Can you just remind us for that and how you expect that sort of to evolve? Obviously, you mentioned the kind of expiry of the maintenance agreements, and what's sort of the shape of that? And then second one for Bill. Obviously, in Q4, you had a pretty strong top line performance. As you engage with customers in sort of the boardroom around sort of investment decisions with potentially some GDP macro slowdown, can you kind of help us understand SAP's sort of product portfolio set in terms of how discretionary versus mission-critical some of your customers' investments are around your software and then ultimately kind of driving your growth ambitions?

Yes. I can start quickly on the gross margins. I mean, just to confirm, our target for 2020 weighted gross margins of low 70s, basically, 71% remains in place. In order to achieve this, of course, the SaaS/PaaS margins outside of Business Networks need to have a meaningful increase of a couple of percentage points already in 2019 and then the remaining jump in 2020. This will be achieved by the convergence program. So you will see a more natural progress in line with what you have seen in the first 2 quarters in 2018 at the beginning of the year. And then as of Q2, you will see a jump in the productivity in the SaaS/PaaS business area; whereas on the Infrastructure-as-a-Service business and on the Business Networks business, you should see a continued gentle increase, in line with the trajectory that you have seen in 2018. On the HANA Enterprise Cloud, obviously with a larger progress because they were coming from 14%; and on the Business Networks, we are already at 78%. And so in 2019, we will already be extremely close to the 80%. And then in 2020, we will actually move above 80% for Business Networks. That gives you a high-level idea of how this will unfold.

And thank you, Mohammed. I have the second part of your question, which is the mission-critical nature of SAP. First of all, having spent last week in Davos, I can tell you when you talk to the CEOs that are running big companies, they're not pessimistic at all. They might see a slightly reduced level of GDP growth, but they see growth. And most of them are feeling pretty good about their businesses, just for the record. And that was a universal comment. In terms of SAP's positioning, database, applications, cloud, business networks, now experienced management, we have the high-value, mission-critical stack that runs companies on an end-to-end basis. And I think what makes SAP so resilient, if you're in tough times, whether you're changing governance and configurations to accommodate Brexit or you're rethinking supply chains to deal with a trading environment conflict with the U.S. and China, all of this involves SAP software to intermediate the situation. So we are mission-critical companies. If they turned off their SAP system, it wouldn't be running. It's not like I can delay buying new phones or PCs. This is how you run your company. I would also double down on the channel, the industry and the ecosystem. We are multiple routes to market now in terms of different channels. We're covering 25 industries, obviously the most global business software company in the world. And I think we've done a very sound job in the ecosystem. When you think about Microsoft, Amazon, Google, Alibaba, not to mention more of the hybrid-cloud providers, such as IBM and Dell, I doubt they have any higher priority than building out their practice with SAP. And that used to be centered on S/4HANA, but it's rapidly expanding for C/4HANA, HANA as the database of the 21st century and now experienced management. I don't think there's a single concern in my voice nor anyone in the SAP company about our ability to grow and take on all challenges.

Our next question is from Walter Pritchard from Citi.

Question, I think we understand pretty clearly the gross margin dynamics that you're talking about related to profitability. Could you talk about sales and marketing, how you see efficiencies playing out in sales and marketing related to the cloud business? You have Qualtrics coming in with higher spending. You've got bigger renewal base. I think that would be helpful in us understanding because that's a big driver.

Yes. Absolutely. So on sales and marketing, you have seen obviously that, in 2018, we had a very favorable development. We clearly, of course, in past years have invested a lot and we have streamlined our operations. We have simplified the structure, better funded certain specialized sales organizations together to reduce overhead and, of course, also the IFRS 15 accounting change, in particular in sales and marketing, has helped. And our ambition is also in the future to continue to make progress and achieve a gentle further decline in sales and marketing expenses, not at the same significant slope that we have seen in 2018 because that special effect from IFRS 15 is actually turning into a mild headwind as of 2019. But certainly, we continue to focus the organization on reducing overhead, making sure that we optimize the productive feet on the street, the quota-carrier ratios. And that together with the synergies that we expect from Qualtrics, which will not have to add the same amount of headcount for sales and marketing that the would've had to add if they were remaining stand-alone, should give us further improvement. So among the 3 cost ratios, R&D, we will seek to keep it at the same level and stable because investments in innovation are key; and on sales and marketing and G&A, we expect to go -- continued further improvement.

And our final question is from Mark Moerdler from Bernstein.

