Rocket Lab USA, Inc. (RKLB) Q3 2022 Earnings Report, Transcript and Summary

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your patience and welcome to today's Rocket Lab's Third Quarter 2022 Financial Results Conference Call. My name is Amber, and I will be your moderator for today's call. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to pass the conference over to our host, Murielle Baker, Communications Manager with Rocket Lab. Murielle, please proceed.

Thank you. Hello, everyone. We're glad to have you join us for today's conference call to discuss Rocket Lab's Third Quarter 2022 Financial Results. Our presenters are Rocket Lab's Founder and CEO, Peter Beck; and Chief Financial Officer, Adam Spice. After our prepared comments, we will take questions. Before we begin the call, I'd like to remind you that our remarks may contain forward-looking statements that relate to the future performance of the company, and these statements are intended to qualify for the Safe Harbor protection from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Any such statements are not guarantees of future performance and factors that could influence our results are highlighted in today's press release and others are contained in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Such statements are based upon information available to the company as of the date hereof and are subject to change for future developments. Except as required by law, the company does not undertake any obligation to update these statements. Our remarks and press release today also contain non-GAAP financial measures within the meaning of Regulation G enacted by the SEC. Included in such release is a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Lastly, this call is also being webcast with a supporting presentation and a replay and copy of the presentation will be available on our website. Now let me turn the call over to Peter Beck, Founder and CEO.

