Good afternoon. Thank you for attending today's Pinterest Third Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. My name is Hannah, and I will be your moderator for today's call. All lines will be muted during the presentation portion of the call, with an opportunity for questions-and-answers at the end. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to pass the conference over to our host, Neil Doshi, Head of Investor Relations. You may go ahead.

Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. Welcome to Pinterest's earnings call for the third quarter ended September 30, 2023. I'm Neil Doshi, Head of Investor Relations for Pinterest. Joining me today on the call are Bill Ready, Pinterest's CEO; and Julia Donnelly, our CFO. Now I'll cover the safe harbor. Some of the statements that we make today regarding our performance, operations and outlook may be considered forward-looking, and such statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. In addition, our results, trends and outlook for Q4 2023 and beyond are preliminary and are not an assurance of future performance. We are making these forward-looking statements based on information available to us as of today, and we disclaim any duty to update them later unless required by law. For more information, please refer to the risk factors discussed in our most recent Forms 10-Q or 10-K filed with the SEC and available on our Investor Relations website. During this call, we will present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release and presentation, which are distributed and available to the public through our Investor Relations website located at investor.pinterestinc.com. Lastly, all growth rates discussed in today's prepared remarks should be considered year-over-year unless otherwise specified. And now, I'll turn the call over to Bill.

Thanks, Neil, and thank you all for joining our third quarter 2023 earnings call. We made great progress in Q3, as we accelerated our revenue growth and strengthened our fundamentals. Our efforts in deepening engagement and growing monetization are yielding results. We ended the quarter with 482 million monthly active users, up 8% to an all-time high exceeding our peak users from the pandemic period surge by refocusing on Pinterest's unique differentiators as a visual search, discovery and shopping platform. Total revenue was $763 million, up 11% on a reported and constant currency basis. This represents the third quarter in a row of accelerating revenue growth. Finally, the strong revenue growth, coupled with disciplined expense management allowed us to deliver adjusted EBITDA of $185 million and an adjusted EBITDA margin of 24%, a 1,300 basis point improvement from the year ago quarter. Last month, we hosted Pinterest's first ever Investor Day, where we shared an in-depth view of our strategy, the progress we've made to date, and what we're building for the future. It was great to see many of you in person. And if you haven't seen it, you can watch the event on our Investor Relations website. You heard there from many members of our senior management on why Pinterest is unique and different from other platforms, and why we have such a massive opportunity ahead of us. Pinterest users engage in dynamic multi-session journeys that go from inspiration to action. In other words, people are saving and curing ideas and products they hope to make, do or buy today and in the future. That means they easily pick up where they left off every time they use Pinterest with our recommendation getting increasingly relevant each time. These user journeys can span many verticals and include a wide…

Thanks, Bill, and good afternoon, everyone. Today, I'll be discussing our third quarter financial results and provide an update on our preliminary fourth quarter outlook. All financial metrics, except for revenue will be discussed in non-GAAP terms unless otherwise specified and all comparisons will be discussed on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted. To echo Bill's sentiment, I am proud of our team's execution, which resulted in a great quarter, marked by strong monthly active user growth, continued revenue acceleration and significant year-over-year adjusted EBITDA margin expansion. It is clear that the strategic shifts we have implemented in our business over the last year leaning into the differentiators of our platform and accelerating our ads product velocity are resonating with users and advertisers alike. We ended the quarter with 482 million global monthly active users, growing 8% and reaching a new all-time high. Our investments in increasing shopability and deploying AI across our recommendation engine are paying off. In the U.S. and Canada, we had 96 million monthly active users, up 1% year-over-year and we added approximately 1 million users versus last quarter. In Europe, we finished the quarter with 128 million monthly active users, up 7%, an acceleration from last quarter. In our rest of world markets, monthly active users were 258 million, up 12%, continuing the trend of acceleration throughout 2023. Now to revenue. The strength we saw this quarter further demonstrates how we are driving value for advertisers across the full funnel. Total revenue came in at $763 million, up 11% on a reported and constant currency basis. Strength in overall revenue was driven by our awareness objectives and conversion objectives, including our lowest funnel shopping ads format. In the U.S. and Canada, revenue was $618 million, an increase of 8%, accelerating to the highest growth we've…

Thanks, Julia. We've made great progress across our business in the past year, and we're just getting started. I want to thank our teams at Pinterest, our advertising partners and all the people that come to Pinterest to find inspiration and to shop. And with that, we can open the call up for questions.