I've got one for Bill and one for Luka. Bill, can you give us some more color on the unified customer profile, what you've been doing with Adobe and Microsoft. Does Qualtrics and your drive for C/4HANA and experience change any of this? And then for Luka, I understand the expectations for license to decline longer term. But given the traditional attach of additional users and modules, et cetera, in major upgrade cycles, how should we think about how, where the new revenue attach will occur with S/4HANA upgrades going forward?

Thank you very much for the question, Mark. First let's talk about C/4HANA. As you know, we acquired Hybris when they were the omnichannel e-commerce leader, undisputed. We acquired Gigya to protect the privacy of the consumers that our customers serve, so they could make the proper offerings and protect data in the appropriate way. We then acquired Callidus for configure, price, quote and the whole sales compensation methodology. Now that comes together with SAP's already strong sales, marketing, field service cloud. So now we have a complete suite to offer multiple cloud options for a customer with C/4HANA. The best thing: everything's on HANA. And HANA is the greatest database in the world. No one questions that. Now with regard to Qualtrics, now you've got experienced management, which is not like a big integration challenge. Experienced management, it kind of overlays the operating data of a company. What we did with Microsoft and Adobe is basically said, when you think about Azure and you think about the completeness of vision that SAP has on an end-to-end basis, why not give the customer the choice to have an Open Data Initiative where these platforms would make it easy for the customer to do business with us. We also included Adobe in that. So we are three companies that have professional courtesy and respect at the leadership level and at the team level. But most importantly, we have great empathy for the customer. So when the Open Data Initiative was offered at Microsoft's event in Orlando some time ago, we said we will give you a single view of the customer. Gigya will give you access to 2 billion profiles. Qualtrics now will give you, since we have them on the portfolio, another 1.5 billion profiles. And between the excellence of SAP's end-to-end, Microsoft's Azure Cloud and certainly some of the great solutions that Adobe offers, we're giving customers choice and we're giving them the best possible route to value. Now keep in mind, this is entirely different than the alternative of some of the dot-com companies. And we think this is competitive advantage for all 3 companies. And most importantly, it favors our customers.

Yes. And to quickly come back to your question on license and attach place. Interestingly enough, in Q4, as license returned to growth, we had actually various categories in our on-premise solution portfolio that were showing growth. Obviously, our Digital Supply Chain management and S/4HANA business continued to grow in double digits as it has been for the entire year. But we saw in Q4, even in C/4HANA, which was, of course, the business where we doubled down completely in the cloud, positive license growth. And we saw positive license growth in analytics in both of these areas pay out with triple-digit growth in their respective cloud businesses. So it's clear that it's not an either/or. It can be an end. Now for the full year, our core is the One business where we saw still license growth. And we expect that this will continue into 2019. There is absolutely a valid point that the S/4HANA upgrade cycle drives potential for substantial further renovation of a company's IT architecture and gives us multiple cross-selling opportunities. However, I also want to be clear that most of these cross-selling opportunities are giving us a chance to double down in our cloud businesses, whether it's spend management, which is a very natural attach to an S/4HANA upgrade with Ariba and Fieldglass and Concur; whether it's to renovate the HR side of the house as well with SuccessFactors; or whether it's about going into adjacencies and creating and co-innovating on new capabilities with the SAP cloud platform, that's where the big attach opportunities are. And so you can absolutely make the claim that S/4HANA as an upgrade cycle reinvigorates our growth opportunities in the cloud, while we have a great opportunity to continue to enjoy a nice runway on the ERP upgrades.

Yes. One of the things that has not been reported at all that you might have an interest in is -- let's just take a category like workforce management. If you're a CEO of a company, you might actually think about total workforce management as the imperative versus HR, right? Because you would think about your employees, which is your full-time employees. You might also think about all the contract employees, like the shadow workforce that exists in every company. And now with Qualtrics, we can actually assemble specific real-time feedback on the experience of an employee. You don't have to wait for the annual HR survey. We know exactly how the employees are doing in real-time because those experience systems are connected. And this is going to give us yet another advantage. The same thing could also be said for C/4HANA. The participants in the market today have a system of record, not a system of innovation. When you can compose C/4HANA and you're truly running real-time and you're extending into the actual sentiment analysis of a customer as they're using the product and giving you feedback on that product, you can change the way you're operations are behaving to satisfy that customer and keep the promise of the brand. So I don't think that the CRM system of record that exists in the market today, no matter how many Wall Street Journal pictures are taken of a market share slide that's 20 years old is going to help when you're having a serious sales cycle conversation with people that run businesses. But we're looking forward to that debate.

This concludes our Q4 earnings call. And we look forward to seeing you in New York City next week on Thursday at our Capital Markets Day. Thanks so much for joining.

Thank you, everybody.

Thank you. Goodbye.

See you in New York.

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, that now concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.