Thanks, Murielle, and welcome, everybody, to the review of Rocket Lab's business highlights and financial results for Q3 2022 presented by myself and our Chief Financial Officer, Adam Spice. Today's presentation, we will go over our business accomplishments for the third quarter and further achievements we've made since the end of the quarter. We'll also include commentary on our market position across launch and space systems and discuss some of the big contracts we have underway. Adam will then talk through our financial results for the third quarter and our financial outlook for Q4. After that, we'll take some questions from those listening and finish off today's call with upcoming conferences we'll be attending. All right, on to what the company has achieved this quarter. The quarter ended strongly for Rocket Lab on the launch side of the business as we equaled our record for the number of successful launches to orbit per year, quickly surpassing it within the first few days of the fourth quarter. We completed two flawless National Security launches one after the other for the U.S. Government’s National Reconnaissance Office; NRO, our prime customer in the launch business with stringent mission requirements. And so, it's both an honor and a show of our strength as a launch leader as they continue to return to us to deliver their national security missions to orbit. Our third mission was the second of a bulk buy of dedicated launches for Japanese constellation builder, Synspective. Electron again performed perfectly to deliver respective payload to the exact position required to support their constellation growth. Flying dedicated offers multiple benefits to small satellite constellation operators. These include control over their launch schedule and ability to reach specific LTMs that aren’t unachievable if they fly a larger mission. These reasons, along with the Electron’s reliability are why customers are coming to us and booking up multiple launches at once. Synspective’s bulk buy launches will continue into 2023 with another launch scheduled for them, along with group launches for French constellation operator, Kinéis; and another set for a U.S. operator HawkEye 360 expected to launch in the first half of next year. Sticking with Electron, we successfully fired up an engine that had been returned from the ocean during one of this year's earlier recovery missions, with that as a massive technical achievement on the path to rocket reusability. Electron, Photon, and Neutron are in the scope of the U.S. USTRANSCOM research contract awarded to Rocket Lab this past quarter to examine their potential use for cargo transport and point-to-point travel. Speaking of Neutron, the program achieved some key wins and engineering milestones this quarter, including the selection of the new site for Rocket Lab to develop Neutron’s Archimedes engines and the production of full-scale hardware, including Neutron tank structures and Archimedes engine prototypes. I will take you through those achievements in more detail later in this presentation. On the Space Systems side, some of our earlier investments to grow the production capability of each of these Space Systems, our streams really started paying off. In particular, we announced today that our Separation Systems division has secured the largest bulk order ever totaling over $14 million. Those 80-plus separation systems will support the Department of Defense Space Development Agency mission to build a constellation that will serve the future national defense and space architecture. As missions like these continue to come into the fore, our shored up production capacity across vertically -- vertical space system streams means that we really are now able to service these types of large contracts now and into the future. Alongside this separation systems win, we also completed the high-volume manufacturing line for our satellite reaction wheel that will serve us as undisclosed mega-constellation customer. This production line is capable of manufacturing up to 2,000 units per year and produced its first engineering units this quarter, which keeps us on track to start producing flight-ready wheels early in 2023. Turning now to Q3 highlights for Space Systems. We also were awarded a contract to provide solar power technology for three Lockheed Martin built satellites for the U.S. Space Force. Okay. So three launches. As I mentioned at the top of this call, we had a strong quarter of launches with three successful orbital missions for Electron. Two of these were for the NRO office and the third was for a Japanese constellation operator Synspective, both repeat customers for dedicated Electron launches. Since April, we have maintained a launch cadence of once a month with 100% efficient success, and we're on track to maintain that tempo for the rest of the year, including our first launch from our launch site in Virginia, Wallops Island. With Synspective mission, we equaled our previous annual record of seven launches a year anticipated in the first week of Q4 with the eighth successful orbital mission, and again, with our ninth mission just five days ago to deliver a total of 152 satellites to space. Even without these four quarter launches, our missions in Q3 submitted our position as the launch provider of choice for small satellite operators and further stretches our lead as the most frequently flown and reliable small launcher. And obviously I would go over Rocket Reusability Program later in the call. But first, I want to point out a key technical milestone we achieved in third quarter for that program. The first time -- for the first time, we successfully fired an engine with reused parts from the previous Electron mission that was recovered from the ocean. This particular Rutherford engine was previously successfully launched to space and returned to Earth during our recovery mission There and Back Again in May. The refurbished Rutherford engine passed all of the same rigorous acceptance tests. We put in every flight engine through that fired at a cumulative 200 seconds, restarted multiple times to produce the same amount of thrust and performance as a newly built, so good as new. This is very exciting because the fact that we achieved such a high level of performance from an engine when we dredge it out of the sea makes me excited and optimistic about what we can do with the recovered dry engines and further validates that we're on exactly the right path to bring reusability to small launch vehicles. On to our Responsive Space Program. In Q3, we opened up our Responsive Space Program to on-ramp commercial and government satellite operators to a rapid call-up launch capability and streamline satellite build and operations options. There's been a lot of talk in the industry and a number of line items and government budgets about Responsive Space. It's a capability that's been sought for decades and enable -- to enable select operators to rapidly call-up a launch service, get it to space in a short timeframe. But the reality is Responsive Space at least for us already exists for small satellites and that it exists with Electron. There's a lot of talk about it, but we've actually demonstrated that our fastest launch turnaround time this year was a sum total of just 15 days, which comes down to the maturity of our rocket, our infrastructure and our team. We introduced this program to formalize what we already offered to the market, and we're seeing strong interest already from repeat and future customers. On to Neutron. So as I've described, a good quarter for Electron, but Q3 also saw a strong progress for our large rocket Neutron, and I'll take you through some of those key achievements now. To start with, Neutron has a new home or at least Archimedes engines do at NASA’s historic Stennis Space Center in Mississippi. In late September, we selected Stennis as a location of the engine test facility for our reusable rocket engine, Archimedes, which will power the Neutron rocket. And just last week, we cut the ribbon on Stennis, along with the Mississippi Senators and other senior figures in attendance there to show a strong local and Federal support that we have for Neutron. The Archimedes Test Complex will be located within the larger A Test Complex at Stennis Space Center across a 1 million square foot area. The site itself already comes with all manner of critical infrastructure like cryogenic systems, tanks, test systems, instrumentation base, building, and a whole lot of more that we can quickly adapt to support our engine test operations. We can also leverage the widest Stennis Center’s infrastructure for power systems, transportation networks, commodities and supply chain, all the little things that make our test site run and tech quickly. That allows us to get set up quickly and get testing faster than if we had to build engine to site from scratch. The State of Mississippi has really gotten behind us to bring Neutron to the Area 2 with State’s -- with the State putting forward some significant capital investment for us to develop the facilities for Archimedes and Neutron. [Getting on the stands] to really fast-track development for Neutron and already the team on the ground are getting to work to modify some of the systems and get the site ready for the very first Archimedes engine hot fire. Speaking of Archimedes, this past quarter saw progress on the development of our new reusable rocket engine. We made a change in the cycle of the engine from a gas generator to oxidizer-rich closed-cycle to really optimize the performance of the engine, not to increase the level of ISP or performance as you might think. But to maintain the power balance right in the middle that brings the temperatures and change the pressure down for really a super reliable engine because that's what you want an engine for a usable rocket, an engine that can be used over and over again and which has a scope for increased performance if we need to or to lap a program for any re-entry and laning as preferred. So with that, all the major design elements of the engine are complete. This quarter, we moved into producing some early prototype parts, 3D printed components, including pump parts like oxidizer volumes and others. With Stennis secured an engine development ready and accelerating now, we're on the right track with Archimedes and well-positioned to maintain our targets to see a hot fire engine soon. Continuing on the Neutron theme. Neutron is a unique rocket, not only in its design but in the materials we use to construct it. It's expected to be the world's first carbon composite large launch vehicle made up of new specially formulated carbon composite materials, obviously, lightweight and very, very strong. But the new element of being able to withstand the heat and forces of repeated re-entry and launch. Now we use carbon composites for Electron. In fact, we were the first in the world to build an all-carbon composite orbital rocket. So we understand the materials in these technologies really, really well. Now with carbon composite, one of -- carbon composite rocket, one of the best ways to determine the programs progress is whether the structural mold for the rocket are complete or not. Because if molds are built, that means that the rocket's design is mature enough to invest in the capital and the tooling. And that's where we are today with Neutron. In Q3, we completed the molds for its tanks and have started to develop full-scale prototype hardware. The parts can be made quickly to speed up Neutron's timeline. This type of advancement in the program might not seem too flashy, but it's highly important for Neutron’s early development. We're expecting the first Neutron tank to come to life by the end of the year, this 2022. Now to build Neutron's carbon composite tanks and structures quickly, the best way to do that is by automation. And this is another area this quarter that we've completed early investment into the tooling and the machinery by using rocket building robots. The process is called automated tape laying. It's quite a mature process. Where many of the carbon fiber are laid down every minute to build the structured material for Neutron’s structures. It’s an advanced composite manufacturing technique that's really optimized for performance, speed and cost. Carbon composite on a strength-to-mass ratio is at least 4x lighter metallics like steel, meaning that 1/4 of the amount of the material actually needs to be used for the same specific strength. And using our rocket building robots, we can really maintain and minimize later and still manufacture completed tanks in a very short timeframe, in an order of day. That's the East Coast. Now to Virginia, and we continue to make really good progress on the Neutron factory there. The 28-acre area was literally virtually greenfield when we started and has now been graded. Concrete port in the first building was up within just 7 months from groundbreaking in April this year. We're expecting our first Stage 1 Neutron tank to complete it on the Site 2, which has been kicked off in this current quarter. The site here for our production complex for Neutron that will support its production and assembly and integrated launch, it's where we build the rocket, but it's also some of our -- we will do some of that tests and some of our system infrastructure will be there as well. The thing about the site and the environment we gain from its location is how close it is to the Neutron launchpad; in fact, just 2 miles off the road. This allows us to unlock all of the constraints that a typical rocket program otherwise faces. There's a reason why most modern rockets are about 3 -- a little bit over 3 meters in diameter, and that's because they go -- have to go through some kind of tunnel or bridge somewhere on the way from their production site to the launch site. That's not going to be the case for Neutron. It's a unique proposition and that we have with the launch site and pad in production complex of Neutron’s major functions being so closely located where we can build the rocket, but also tested in very close succession to really help accelerate Neutron’s development timeline. Once new Neutron is up in Plant 2, it will mean slick and streamlined operations in places where we're not handling the rocket multiple times and transporting it to various parts of the country to get it to the port. Right on to Space Systems. So moving into Space Systems now and some of the accomplishments here in the quarter. The lift-off of our entire Space Systems line has been to enable easier and faster access to space on proven and affordable hardware that is available at scale. Our satellite separation system by PSC have been a key offering of our vertically-integrated Space Systems business, having come to the table with 100% mission success heritage across more than 100 missions launched across most major U.S. and international rockets. Being acquired by Rocket Lab meant PSC could continue the commercial hardware trade; but by tapping into Rocket Lab's resources and manufacturing capability, grow the business. And so it's fantastic to share today that under a year since the acquisition, we recently brought in their highest value mission for separation systems to date. Two orders totaling $14 million, and I'll take you through that deal in more detail on the next slide. The $14 million win is made up of two contracts to supply more than 80 of our Lightbands to Lockheed Martin and another undisclosed customer who are both building satellites for what's called Tranche 1 Tracking Layer, which has been developed by the U.S. Department of Defense Space Development Agency. These 80-plus Lightbands represent the majority of the separation systems required to deploy the entire Tranche 1 Tracking Layer constellation and early warning global system to take missiles and protect U.S. national securities. This is a critical capability that relies on the satellite and the constellation being accurately deployed to the precise location. So the fact that not one but two organizations have entrusted us to build these devices that place satellites in orbit tells you just how well regarded our separation systems are in the market. Further to the U.S. government side of the business. In our Solar Power division, we secured another win with an award to deliver the solar cell assembly for three Lockheed Martin-built satellites for the United States Space Force. These three large spacecraft are part of the latest evolution of the U.S. missile warning system and recently passed the critical design review to become certified for space set to launch in 2025. Deep expertise in space solar power, reliability of the tech and our extensive manufacturing capability are some of the reasons behind the latest award, which supports satellite’s production on a really aggressive schedule. On to Mandrake, over in our mission software department, our team and technology have been helping progress a major U.S. government program called Blackjack. This program is being managed by DARPA and the government's Space Development Agency to create a global low-latency, high-volume data communications constellation using optically interconnected satellites. An early test of that network was carried out in June with the success of the Mandrake 2 mission, which successfully demonstrated a functioning optical communications linked between two satellites. We played a leading role in the success of the Mandrake mission with our software and our mission simulation and testing solutions have been a part of the mission in the very beginning of the program. We also run mission operations for Mandrake, where the team is responsible for daily spacecraft health and status monitoring, payload tasking, and trajectory control between the two spacecraft to support the optical cross-linked testing. And while we're counting this mission as a win for our Space Systems business, it's also an example of our vertical integration strategy and Space Systems paying off across the board. We supplied the star trackers and reaction wheels to the Mandrake spacecraft, which enable it with the high precision control it needs to achieve the optical communications link, and our separation systems are also used to deploy these satellites dispatch. Another showcase this quarter of the strength of our interlinked mission solutions was the award of a new research and development agreement with the United States Transportation Command or USTRANSCOM. USTRANSCOM are responsible for all global logistics for the U.S. Military. It's DoD's future thinkers and they are looking forward to a rocket cargo transport and point-to-point travel for its operations in the years to come and see an opportunity across both our space systems and launch offerings. In Photon, our research agreement will explore the use of their spacecraft to establish on-orbit cargo depots and deliver re-entry capabilities, while Neutron and Electron are being examined for their ability to transport cargo point-to-point around the world. And then coming on to our Q3 highlights. We have completed the construction of our high-volume space systems production line to produce reaction wheels at scale. Our first prototypes for one of our mega-constellation customers has rolled off the line and is completing its testing before we begin the final -- we begin delivering the final products during next year. This production line is capable of producing up to 2,000 units a year, which is an enormous increase in the availability of these critical products to the market. Where components like reaction wheels have been individually built by specialized engineers over a long wait times, for this production, we've incorporated advanced machining centers optimized for unattended operation, automated production tools and automated environmental testing and workstation. This production line coming online means we're meeting the bottleneck of demand for these products for satellite constellation builders hit on, where we see significant growth opportunity in our Space Systems division. Post-quarter accomplishments. So as you saw there, another really good quarter from those business accomplishments in Q3. Now I'd like to take you through a few more exciting developments for the company since the quarter end. So a busiest launch year, so starting with Electron, we've had a busiest launch year. Just a week into the fourth quarter, we successfully launched our eighth mission. Five days ago, we launched our ninth mission and of the year-end, certainly surpassing our record for the calendar year. We said we would open up access to space with Electron with an increased launch cadence, and we have with a successful orbital mission every month this year since April. In fact, Electron has launched successfully more times this year alone than every other commercial small launch vehicle combined across all of their launches to date, and we're still not finished. So Electron and the team have had a stellar year, picking up the pace, while also delivering some of our most demanding missions ever. Arguably, our hardest mission was the CAPSTONE mission setting a satellite to the moon on Electron and one of our Photon spacecraft. It was the heaviest mission we'd ever lifted, the most technically demanded in the Rocket. And being only 15 days later, our team turned around and -- for a flawless launch of one of the highest level national security customers that being the National Reconnaissance Office. We've had this success because we've advanced the technology, built the infrastructure upfront, set up three launchpads and three operations centers, developed a world-class team of engineers. Electron has really hit its stride this year and is well set to continue an increase in cadence in 2023. Before that, though, we have another Electron mission to fly, our 10th for 2022, this time flying from Rocket Lab Launch Complex 2 in Wallops Island, Virginia. Launching from this pad is going to open up a new era in launch for small satellite customers. We've been providing reliable and responsive access to space for more than 4.5 years now and are excited to build on that strong heritage by unlocking a new path to orbit from Virginia's Eastern Shore. Across these three pads, both of our launch sites, we can support more than 130 launch opportunities every year to deliver unmatched flexibility in the market for government and commercial satellite operators. On the AFTS front with NASA, we've been encouraged by the recent progress and their expression of confidence that they will be ready to go by December. Electron arrived in Virginia last month and is deep into processing and already on the ground by the team. Launch rehearsals and integration of the HawkEye 360 payload to the rocket will be taking place in the next few weeks before rollout to the pad at LC-2 for a launch. I'm personally very much looking forward to seeing this Electron fly out of the [indiscernible]. Finally, I'm also excited to announce today that we have our second launch lined up from LC-2 for an undisclosed commercial constellation customer on our Electron in January, meaning that we'll have two back to pack missions from Virginia in just a matter of weeks. Even in its early days of flying from LC-2, Electron is set to change the game and set the standard for responsive and reliable small launch from U.S. soil with these two missions expected to be the fastest launch turnaround by any operational small launcher. Electron is already the most frequently launched small orbital rocket globally. And with both these complexes combined, the pace is really expected to pick up. This launch in January from LC-2 will be Rocket Lab’s first electron launch in 2023 as part of a busy launch manifest. Other launches already announced for 2023 include the first of five dedicated missions for Internet of Things connectivity provider Kinéis, the launch of a mission to demonstrate space debris removal technology by Astroscale in Japan and the continuation of the multi-launch contracts with HawkEye 360 and Synspective. This is not an exclusive list of all of our amenities for 2023, but it's just some of the customers that we've already announced this year. Moving on to Space Systems now and our contract to MDA for Globalstar has been expanded to include us developing a new global Satellite Operations Control Center, what we call the SOCC, for the constellation. We will not be disclosing the terms of this contract, but I can tell you, it does represent an extension to the $143 million contract already in place. The foundational mission software for the SOCC will be based off of our existing MAX system, the same one used to manage the DARPA Blackjack program that I spoke about earlier. The combination of our software and deep expertise in operating, demanding and complex missions, alongside our existing partnership, we are the driving forces behind the MDA choosing to extend this opportunity to us. By designing and manufacturing Globalstar's spacecraft buses delivering the flight and ground software solutions and developing and supporting the spacecraft operation centers, we're once again demonstrating that our strategy of going beyond launch and delivering complete space solution -- complete space mission solutions are basically end-to-end. A big part of our growth and acquisition strategy has been the vertical integration of supply chains to mitigate constraints. The strategically important components needed to build out a functioning satellite as part of the constellation. The companies we've acquired over the years, we believe, are the best in the business in their own right. But more importantly, combining them has provided us with inorganic and organically developed solutions that cover the complete mission end-to-end to deliver an operational platform that's going to be used globally. And this MDA contract is a perfect example of that. We're building all 17 of the constellations new spacecraft buses. The SOCC’s Globalstar mission will use our software. The satellites themselves will be powered by our solar panels. They'll communicate using our Frontier-C satellite radios that will maintain their position in space using our reaction wheels. Each satellite will be operated by our software, and they will have power distribution systems internally built by Rocket Lab. The customer also has the option within this contract to launch these satellites with us. Initially, there's an option for us to support the ground operations for Globalstar as well. The strength of our competitive advantage in vertical integration really shines with this contract. It helps to reduce the cost of our own systems, but also allow us to monetize it and the diversity of the revenue that you're seeing from us is a combination of that. Speaking of revenue generation in Space Systems. Early in the fourth quarter, we signed a contract with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to provide solar panels for shoebox-sized mobile robots as part of the agency's CADRE program. The CADRE acronym stands for Cooperative Autonomous Distributed Robot Explorers, much easier to just say CADRE, which the is next generation of pop-up explorers that will work with a group to collect data from hard-to-reach places on the Moon, Mars and elsewhere. They're going to be powered by IMM solar cells, a superior type of space-grade solar cell we provide for the most innovative and power-reaching customers' mission. The latest contract with JPL extends a long history through SolAero of powering NASA’s satellites and spacecraft, including NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter. We'll be using the same solar cells on CADRE as we did for the Ingenuity Helicopter, Mars helicopter with the high efficiency and lower mass combination and those cells being deemed a critical factor for enabling mission’s success. So with that, let me turn it over to Adam Spice, our Chief Financial Officer.