[Operator Instructions] The first question is from the line of Eric Sheridan at Goldman Sachs. You may proceed.

Thanks so much for taking the questions and thanks for the details and prepared remarks. Maybe two, if I can. Bill, this year has been dominated by elements of some of the headwinds the advertising industry has faced, brand advertising, the macroeconomic conditions. How would you characterize the headwinds from those dynamics versus the tailwinds building on the shopping and the direct response side, when you think about the exit velocity investors should have in mind in terms of revenue moving out of 2023 and into 2024? And then Julie, at the Investor Day, we talked a lot about long-term margin potential, can you balance the margin potential you see in the business against some of the investments that you and Bill see as critical to make in the short to medium term to set up for that revenue success? Thanks so much.

Thanks for the question, Eric. So in terms of the broader ad environment, we've seen some stabilization there. And for us, particularly, retail has been an area of strength. I think it's been most pronounced with the larger, more sophisticated advertisers. And in addition to that stabilization in the broader ad market, as we've been improving our performance solutions, particularly at the lower funnel and better measurement. I think that's been reflected in our results with steady acceleration each quarter. And so you saw that in our Q3 results. You see it reflected in our Q4 guide as well around that study acceleration. And I'll give it over to Julia for the other part of your question.

Yeah, Eric. So thanks so much for the question. So as we think about kind of margin expansion potential from here. Maybe stepping back for a minute, we feel really good about the progress we've made so far in delivering margin expansion. We started the year with a 200 basis points margin expansion goal and we're on track now to triple that to 600 basis points for 2023. You're right that at Investor Day, we said we plan to get to the low 30s percent range in three to five years from now and we get there with a steady progression. We are still planning for that. This year, the combination of revenue acceleration and cost discipline led to outperformance on margin expansion. However, there are a lot of investment opportunities with high ROI, particularly in staffing sort of our R&D and product focus and technology areas that we want to fund as we think about balancing investment in the business and capturing the opportunity ahead of us, and flowing through profitability to the bottom line. So given that for next year, we're not specific guidance, but we do expect further margin expansion that will be more modest than the 600 basis points we are delivering this year in particular. And overall, we remain committed to steadily expanding our margins as we march up to that low 30% range over the next three to five years.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Ross Sandler with Barclays. Please proceed.

Hey, Bill. For Bill or Julia, just going back to the Investor Day, there was a slide, I believe it was in Julia's section that showed kind of these colored bar charts around how much of the growth has been coming from ad load increase versus usage growth following the WPO change. And the question is, as we bring on Amazon and other third-party partners in the future, what do you think of the sustainability of that trend of increasing ad load? And is that a multiple year dynamic? How do you see that playing out as we bring on more demand? Thank you.

Thanks, Ross. So as we've discussed, we have more than half the users on Pinterest, and you say they're here to shop. And when they use it in a commercial mindset, relevant ads can be great content for the user. And so you've seen us proving that out over the course of the last year. And when we think about the third-party partnerships, we talked about this at Investor Day, and the progress we've seen so far, one of the most encouraging things we've seen as we're bringing on third-party demand with our Amazon ads partnership is the strong improvement in relevance. So we noted at Investor Day that we saw a 50% improvement in relevance on search. And as we're coming into related items, we're seeing 100% improvement on related items from that third-party demand. So the analogs that I have say to me that over a multiyear journey, our ad load when they use it in a commercial context, can be a multiple of what it is today. And that's being driven by both improvements in the platform as well as getting the right relevant demand onto the platforms. And we've made continued progress in both. But we see a multiyear period there without can continue. I'd also highlight just the dynamic of -- as we've been doing at the best proof point that we're turning the ads in the relevant content for users, is that even as we've taken ad load up, you've seen -- we've seen all of our measures of engagement growing faster than the user growth, which means we're deepening engagement per user, even as ad load grows at a multiple of -- or grows faster than the engager. So I think that's the best proof point that as we bring in the right relevant ads for that user in the commercial context, that's -- they're finding that as engaging content.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Lloyd Walmsley with UBS. Please proceed.

Thank you. First, just on the partner monetization, it sounds like Amazon is progressing faster than you guys expected and good early results. Remind us what the big outstanding blocks you need to get through to scale that with other partners and with other partners and then is there any of the acceleration in 4Q coming from Amazon? And then the second one would just be more broadly on generative AI. You guys have a lot of interesting user data, content, context like anything you're working on interesting on the consumer-facing side for generative AI that you want to call out? Thanks.