Thanks, Pete. I will first review our third-quarter 2022 results and then discuss our outlook for the fourth quarter. Third quarter '22 revenue was $63.1 million, exceeding the high end of our guidance range of $60 million to $63 million, representing 14% sequential growth over the prior quarter. Our record revenue performance in the quarter was a result of three successful launches as well as outperformance in our Space Systems segment, led by our Separation Systems product line. Launch Services contributed $23 million, delivering 20% quarter-on-quarter growth and representing 36% of the total revenue in the quarter. Space Systems contributed $40.1 million, delivering 10% quarter-on-quarter growth and representing 64% of total revenue. Now turning to gross margin. GAAP gross margin for the third quarter was 13%, which was within our guidance range of 12% to 15%. Non-GAAP gross margin for the third quarter was 24%, which was within our guidance range of 22% to 25%. Compared to the second quarter, where GAAP and non-GAAP gross margins were 9% and 22%, respectively, both GAAP and non-GAAP margins expanded in the quarter. In the Launch Services segment specifically, GAAP gross margin for the third quarter was negative 4% versus negative 12% in the second quarter. This expansion of gross margin was the result of higher average selling price per launch vehicle and lower production-related stock-based compensation expense. In the Space Systems segment, GAAP gross margin for the third quarter was 23% versus 20% in the second quarter. This expansion of gross margin was driven by a greater mix of higher-margin satellite component revenue, such as separation systems and reaction wheels delivered in the quarter. Total production headcount ended September 30, 2022, at 797, up 16 heads from June 30, 2022. In the face of increased production unit volumes, we continue to focus on constraining production headcount and identifying production efficiencies in pursuit of expanding gross margins across the business. Backlog declined $10.8 million during the third quarter to $520.6 million as the recognition of record revenue outpaced new bookings in the quarter. Significant portions of our business involve projects that are many months or years in formation. And as a result, converting opportunities into new bookings is lumpy. Our pipeline of opportunities remains robust, and we are confident in our ability to build our backlog over the coming months and quarters. When we compare the third quarter 2022 revenue on a year-on-year basis, the continued strength, evolution, and diversity of our business is evident. Total revenue was up more than 1,000% or more than $57 million when compared to the third quarter of 2021. Acquisitions have contributed meaningfully in this year-on-year growth, reinforcing the strategic importance of our early investments into expanding our total addressable market. Specifically, revenue contribution from the investments -- sorry, specifically revenue contribution from the acquired ASI, PSC and SolAero businesses added approximately $31 million of revenue in the third quarter of 2022. The remaining Rocket Lab product lines have experienced significant growth as well, having grown more than $27 million over the same time period, representing 514% growth year-on-year and contributed nearly $32 million in the third quarter of 2022. Now turning to gross margin. GAAP gross margin for the third quarter was 13% compared to negative 230% in the third quarter 2021. Non-GAAP gross margin for the third quarter was 24% compared to negative 84% in the third quarter of 2021. While we mentioned the impact of lower stock-based compensation on GAAP cost of goods sold and on GAAP operating expenses in the year-on-year compares, which was a function of the timing of our leaseback and the related onetime catch-up of revenue recognition of stock-based compensation related to restricted stock units vesting and on performance condition related to achieving a liquidity event. The current quarter stock-based comp represents a more normalized run rate-based stock-based comp level. In the Launch Services segment specifically, both GAAP and non-GAAP gross margin for the third quarter 2022 expanded significantly over the third quarter of 2021 as revenue growth led to greater absorption of production overhead as well as lower production-related stock-based compensation. In the Space Systems segment, both GAAP and non-GAAP gross margin for the third quarter of 2022 declined versus third quarter of 2021. The decline was driven by the acquisitions of ASI, PSC and SolAero, which add significant revenue contribution, but at lower gross margin profile versus our much smaller Space Systems business in the third quarter of 2021. Turning to operating expenses. GAAP operating expenses for the third quarter were $40.5 million, which was approximately $500,000 lower than our guidance range of $41 million to $43 million. Non-GAAP operating expenses for the third quarter were $27.4 million, which was within our guidance range of $27 million to $29 million. The growth in both GAAP and non-GAAP operating expenses versus the second quarter was primarily driven by an increase in staffing, prototyping related to Neutron vehicle development, the Electron booster recovery initiatives and Photon development projects, which were partially offset by the change of fair value of contingent consideration related to the PSC acquisition and deal-related amortization of intangibles. In R&D specifically, GAAP expenses decreased by $1.7 million or 9% in the third quarter, driven by lower stock-based compensation. Non-GAAP expenses were up $1.1 million or 10% quarter-on-quarter. We anticipate the trend of sequential growth in R&D to continue as we ramp investment in our Neutron launch vehicle and in Photon development in particular. Quarter ending R&D headcount was 348, representing an increase of 40 heads from June 30, 2022. In SG&A, GAAP expenses increased quarter-on-quarter $4 million or 21%, driven primarily by the earlier mentioned change in fair value of contingent consideration related to the PSC acquisition and deal-related amortization of intangibles. Non-GAAP SG&A expenses increased by $1.1 million or 8% quarter-on-quarter, mostly driven by increased staff costs as well as higher travel and marketing costs. Quarter ending SG&A headcount was 196, represent an increase of 14 heads from June 30, 2022. On a year-on-year perspective, both GAAP and non-GAAP operating expenses increased as the company continues to invest heavily in Neutron development, broadening our Space Systems portfolio of products and services and Electron recovery initiatives. The company is executing and achieving milestones on numerous ambitious projects, and we look forward to these investments generating shareholder value for years to come. Year-on-year GAAP R&D increased $3.3 million, and non-GAAP R&D increased $4.3 million, driven by increased staffing and prototyping expenses for our Neutron and Photon development projects. Year-on-year, GAAP SG&A was down $2.7 million, driven by a decrease in stock-based compensation, partially offset by an increase in amortization expense related to the ASI, PSC and SolAero acquisitions. Non-GAAP SG&A was up by $7.8 million, driven by higher public company costs, including audit, legal and D&O insurance. Cash consumed from operating activities was $23 million in the third quarter compared to $38.3 million in the second quarter. Sequential decline of $15.3 million was driven primarily by an improvement in working capital as well as lower net loss in the quarter. Cash consumed from investing activities was $188.7 million in the third quarter compared to $12.3 million in the second quarter. The sequential increase in cash consumed from investment activities was driven by the purchase of $179.9 million of marketable securities. Cash generated from financing activities was $2.1 million in the third quarter compared to cash consumption of $15 million in the second quarter. The sequential increase of $17.1 million was driven by lower tax withholdings paid on behalf of employees for the vesting of restricted stock units during the third quarter as well as a one-time contingent consideration payment in the second quarter related to the ASI acquisition. Overall, cash consumed in the third quarter was $210.3 million compared to $61.1 million in the second quarter. The ending cash balance -- the ending balance of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities was $515.5 million as of the end of the third quarter, representing a decrease of $31.2 million sequentially. And with that, let's turn to guidance for the fourth quarter of 2022. We expect revenue in the fourth quarter to range between $51 million and $54 million, which reflects $34 million to $37 million of contribution from Space Systems and $17 million of contribution from Launch Services, which assumes three launches or one remaining launch in the quarter with one of those three launches being the attempted booster recovery R&D mission last week that was only partially filled, resulting in lower absolute and per launch contribution in the quarter. We expect fourth quarter GAAP gross margin to range between 5% and 7% and non-GAAP gross margin to range between 16% and 18%. These forecasted GAAP and non-GAAP gross margins reflect the anticipated lower absorption of overhead expense in the Launch Services segment as well as a higher mix of lower-margin products within our Space Systems segment. We expect fourth-quarter GAAP operating expenses to range between $39 million and $41 million and non-GAAP operating expenses to range between $28 million and $30 million. This quarter-on-quarter increase is driven primarily by increased R&D staff costs and prototype expense related to continued growth in our investments in the Neutron launch vehicle and development and scaling of our Photon product family. We expect fourth-quarter GAAP and non-GAAP net interest expense to be $1 million, and we expect fourth-quarter adjusted EBITDA loss to range between $12 million and $16 million and basic shares outstanding to be approximately 474 million shares. And with that, I'd like to open up the call for questions.