Great. Thanks for the question. So with the Amazon partnership, we gave an update just two weeks before the end of the quarter at our Investor Day. And what we've continued to see is consistent with the comments we made there, and as a reminder, what we talked about at Investor Day, we see really good progress. We're testing, learning, iterating and we're focused on creating a really great relevant user experience and valuable merchant experience. And we're really pleased with what we're seeing on that front. That's the biggest breakthrough and this is demonstrating the increase in relevancy from bringing on third-party demand. As I noted in the prior question, 50% increase in relevance on search and 100% increase in relevance on related items, I that just bodes really well for where we can go with that. So those are the biggest things to solve for. As we've been calling out, it is a multi-quarter implementation with the most meaningful revenue to hit early in '24. So that's with regard to your question on Amazon. The other part of your question around potential new partners. We've commented on this from early on that part of what made us a multi-quarter implementation is that we were fitting the platform for third-party demand generally, not just one partner. So that sets us up well to expand to other partners as we go into '24. And we've been really focused on making sure we get this first one really right, but we have built it in such a way that we think it sets us up well to expand to additional partners as we go into '24. And then on the generative AI front, it's -- AI generally has been a really great source of strength for us. And the places that…

Thank you. Our next question is from Rich Greenfield with LightShed Partners. Please proceed.

Hi. Thanks, Bill and Julia for taking the question. I got a couple. One, just -- I want to follow up, Bill, you were talking about sort of the, I guess, you called it the compounding benefit to both Pinterest and your content and advertising partners on ad load and how it's not impacting engagement. What does that tell you in terms of like, does that imply that there's still lots of room to run in terms of what the ad load could be? I mean you sort of framed it as I think you were about to say multiples and then you sort of said it was the percentage increase. But I'm just wondering, is there any way to frame how much is ad load up? And as you sort of see the engagement benefits from better targeting of ads and content do you think that there is multiples to go in terms of ad load over the course of the next several years? And then two, just because I've been using Pinterest a lot over the last few months and one of the things I certainly noticed is the presence of Timo (ph), wondering if there's any way you can sort of quantify, has Timo been a major advertiser year-over-year? How much of an impact has it had positively on your business year-over-year, would be helpful just to put it into context.

Great. Thanks for the question, Rich. So stated very simply, there's a lot of room to run on ad load, again, both through the unlock of whole paid optimization and our ability to look at the ads of relevant content as well as being able to ingest more relevant third-party demand as well as getting more first-party demand as our advertisers, particularly retailers are seeing more performance from us and wanting to bring more relevant inventory onto the platform. We think there's a lot of room to run there. Over a multiyear period, the analogs that I would have in my mind would say to me that when the users in a commercial context on our platform, which again more than half users are here to shop, but when they use it in a commercial context I think the analogs I would look to would say that we could support a multiple of the ad load that we currently have. That will be a multiyear journey to get to that. But I think that means there's just a lot of runway in front of us on where ad load can go. And the key proof points that I would have had in my mind coming in five quarters ago, were really around whole page optimization, proving out that the users wanted to shop and would engage all the way through the lower funnel and the ability to bring in more demand rapidly and all those major unlocks, we have progressed quite nicely on all those, but there's a lot more runway to go to get to get all the goodness out of that. That will be a multiyear journey, which is why we feel confident in our prospects as we look forward. And then on the other part of your question on Timo (ph), our strength in retail has been broad-based. So if you looked at our strength in retail, the largest advertisers, the larger, more sophisticated advertisers they've been seeing really great results from our latest product developments and they have been leading into the platform, each of our largest, most sophisticated advertisers across retail have been growing faster than the growth rate of our revenue overall. So they're leaning in and contributing to growth. And then Timo has been a nice -- I will not comment on any one specific, but just sort of Asian e-commerce exporters generally have been a nice contributor to that. But we don't feel particularly concentrated or exposed given that our strength in retail has been very broad-based.

Operator next question.

Thank you. Next question is from Brian Nowak with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed.

Great. Thanks for taking my question. I have two, excuse me. The first one, at the Analyst Day, you gave that great chart where you sort of showed the growth in engagement versus that basket of saves and impressions versus the DAU versus the mile growth. Can you just update us for how fast that engagement grew in the quarter? I think it was up 14% in 2Q just for context. How quickly was it up in 3Q? And then the second one, you have a lot of different monetization sort of irons in the fire. Can you sort of walk through some of the key technological hurdles you still have to overcome for direct links and deep links as we think about those fully rolling out throughout 2024?