Thank you, Adam. During the Q&A portion of today's call Rocket Lab will address the selection of questions from retail shareholders posted to our Q&A platform with Say Technologies. We'll begin by answering a selection of shareholder questions from amongst the top voted questions on the platform. We'll pass over any questions which are likely to have been answered already throughout today's presentation. And we may group together questions that touch on the same things. But with that, the first question is from Daniel D. who asked, we are beginning to see major multinational corporations partner with Space Systems providers like Apple with Globalstar and General Dynamics with Iridium to provide more integrated services. Will Rocket Lab see a partnership similar to these in the future?

Okay. Thanks, Murielle. Well, I mean, I guess, the answer to this question is, you can already see that we are a strong partner with Globalstar, building their constellation, which is ultimately supporting some of those names. So the answer to the question is actually, it’s yes. We already are.

Our next question is from Michael H., who asks when will the company reach profitability?

Yes, I'll take that, Murielle. While most of the elements of our business have been ramping well, we're still in the early stages of our Neutron development and investments. So achieving and sustaining profitability can really only happen once we've got the majority of the R&D spending for Neutron in the rearview mirror. So I think that's the best way to look at it. It's really -- we've got a couple of things converging. We have an increase and kind of sustained investment in Neutron. And of course, that will come to crescendo as we approach the launch. But we still need the rest of the business to grow and perform to overcome that investment in Neutron in the short term.

Thank you, Adam. The next question is from Kevin R. who wants to know, are there any more potential acquisitions Rocket Lab is considering in the near term?