Yes. Thanks, Brian, for the question. I'll take the first part and maybe kick it over to Bill for the second part of your question. So we did see engagement trends continue the same trends that we showed at Investor Day. So we talked about strong engagement growth on the call. We also talked about the increase in ad impressions of 26% being driven by both total impressions growth increasing and ad load increasing. So the same trend of ongoing engagement growth across the basket of metrics that we monitor and talked about on Investor Day, continues to hold for Q3 specifically. And now Bill for the second part.

Yeah. So this is actually a really great area, Brian, in terms of what's required to implement our lower funnel solutions here and how that's going. So Mobile Deep Links, which had has had really great results and been, 235% lift in conversion rates, which is really experienced taking the user from Pinterest, straight into the product and buying experience in a retailer's mobile app. But there's a lot of retail that may not have users on their mobile app. And so with Direct Link, we're now taking that a similar experience that will drop the user straight into a product and/or purchase experience with the retailer's website or mobile website, and we're deploying that very rapidly. And we're actually able to deploy that even faster than mobile deep links. So we now have approximately 60% of our revenue of our lower funnel revenue has been migrated to direct links. And so the value creation of that has really been tremendous. We talked about 88% higher outbound click-through rate and 39% decrease in cost per outbound click. That's just really phenomenal value creation for the advertiser. And so advertisers have been seeing that. The other thing to note is that we are still in the beginning of capturing the value from that because we started rolling that out sort of in the back half of Q3. And I shared some comments as to how we're continuing to roll that out into Q4 and even into Q1, and we have our measurement progress that lets the advertisers measure all that goodness that they're seeing. So the shift of budgets that can result from that, I think while we have really accelerated the value creation for the advertiser, and they're really pleased with what they're seeing. I'd say we're still early on in capturing the value from that. So I think there's a lot of tailwind to that deployment as we continue forward into Q4 and in the next year.

Thank you. Our next question is from Mark Mahaney with Evercore ISI. Please proceed.

Thanks. Two questions, please. The growth in MAUs was most pronounced in ROW -- the rest of the world regions. Any particular markets there or countries you would call out there? Is there something that suggests that, that growth is there's a new growth element in ROW? And then secondly, I think two other companies have talked about seeing a little bit of a pause in ad spend due to geopolitical factors earlier in the quarter? Are you seeing anything like that? Thank you.

So I'll take the second part of your question first, Mark, and thanks for the questions. So before I get to that, actually, I want to just take a moment to acknowledge the tragic situation on the ground in Israel and Gaza. While Pinterest doesn't have employees there our thoughts are definitely with all those that are affected truly beyond words, the situation there. So with regard to the impact of the geopolitical situation, advertisers do react to major geopolitical situations. But spending on our platform has been relatively resilient so far in the quarter. When the Middle East conflict broke out, some brand advertisers did temporarily pause spend, and this resulted in a minor short-term impact. But we've since seen those advertisers largely return. And if the geopolitical environment were to get materially worse, we'd expect that brand advertising would be more at risk and performance ads would be more resilient. So platform skewed more to brand would be more impacted than we would be given the progress we've made in the lower funnel. But if advertisers pull back spend in a more meaningful way than what we've seen so far, we're not going to be immune to that. But taking into account everything we know today and what we've seen so far, we feel good about our ability to execute in the quarter, bolstered by our recent product improvements at the lower end of the funnel, which is factored into our Q4 guidance. And then on the math side, it continues to be a story of mature markets where it's a story of deepening engagement in mature markets. And then broad-based strength, as you look to rest of world, we're getting more and more relevant results. A lot of these things we're talking about in great improvement and relevancy using next-gen AI technology. These are things that are having a global impact in mature markets where we've seen a lot of the users that we need to see that manifest as deepening engagement per user. As you look to rest of world, you see even more mile growth happening in those markets.

Thank you. Our next question is from Doug Anmuth from JPMorgan. Please proceed.

Thanks for taking the questions. At the Analyst Day, you talked about launching a fully automated ad tool in 2024, similar to some of the other large platforms. I was just hoping you could provide an update on that? Perhaps any commentary just around how the build progress is going there? That's all. Thank you.

Thanks, Doug. Appreciate the question. So we're really pleased with our progress on that front. If you think about sort of the fully automated tools out there, we have most of the components that you'd want to see in that. And we're now bringing those together into a more comprehensive solution. So if you looked at -- are bidding now, we'd have a significant majority of our revenue. It would be using -- is using automated bidding today. As we look forward into '24, as we progress through the year, we're going to be giving advertisers more ability to basically give us targets, give us creative and then leave it to us to go drive campaign results for them. And so we feel like we're making really great progress there. And so we think that's another positive factor as we look forward into '24.

Thank you. Our next question is from Anthony Post with Bank of America. Anthony has dropped from the call. So our next question will be from Ron Josey with Citi. Please proceed.

Great. Thanks for the question. I have two, please. Bill, you talked about when you're talking about engagement in newer use cases, improvements in users picking up where they left off in prior sessions, talk just more about how that connected search improves overall engagement rates and just the impact to overall use cases? And then with mobile deep linking fully launched in July, love to hear just more insights on overall adoption now or GA. And particularly, I think I heard you say we launched Direct Link in 3Q, but there's more to go. So any insights on MDL and Direct Link would be helpful. Thank you.

Yeah. So on this sort of picking up on Journeys, they're multi session. One of the things I think people may not fully appreciate is that a significant portion of commercial journeys are, in fact, multi-session. And if you were to look over the shoulder of a user that's shopping, the way this would manifest as you'd see 30 or 40 browser chats opened at a time, oftentimes, which is reflective of how users think about these shopping sessions as multi-session experiences. This is a real core strength of Pinterest, like that pain point of having 30 or 40 browser tabs open at once. That's sort of a core pain point that Pinterest solves. And so as users are saving on our platform at an increasing rate, we talked about our most recent cohorts being approximately twice as engaged as past cohorts and saving being a core element of that. As we're making that experience easier and better for the users to go save those journeys with us, come back and pick up where they left off and get great recommendations like taking the example I gave us taking the jacket and the shoes that you saved, but then coming back and not only do you get more recommendations about that, but things if you go with it are things are relevant to your style. We're seeing that really play well with users and give you the more reasons to come back to Pinterest, more frequently for their shopping needs. And so we feel really excited about the results there, but we still have a lot more that we can go forward with. But it's a core strength of Pinterest. And it's really unique to our platform, fundamentally different than what users would do on other platforms. And so as we're leaning into that, we're seeing a differentiation assign through more and more. And then on Mobile Deep Links and Direct Links, the great news with Direct Link is that we've been able to deploy that more easily for retailers without them having to do work on their end. They still need to do work to measure and then to reallocate budgets. But our ability to go deliver them more clicks, we then will do that without work by the advertisers, particularly with retailers that we're getting into shopping. And so that 88% lift in clicks that we noted is a tremendous value creation for the advertisers. And as we look forward, and they're getting that -- they're seeing that come through in their measurement models and they're thinking about budget, we see a lot of that value capture is still in front of us, even though we're moving very rapidly on the value creation for the advertiser.

Thank you, Bill.

Thank you.

Our next question is from Colin Sebastian with Baird. Please proceed.

Hey. Thanks, guys. Good morning. A couple for me as well. I guess, first off, when you look at the incremental revenues on the platform, I'm curious how much of that growth is from new advertisers versus just higher budget allocation from existing advertisers? And then secondly, apologies if I missed this, but did you provide an update for Q4 to date on API for conversions, the penetration rate across revenues in the platform? Thank you.

Yeah. So on your first question, we've seen certainly a nice mix of new advertisers coming in as well as they're seeing compelling results. But as I noted in my prior comments, our strength, particularly in retail has been broad-based. And we've actually seen the larger, more sophisticated advertisers have been at the core of that. And so seeing those most sophisticated advertisers are seeing great performance from us. There is a cohort growing faster than our revenue overall. In fact, across all of our large sophisticated advertisers, particularly in retail, we're seeing them growing faster than our revenue growth rate overall. So I think that bodes really well for just how our lower funnel performance-oriented solutions are driving value for advertisers and that's working well with large retailers. It's also helping to bring in emerging categories as well. To comment on some of those emerging categories like travel and financial services and others. And so there are new advertisers coming on to the platform as well. But retail has been the largest contributor to our growth, and driven particularly by larger sophisticated advertisers, which we always say, if you can make them happy, you can make just about anybody happy. And so we expect that, that trend of other advertisers coming in or leaning more into the platform will only continue.