Yes, I can take that one as well, Murielle. So unfortunately, we can't speak to any specific acquisition opportunities, but we continue to see strategic inorganic growth opportunities in our markets, but there are no deals currently in advanced stage of discussion. We're very happy with the four strategic acquisitions we've done, and we do believe there are deals to be done, both large and small, that fit well within our end-to-end space solutions vision.

Our next question then is from Carter M., who asks, does Rocket Lab foresee any large military contracts in the near or distant future?

Yes, I can take that one, Murielle. I mean there's some pretty significant defense contracts we can't really discuss that we're actively working on. It's easy to imagine a lot of these defense contracts are very long lead time processes. Generally, though, I can say we are seeing really an increased engagement from strategic DoD program opportunities that we think we can bring a new level of stability and scale from our business to both launch and on Space Systems side.

Thanks, Peter. I'm going to summarize now some of the questions we've had for demand for Launch Services. So I'll put it forward in this question here. What are the impacts on Electron’s launch cadence? Is it customer readiness level of demand or any other factor that you might like to comment on?

Yes, I can take a swing at this. I mean I can compare a dedicated launch vehicle to like the difference between an Uber service and a bus. And it's -- the analogy is stronger than you think in the fact that on an Uber service when you call it, that's when you call it and it arrives on your timescale. And that's the same with the dedicated small launches is that the value that we offer our customers or one of the value is they can call us when -- and we meet their timeframes. Now the challenge for us is always is if they're not ready on time, we're kind of the Uber left outside the restaurant, waiting for someone to come outside. And this year, I think we've done a really good job certainly way better than previous years of managing that by processing multiple customers at once. So if one customer has an issue during either an integration or processing or even as they get in their satellite prepared, we can jump in front with another one. And we joke here, it’s literal, we call it manifest whack-a-mole where you’re continually fighting to keep the launch cadence. So the thing that affects our launch cadence, the most is, in fact, customer readiness less than demand. And when a customer slips, it's not that they go away, they just slip into a different quarter or slip into, in some cases, a different year. So we've seen continued growth in demand and which is pleasing to see. If we look at '23 and '24, we can see that we have line of sight to our model closing. So that's all good. But I mean customer readiness is the one thing that always is challenging to manage.

Thanks, Pete. Maybe another one for you. We've had several questions about Electron reusability from shareholders. The main points coming through have been what is the progress towards Electron recoverability and to what extent will reusability drive down launch costs? And then finally, how does this process inform and help guide the design of Neutron?

Thanks, Murielle. I guess the question that most people will be asking is what happened on the last launch. And what we can say is that during re-entry, we need a telemetry lock with the vehicle so we can determine where it is in the space because it's not responsible to put a helicopter in a zone where there's potentially a re-entering rocket. So it's very normal for us to lose that telemetry length through the reentry process because of the plasma and the heat and the barbecue roll that we put the stage in. And in this occasion, we didn't regain the lock in a time that was sufficient for us to put the helicopter into an area to be able to successfully catch it. And that was a safety call that we made, and we have very strict flight rules around that, and that was ultimately the call we made. But we still pushed out of the ocean, and we continue to be very, very confident that we're going to get there with this recoverability. And it's important to point out that our other friends down the road took many, many attempts to successfully nail this. So that's probably the question on most people's mind, but more kind of directly to the answer to the question that you had. Look, the majority of the cost of the rocket is in the first stage. If you can get that first stage back in a good condition and service it without having to rebuild it completely, then it is a very, very strong performance driver from a margins and cost perspective. So that's -- it's all goodness. And then with respect to Neutron, I mean, man, I wouldn't be wanting to develop a reusable rocket without having all of this knowledge and experience of re-entering launch vehicles and controlling them and all of those things that becomes a long run. It is technically a very, very challenging thing to do, but it's -- we're really in the best position possible given all the experience that we're learning from Neutron -- from Electron, sorry. And it's directly applicable to Neutron and making sure that Neutron out of the gate is very successful from reusability standpoint.

Thanks, Pete. We've also had several questions about Rocket Lab's performance overall, which I'll summarize by asking, how would you say Rocket Lab compares to other commercial space companies, particularly in small launch, but also across end-to-end space solutions?

Yes, I'll take the first pass of this, Murielle. Yes, I think we've distinguished ourselves in a few important ways. Clearly, launch heritage is the most obvious. As we noted earlier, we successfully launched more times this year so far than all other small launch players and we did combined, and we did this while establishing our leadership in responsive space launching twice within 15 days. So I think those kind of accomplishment kind of speak for themselves and how we kind of view ourselves as being very separate and kind of unique with regards to the rest of the small launch group. Additionally, we think there's -- there was a window for paying customers to take a bet on a new small launch provider, but feel like that window is really closed. It feels like we're now in a period where new launch providers are going to have to self-fund establishing a launcher with sufficient flight heritage for customers, people to take risk. So I think that really goes to future competition and even the people who have kind of already kind of made it through the first round, if you will. But there's a lot of work to do and you have to look at what the customer incentives are here given kind of the state of development of various players, including ourselves. And related with regard to the end-to-end space play, we were aggressive in acquiring on over heritage with our four acquisitions, and we're certainly leveraging that heritage into larger and larger end-to-end opportunities entering programs like the MDA Globalstar program that we've talked a lot about. So again, I think there's very clear and obvious ways that we differentiate ourselves from the crowd. And we're very comfortable with the strategy and the execution against that so far.

Thank you, Adam. And with that, we'll be moving on now from shareholder questions. Thank you to everyone for your thoughtful engagement from our shareholders. We will open up the line now to questions from the analysts on the call. So over to you, operator.

We will now begin the live Q&A. [Operator Instructions]. Our first question comes from the line of Matt Akers with Wells Fargo.

I wonder if you could touch in a little bit more detail on the Q4 guidance for launch revenue. I think you mentioned why it was a little bit lower than what you might expect for three launches, but you go into some more detail there? And then how we should think about ASP? Does that still ramp up as we get into next year?

Yes, sure, Matt. I'll take that question and Pete can chime in if he views it differently. But so within the Q4 guide, I mean probably the -- obviously, the biggest impact is having one of our customers push their scheduled launch from Q4 into next year. It's kind of one of those things you get -- don't get a lot of notice from the customer sometimes on these things. So that was a late-breaking change, more of a soft guide for Q4 on the Launch Service side of things. The other thing is we had our recoverability launch that we did last week, which was really an R&D platform. We look at it as almost like sub-sized R&D. So we take a partially filled rocket so that otherwise, we could fill if we weren't so schedule-driven to make sure that we get a certain number of attempted recoveries in place. So I think those are kind of really the primary movers. So that will look like when you look at the revenue contribution from launch in Q4, you might look like, well, the average selling price is going down too much lower number, which is really not because that recovery rideshare again was really more of an R&D mission. As we look forward into 2023 and beyond, we actually see a pretty firm pricing environment for our product. We're not seeing any big discounts. I mean occasionally, we'll do some material discounts when customers are signing up for large bulk buys as is the case with pretty much any other business. But right now, we're feeling pretty good about where our pricing is. And again, over the last several years, we've actually seen price increases. So yes, I don't know if that answers your question or Pete, if you have a different view?

Yes, no. That answers my question. Sorry, go ahead.

No matter, I was just valiantly agreeing with Adam.

Got it. Okay. No, thanks. That's helpful. And then I guess if you could talk just how are you thinking about next year? I don't know if you can give any help in terms of how we should think about growth at kind of the two different segments kind of off of the Q4 run rate, if there's any early thoughts on that?

Yes. I'll take the first pass of that as well. So we're looking at what we think will be actually a pretty impressive growth year for -- on the Electron launch cadence. So this year, with the manifest that we just kind of closed out or we have, again, one more launch before we close out the year at 10 launches, we think there's significant growth. Right now, we pegged -- right now estimated launches for next year at around 14%, so about 40% growth year-on-year. And again, with fairly firm, I would say, pricing, we're still going to have a few R&D efforts around booster recovery. So overall, kind of if you want to think about the pricing on average kind of when that's all factored in, of somewhere around $7 million to $7.5 million per launch. Again, some will be higher, some we lower, particularly on the R&D booster recovery side of things. But yes, so again, we're looking at good growth year-on-year for the launch business. And then when we look at the Space Systems business, we really have five, if you said, vertical, if you will, within Space Systems. And we see solid growth from four of the five areas. And if you think -- as a reminder for those who aren't as familiar, so the areas would be satellite design services, satellite manufacturing, satellite components, and then we have the -- sorry, the on-orbit services management and fast data services portion of the business. And really, the only part within our mix right now that's looking to be a bit more challenged is on the solar side of the business, and that is primarily a function of the fact of revenue recognition around internal programs. So if we kind of step back and look at the strategic rationale for buying a business like SolAero is particularly to make sure that we had complete control of our own -- complete control as we can manage of our supply chain. So very strategic from that perspective. But as we take that merchant capacity at SolAero and we direct it towards internal programs like the MDA Globalstar program, for example, you end up having delays in revenue recognition. So as, for example, the products that are coming out of SolAero start to ship, ultimately with the completed satellites we'll have that delayed revenue recognition at that time. So it's kind of a near-term hit to revenue as you get -- you push that revenue recognition out. In our case, we'll start shipping those satellites in 2024. So it caused a bit of a pause to the business in 2023 for that particular product line, again, until we get to revenue recognition as we ship the satellites in a meaningful way in 2024. But as I said, the rest of the business, the other -- if you look at the other three acquired businesses from Sinclair to SolAero and ASI -- sorry, PSC, Sinclair and ASI, we're seeing strong growth across those acquisitions. And our organic Space Systems business as far as satellite design and manufacturing, that's growing as well. So we're really dealing with a bit of challenges because such a large portion of our Space Systems revenue is coming from that SolAero piece, which again, is being affected by the kind of revenue recognition or ASC 606 treatment.

Our next question comes from the line of Scott Deuschle with Credit Suisse.

Pete, one of your peers in the launch industry is -- they are building oxygen-rich closed-cycle engine as well. And I think it's fair to say it's been a bit of a challenge for them. And I recognize you guys have a great track record for execution. But can you maybe just talk a bit about what makes you guys comfortable with the development timeline you've laid out there for the team on Archimedes? And how you would give us some comfort about the risk of cost overruns or schedule slippage on that engine architecture?

Yes, hi, Scott, it's a great question. So I guess the fundamental difference is, generally the reason you go to an oxy-rich more closed-cycle is for performance. So you're trying to extract the maximum amount of ISP out of a particular engine. And what that means is you end up with thrust or chamber pressures in many thousands of PSI. And that's always a good way to determine like how stressed is an engine. Our rationale for going to the oxy-rich cycle was not because we're trying to squeeze out huge amounts of ISP and really push chamber pressures. In fact, our chamber pressures are down at gas generator chamber pressures at sort of 1,500, 2,000 PSI, which is low. Our rationale for going to the cycle was from a reusability standpoint. And ultimately, that cycle provides the best probability of reusability. So it's a long winded way of saying we're not trying to push the cycle. Like generally, you go to that cycle because you need the performance. We're not going to that cycle because we need the performance, and we're not trying to extract the performance. So you basically have an engine that is very, very cold and not running up against the limit. So that gives us a lot of confidence in the development timeline because, for example, a pre-burner pressure in some of our peers' engines run at 11,000 PSI or 8,000 to 11,000 PSI. And we're just down in a few thousand PSI. So at that ultimately means is the temperatures of the turbines, which are the things that cause you degrees are very low, which means we don't need exotic materials and ultimately the turbine stresses and strains are very low as well. So it's really taking an engine that normally someone chooses for performance and derating it right down to fair purposes, which is ultimate reliability. So we don't -- rocket engines are rocket engines, there's always development challenges along the way. But when the team looks at what turbine speeds and pressures and temperatures that we need to achieve at the cycle, they're really, really boring, which is what we said we wanted to do is make a very boring engine. So I wouldn't confuse like the cycle with the complexity here.

Okay. That makes a lot of sense. And then, Adam, you mentioned that some larger potential deals are maybe taking longer to close. Can you just talk a bit more about that? Is that the slowing of the sales cycle? Is that more on the commercial side? Or is it more from government customers?

Yes. I would say it's a little bit of both. And I think it's also a function of the fact that we're not chasing kind of 1Z, 2Z, small deals anymore. We're chasing needle-moving opportunities that just by definition are more complex. It's taking more -- kind of more of a holistic effort across the product lines in the company. So it's -- again, all of this is kind of reinforcing the strategy being an end-to-end player and having more to bring to the table and going after bigger and bigger game. And in this case, I think we've got a really good line of sight into that game that I think we're going to catch. But it's just taking a little bit longer. I don't think it's -- these things are taking, I would say, many quarters longer. But in some cases, they're taking a little bit longer. And again, our confidence level is very high that we're going to close on some of these bigger material deals. So again, just complexity size is really -- it's a good thing in this case, but it does take a little bit longer than kind of one-off smaller kind of individual deals.

Our next question comes from the line of Erik Rasmussen with Stifel.

I just wanted to real quick on the pricing. It seemed like there was a little bit of pressure this quarter because of the R&D but you're still thinking you're in the $7 million to $7.5 million for next year. But how is pricing beyond -- if we exclude those R&D programs, where is pricing today? Is it higher on average than what we're seeing currently and what we've seen throughout 2022?

No, so, the kind of the average sticker price or kind of your basic mission is still running around $7.5 million, again, some higher or some lower. We're not -- when we're pricing out in time, we've got our pricing table that assumes a certain level of increases per year. Part of that is just to deal with the inflationary pressures that we're all dealing with. But again, we're not seeing -- really, we're not seeing a lot of dramatic pressure on the pricing side. We're -- I think we -- customers realize the cost and the value of small dedicated launch, and they don't really compare us to things like rideshare on an apples-to-apples basis because it's really not a good apples-to-apples comparison. So again, pricing is holding up fine.

Okay. And then on margins coming down next quarter, how do you -- just trying to get a sense of where the pressure is coming from? Is it still SolAero? Is it something else? And then how should we be thinking about margins for next year or just directionally -- because we're seeing a step down here and we've seen some pressure throughout the year, should we still be looking at SolAero as potentially having 30% margins at some point? And are we still on track for that?

Yes. So I'll take those in a couple of different pieces. So on the overall margin directionality, so with -- on the launch side, whenever you have less revenue contribution from launch, then you have less production overhead absorption, right? So the fact that we have three launches, but one of them is heavily subsidized R&D, it just doesn't give you as much air cover for that. So I think what we saw in our Q3 results is the positive trend of increasing gross margin when we have full -- three full-price launches. So one launch per month is kind of on the undiscounted normal launches. I think that gets us on our path with all the cost reduction activities that we have going on for Electron margin improvement, really, again, gives us confidence that we're pointing the right direction. On the -- so again, on the launch side, I think that again, it's all about having at least one launch per month in the quarter. When you've got anything less than that or a subsidized kind of launch in the quarter, that kind of starts to eat into that in a meaningful way. And again, we're just getting underway now for some meaningful margin improvement projects on Electron specifically as we've now gotten that product stabilized, and we're looking to really turn the crank on profitability. When you think about the Space Systems margins and side of things, it's kind of -- it’s got a little bit of a yin and a yang here. You have with -- I mentioned earlier when Matt asked the question about growth in 2022, and SolAero being impacted by revenue recognition for internal programs that they would not have been impacted by if they were just selling out of the broad merchant market. That's a bit of a -- again, a bit of a blessing and curse because we'll have less kind of relative contribution from SolAero in at least for the majority of 2023 as they continue to ship into these internal programs, and we don't get to recognize the revenue. So that means that the rest of Space Systems will contribute more relatively speaking, and that should be helpful to the overall margins for Space Systems. I think when you look at SolAero's gross margins in isolation, we've done a lot of work with that team. We think there's a great opportunity to pull those gross margins up very much in line with what we had originally been talking about getting to 30 points. So I think there are just some distortions that are happening in the near to intermediate term because of the internal programs. And so you won't really necessarily see all of that margin improvement come through in a more visible way. But again, overall for Space Systems, because of that mix that we talked about and the fact that the rest of our Space Systems products have very high gross margins, we think, overall, that should be a positive uplift to Space Systems margin as we progress forward.