And then, Collin, to your second question about the sort of penetration update on API for conversion. So we did not update that stat simply because we just gave it to you all last month at Investor Day. So just a reminder there, at that time, we said that as of August, 28% of total revenue has adopted the API for conversions app, which is up from 14% at the start of the year. So continuing to see nice progress there.

Thank you. Our next question is from Mark Kelley with Stifel. You may proceed.

Great. Thanks very much. I have two quick ones. The first one is just on just the importance of whether it's Amazon or other third-party demand partners that you bring on over time. I guess how important are those partnerships to international expansion? Does that make it easier, partnering with a tech provider that's kind of widely adopted? That's the first one. And then the second one, just a follow-up on API for conversions. Is that something that you expect to kind of slowly increase in terms of adoption and then kind of a rush at the last minute when cookies are deprecated on Chrome? I guess what's the path forward bigger picture?

Thanks for the questions, Mark. So on your first question there, we've not talked about -- there's no specific new announcements around third-party for international anything like that. But we have talked about how we are significantly undermonetized internationally and that as we look forward, and think about how 3P could help with our business overall, international is definitely a place that we think third-party demand can be particularly helpful. We had some comments on this in Investor Day, both around third parties around working with resellers internationally, all of which can help accelerate our progress. international. So that's definitely something that we're focusing on as we go into next year is driving greater ARPU internationally given our under monetization there. And we see third-party as a contributor to that, along with other efforts like resellers and other things that can bring relevant demand onto the platform internationally. And then on Cappy (ph), to your point, as we go into '24, I think we've seen, as we look back towards the larger, more sophisticated advertisers have been at the earlier end of the adoption curve on these things. But as we look into '24 and there'll be -- that has been stated, desire to make further progress by browser -- major browser providers and deprecating cookies. I think that will create more forcing function for the industry as we go into '24. So I don't have a better crystal ball than anybody else, but I do think as we move toward that cookie less future that will create some forcing function for advertisers to implement privacy safe measurement. And then I think the other thing just as we face a cookies future, we talked about this, we think the industry broadly is in a similar boat around the implement privacy safe measurement tools. But we think platforms are in very different boats as it pertains to being able to serve relevant ads to users and stated very simply, Pinterest doesn't need to follow users around the Internet to know what they're interested in. Users come on Pinterest and tell us what they're interested in. So our ability to serve great relevant ads to users is driven by what users do on our platform, correctly by our first a signal. And so we think we're positioned quite well as it pertains to delivering great relevant ads for users even as we move into a cookie less future. And then on the measurement side, yes, the industry I suspect we'll continue to accelerate the adoption of those prove safe management tools as we go into '24.

Thank you. Our next question is from Tom Champion with Piper Sandler. You may proceed.

Good afternoon. Bill, on Amazon, is there any sensitivity to managing the existing 1P advertiser base when layering on a major partner or additional partners in the future? Is there any impact to existing advertiser price or ROI or any trade-off there to keep in mind? And then Julia, maybe for you, just curious if you could discuss the very strong revenue growth in Europe in 3Q. Any call outs there? Anything to monitor on the regulatory front there as well? Thank you.

Thanks, Tom, for the questions. To your point on 1P versus 3P, I think you're sort of getting out, like is there a channel complex kind of issue there. And we've not really seen that surface. What we've really seen surface, and I think this is evidenced by the meaningful increase in relevance is that we're really seeing a lot of new demand that's coming through that. You would have the relevancy increases if you weren't seeing new demand that wasn't already on the platform. So that's really been the highlight so far is that it's making it so that there's new relevant demand showing up on our platform, which is why it's been so engaged in positive for users. So we've not seen any particular concern there, certainly something we would watch for and pay attention to. We actually think these things are quite synergistic with one another. And then I'll give it over to...

Yes. So Tom, on your question on sort of European growth in Q3 specifically. So we did see some strong growth there from CPG and also from emerging verticals such as technology and the auto vertical. But this was also amplified by strong growth with agencies. As we've talked about, historically, agencies play a differential role in the European market specifically. Some of it was also, to be fair, a little bit of an easier comp in Q3 of last year, both on a reported and a constant currency basis. And so I think that's something also that's worth calling out and no major impact that we see today in our business or expect on the regulatory front either.

Thank you. This was the last question for today's call. So I will now hand the call over to Bill Ready for closing remarks.

Thanks again to all of you for joining the call and for your questions. We look forward to keeping this dialogue going, and we hope you all enjoy the rest of your day.

That concludes today's Pinterest third quarter 2023 earnings conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect your lines.