Our next question comes from the line of Suji Desilva with ROTH Capital.

Hi, Peter. Hi, Adam. On the launch count guidance for '23, the 14, what's the realistic expectation for how many of those might be out of Virginia? Is it kind of one a quarter early on? I know you said one is going to come on early in '23, but -- and would that progress towards sort of one a month over time?

Pete, do you want to take that?

Yes, I mean that's a good question. I'll have to actually follow the manifest and see where the kind of space throughout the year. But look, getting a couple of way early in the year is helpful. And then I would kind of imagine them pretty sporadically through the year. Because we haven't had the range operational for a while, we've been kind of cautious in what we book for that site. So I would say that you sort of see them sporadically through the year and then perhaps start to increase near the end of the year, just from the natural life cycle of a launch contract.

Yes. Suji, I mean right now, if you look at our -- when we look at our manifest, we would estimate somewhere between four and six launches of the 14 would come out of LC-2 in Wallops.

Great. And then, Adam, without going through a full accounting just of course on revenue recognition for these projects, kind of maybe what's going in and what's kind of coming out kind of recognition for the Globalstar MDA agreement? I know you're selling certain products in. Is it recognized when satellites are fully manufactured? Just give us kind of a thumbnail just to sort of understand?

Yes. We'd have to have a lot more time than allocated on this call. We would certainly set some time to talk about it offline because the accounting treatment of ASC 606 gets very complicated. But the way you can think about it is, there is a nominal amount of revenue that gets realized as you're building up the program, but it's kind of more kind of materials and inventory-driven changes. You realize the bulk of the revenue from these programs, whether it's the MDA Globalstar one, that's obviously a very large one, but other contracts that we have like ESCAPADE is when you actually ship the hardware. So when we obviously ship the satellite, that's when we get to recognize the majority of the revenue. So I mean a lot of what that really says is that as we disclose all of these really exciting satellite projects that we're working on that will be making meaningful progress in 2023 and ultimately ship in volume in 2024, that really kind of sets the stage well for 2024 when we'll have a lot of spring-loaded revenue as a result of not being able to recognize that kind of ratably over time. So if you kind of think about the -- I can't give you a percentage of the total contract value that gets recognized in kind of '23 versus '24. But I think roughly speaking, probably 80% of the revenue, for example, that the Globalstar MDA contract won't be recognized until 2024. So probably 20% in 2023 and the remainder of it in 2024.

Our next question comes from the line of Kristine Liwag with Morgan Stanley.

Hey, Peter. Hey, Adam. You're now at a launch cadence of about 1 per month for Electron, and you've already done 30 launches so far. When do you anticipate to record positive gross margin in launch? Will this be around unit 35, unit 40? Some sort of unit guidance would be helpful. And then also, Adam, you mentioned that pricing is getting better. We saw SpaceX raise prices this year. Is that an opportunity for you to potentially get to that positive gross margin sooner?

I'll take the first part of that question. I'll let Pete talk to the longer-term pricing leverage and dynamics. But -- so obviously, we're at a positive gross margin now on a non-GAAP basis. But you're right, it's negative on a non-GAAP -- sorry, on a GAAP basis. Again, a lot of good things happen when we're launching more than once per month. So GAAP profitability, that's probably when we get maybe our launch cadence up to, I'd call it, five, probably, let's say, a solid four fully priced launches per quarter is probably where we kind of move into that positive GAAP gross margin level. And the margins that we've been targeting all along have really been when we say 50% gross margin for our launch business, it's really a non-GAAP figure. So again, I think the GAAP numbers get confused by a lot of noncash items around amortization and so forth, depreciation charges. So it does take a little bit more of a step-up in a regular cadence of, let's call it, four fully priced launches per quarter would get us in that solid GAAP gross margin profitability. And Pete, I don't know if you want to speak to the pricing with regards to SpaceX increasing the pricing regionally.

Yes. Look, I think everybody feels the pressures of supply chain and increasing costs. And to kind of cadence point, Electron’s pricing has done nothing but go up since it has first gotten fly. And if you look forward at future pricing, it's certainly more reflective of that environment. So yes, like I think Adam said to other questions, we don't see the pricing increasing any time soon.

And maybe, Peter, following up on retrieval. I mean after last week’s helicopter retrieval attempt you explained that the chances for success are much smaller than those for failure because of many complex factors must perfectly align. So I just want to unpack this a little bit. How are you thinking about the success rate of each retrieval attempt then going forward? And then also, has last week's attempt changed how you're thinking at all on the helicopter approach?

That's a good question. Look, I mean I think it's important not to throw the baby out with the bathwater here. I mean I don't know how many 7 or 8 attempts I think it took SpaceX, I could be wrong on that number. But this is a second proper, go at it. And we did -- we fundamentally ported on the first attempt. So I think it is an R&D program, there's stuff we're going to learn. Yes, it's complex, but that like ever was easy, then everybody would be leading with rockets, right? And you have to enjoy the pain of getting through the R&D portion to operationalize it. What I would say, I think what started off is something that we weren’t even sure we can do is something now that around the business is just absolutely standing. There's reusable vehicles running down the production line. And to be honest with you, everybody kind of falsely expected that we would just catch this one, and there was a buildup for or ready to receive it and refurbish it. But the reality is we're still learning stuff. But it's still -- this is catch number two. So we've got a long way to go yet before we would abandon it for whatever reason. So no, I'm happy with where we're at. It would have been nice to capture, but we learned a lot.

Yes. I mean I'd like to see you guys catch that, too. And maybe if I could do one more, from the recovered Electron engines from the ocean that you've been recovering, how's been the wear and tear versus what you expected? And then considering the cost of refurbishing those wet engines, how does that track versus expected cost savings when you're able to successfully recover a dry one?

Yes. Actually we're better than we thought. It always amazes me when we pull it up out of the ocean. Flight computer, for example, and it literally looks like it's got barnacles on to the top, seemingly horrible. And you go and plug it in, it just fires up. Not that we’d ever fly flight computers that's got a barnacle on side of it. But my point being is that the system is designed to be incredibly reliable from day one. So by nature, it means that the systems seem to be incredibly robust to very abnormal environment and conditions. And the engine that was pulled and re-serviced, there was nothing in that engine that anybody was kind of surprised or stunned that it was in remarkably good shape. I think part of it is getting over the fact that it actually got dunk in the sea rather than anything actually technically wrong with it. So yes, that's what gives us confidence in the pursuit of this growth for Electron as that is the condition and the serviceability that we've been finding steps has been really good. And that also feeds directly into the Neutron team as well. So when we bring Neutron to market, there's not going to be a massive learning curve here to achieve what we need to achieve. Literally -- and almost purposely, the recovery team sits in the same building as the Neutron team. So they're all sharing each of these experiences, and we see the design of Neutron being tweaked real-time with everything we learned from Electron.

Our next question comes from the line of Austin Moeller with Canaccord.

Good afternoon, Peter and Adam. So just my first question here. If we think about the launch recovery, is there anything we can do on the vehicle itself in terms of an antenna to improve the connection in the event of -- just given the telemetry losses? I mean I know like SpaceX has built some redundancy around that. And I was just wondering what your thoughts would be just given you need the helicopter just given the mass requirements?

Yes, it's quite -- every re-entry is a little bit different. So on a SpaceX re-entry, they obviously do an entry burn, which slows their velocity through the wall, which is the most intensive part of the re-entry profile. For us, we don't do any of that. We bring it in straight through. So we have quite the buildup of thermal energy at the base that we manage and plasma around the launch vehicle. So -- and you find from an orbital re-entry standpoint, there's always a communications blackout. Once your vehicle is developed in plasma, there's very little any antenna can do to penetrate that kind of RF. So we do have a slightly different entry environment or quite a significantly different engine entry environment to others on that front. But obviously, we're not going to -- we're going to take lessons from this and try and improve what -- improve that. I mean we had successfully regained length pretty rapidly on previous launches. This one, unfortunately, we didn't. So we will obviously get to the bottom of why that didn't occur. But I should just point out, there's a very -- it's a nontrivial environment in terms of environment. It's quite different to others that we have to deal with on our re-entry.

Right. So I guess from that perspective, it's just to be expected that kind of like during the APOLLO program, they anticipate there would be a communications blackout on the ballistic return.

It's not the same energy, of course, for re-entry or energy over time, probably similar energies that just not over the time. So yes, as like I said, it's fully expected during that high plasma environment.

Okay. And then just -- this might be a question for Adam, but where are we at in terms of the existing contracts within SolAero and those could progressively being replaced by newer contracts that are working towards higher margins? And where are we at in your progress on the integration of that company?

Yes. So I would say that we're -- we continue to be on track to kind of that margin target that we've set of 30% within two years of the deal close. So we've got some time. We are making progress towards it on a quarterly basis. I would say as far as turning through the old contracts, as we kind of obviously burn through backlog, we're getting there. But I would say, too, that there was a nontrivial amount of business that was still to be worked through, and some of it came at a relatively low gross margin, albeit reasonable standard margin. And think about the how -- think about the kind of more of a classic semiconductor manufacturing environment, fixed -- covering your fixed costs are obviously important to a certain extent. And you have to look at that in the context of how you choose to take certain business because you have a lot of kind of recurring kind of fixed cost that flow through the business. So I think that, again, nothing is deterring us from the 30%. I think that, again, we're making progress towards it. I think it's not just something too where you have to burn through the old contracts because the old contracts can deliver higher gross margin if you can affect changes in your production overheads. So we're looking at everything that we can do to not only kind of bring in new contracts at higher gross margins, but also affect what ultimately we can deliver on the existing backlog as we reduce our overhead costs. And again, we're attacking this from every angle, and we're making progress. So again, I'm confident with the numbers that we put out there. I don't think there's any reason to shy away from those.

Our next question comes from the line of Ron Epstein with Bank of America.

You actually have Andre Madrid on for Ron today. A quick question. Looking at the selection of the Stennis Space Center, how do you see that having an impact on CapEx spend? And then with that being said, what are you guys projecting in terms of CapEx moving forward? What kind of rate?

Okay. Yes, so on kidn of the reduction of CapEx spend that Stennis enables us, it’s pretty significant, right? I mean if you look at the infrastructure that's there, it's massive. So it really, as we kind of mentioned, it helps us accelerate the kind of program from being building just an absolute [bare-bones] engine test and through to moving into something that is really quite significant from day 1, which helps accelerate us through to the early but also the mid and longer point of the program. So a really significant piece of infrastructure that obviously we didn't have to CapEx. And so from that perspective, a huge one. But I'll throw it over to you, Adam talk about overall CapEx and rate.

Yes. I mean overall CapEx has kind of been staying in a certain range, let's call it, like I think this quarter was a little under $10 million in the quarter. I think you're going to see that CapEx continue to step up as we continue to put infrastructure in place for Neutron. I think on our Space Systems business, we're pretty much there as far as infrastructure required to execute on our plan. There will be a little bit of additions here and there. But on Neutron, we're still very much in the early phases of getting the infrastructure put in place. So I think you'll start to see that roughly kind of $10 million per quarter CapEx number kind of sequentially increase and probably ends up, I'd say, peaking at in the kind of 25-ish million per quarter rate. It'll take a few quarters to get there, and then it will start to tail off. But when we talked about the Neutron program initially, we said it was a $200 million to $250 million program, split between -- if you think about the prototyping and personnel costs as well as CapEx, CapEx we anticipated to be in the $80-ish million for CapEx for the program with the remainder falling into personnel and prototyping. The mix on the program like this is always going to be hard to pin down exactly. But I would say right now, we're probably trending a little bit more towards higher CapEx, maybe a little bit less on prototyping and personnel side of things. So again, I think that in order for us to hit our 2024 first flight of Neutron, we'll have to have a pretty significant portion of that infrastructure in place as we exit 2023. So I'd expect -- or I would say, exit 2023 but certainly before the middle of 2024, you'll see a gradual increase in that CapEx from our roughly $10 million per quarter rate; at some point, will peak kind of in that kind of mid-20s and then we'll be pretty much kind of in place. So I don't know if that helps you dial in your model at all, but that's kind of roughly what we're looking at today.

Yes. No, definitely. That's very helpful. And do you think in any way this selection of Stennis could actually maybe accelerate so that there you could see a launch earlier than expected? Or are you keeping your timeline kind of at the same as it was before?

Yes, that’s definitely a Pete question.

So, no, I'm not beginning to knock time off there at this stage. Certainly, it's -- I think it's an accelerator in the short, but more impactfully it’s an accelerator in the medium to long term, but we'll hold to our dates at this point.

Our next question comes from the line of Cai von Rumohr with Cowen.

I know it's been a long call. I'll keep it to one. So you mentioned more launch recovery attempts in 2024. How many more and why the lower price? I mean, I can assume, I can understand why the costs would be higher but why the lower price? And maybe if you can give us a range of where the price would be for one of those R&D launches?

I'll take a first pass at that and have Pete as far as the cost and the pricing side of things. So Cai, you can think of this as being, we -- it's much more important for us to get the catch attempt in hand. So what we do is we set the R&D team and say, "Hey, you're going to be doing a recovery at this point in time, so get -- drive all your plans around that." And then we basically try to subsidize the cost of that recovery mission with whatever payloads will fit into that defined time scale, right? So it's much more important for us to get the mission off, even if we sell the rocket half full, which is kind of a decent proxy kind of for what we've been doing for these rideshares. So if you think about a $7.5 million mission, we've been selling roughly half the capacity. And the reason why we can't -- we haven't done more is because we've chosen to stick to a recovery schedule and maximize the revenue on that recovery flight. So you're right, there's nothing that would prevent us from basically filling up that and getting full revenue for that, other than the fact it would result in a delay in our R&D process for establishing the recoverability. So it's just the trade that we make. We take less revenue cover to get more frequent recovery launches in place.

And then how many more of these R&D launches are you going to take? I mean just until you get it right? Or how should we think about that?

So on these R&D launches, look as Adam pointed out, we're clearly optimizing them for our schedule. I think we had to -- with some degree of certainty to be able to provide data to the team to be able to meet. Now the development of the recovery system has slowed right down. I mean obviously, some tweaks we need to make, but it's not like where we were a year ago, where we were fundamentally making block changes to the vehicle. Now there's just a standard vehicle running down the production line, recovery vehicle. So it's a long-winded way, Cai, of saying that we don't anticipate really to be doing too many more of these kind of subsidized R&D missions at this point. We're pretty much ready to start moving into business just as a standard thing.

There are currently no further questions in queue. [Operator Instructions] There are currently no further questions in queue. So I will pass the conference back over to Peter for any additional or closing remarks.

Okay. Thank you, everybody, for your interest in Rocket Lab, and those who have participated in today's call. Adam and I will be speaking at these upcoming conferences and we look forward to the opportunity to share more exciting news and updates at the Stifel Midwest Growth Conference on November the 10th and the Deutsche Bank Global Space Summit on the same day and then ROTH’s 11th Annual Technology Event on November the 16th. So thanks again, and we look forward to speaking with you all again soon about the exciting progress we've made in the business.

Thank you. This concludes today's Rocket Lab Third Quarter 2022 Financial Results Conference Call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect your lines.