Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by and welcome to the Novavax Second Quarter 2023 Financial Results and Operational Highlights Conference Call. At this time, all participant lines are in a listen-only mode. [Operator Instructions] After today's presentation, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Erika Schultz. You may begin.

Good morning and thank you all for joining us today to discuss our second quarter 2023 operational highlights and financial results. A press release announcing our results is currently available on our website at novavax.com, and an audio archive of this conference call will be available on our website later today. Please turn to slide two. Before we begin with prepared remarks, I need to remind you that this presentation includes forward-looking statements, including information relating to the future of Novavax, its key strategic priorities, operating plans, objective, and prospects, full year 2023 financial guidance, its future financial or business performance, conditions or strategies, its partnership, anticipated timing and outcome of future regulatory filings and actions, and the ongoing development of its vaccine candidates, the global market opportunities for our vaccine candidates, our manufacturing capacity, and the future availability of our vaccine candidates, and key upcoming milestones. Each forward-looking statement contained in this presentation is subject to risks and uncertainties that can cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in such statements. Additional information regarding these factors appears under the heading Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements in the slide deck we issued this afternoon, and under the heading Risk Factors, and our most recent Form 10-K and subsequent Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and available www.sec.gov and on our website atnovavax.com as well as subsequent filings with the SEC. The forward-looking statements in this presentation speak as of the original date of this presentation and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any of these statements. Please turn to slide three. This presentation also includes references to a non-GAAP financial measure, which is forward-looking information for R&D and SG&A expense as adjusted to exclude one-time restructuring costs as described on this slide. Please turn to slide four. Joining me today is John Jacob, our President and CEO, who will provide an update on our progress during the quarter for a three key priorities. Additionally, John Trizzino, Chief Commercial officer and Chief Business Officer, will provide an update on our commercial activities; and Dr. Filip Dubovsky, President of Research and Development will discuss our COVID clinical development and pipeline. Finally, Jim Kelly, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer will provide an overview of our financial results. Rick Crowley, Chief Operations Officer will also be available for the Q&A section at the end of today's call. I would now like to hand over the call to John Jacob. Please turn to slide five.

Thank you, Erika, and thank you everyone for joining us today to discuss our second quarter 2023 financial results and operational highlights. Since our last earnings call, the entire organization has continued to focus on our three priorities for the year; first, delivering an updated product for the upcoming fall season. Second, reducing our rate of spend, managing our cash flow and evolving our scale and structure. And third, driving additional value from our technology platform and portfolio via the advancement of our pipeline and business development activities. I'm pleased to share with you today the significant progress we've made on all 3 of these priorities for Novavax. Let's start with our first priority, delivering an updated product for the upcoming 2023 fall vaccination season. Thanks to our comprehensive strain change strategy and commercial readiness efforts, we are well-positioned to achieve this objective and reiterate our plan to deliver our updated vaccine on time for the fall season. Importantly, we believe we have a competitive product profile and have produced an ample supply to meet anticipated demand this season. We have initiated our filing for authorization in the US and are preparing to file our submissions in the coming weeks in other key markets. For the US, our commercial team is fully deployed and focused on ensuring our vaccine is widely available and accessible. Outside of the US, our sales continue to be driven by existing APAs with committed orders intended for delivery in the fourth quarter of this year. We are confident in our readiness to deliver an updated, differentiated and competitive vaccine for this fall season. In most of our key target markets, including the US, our vaccine, if authorized, would be the only non-mRNA protein-based option available, and we're excited about the potential to offer our vaccine…

Thanks John. Please turn to slide six. Novavax's COVID vaccine is authorized for use in over 40 countries around the globe. Leading into the 2023, 2024 fall vaccination season, many of these countries are still purchasing COVID vaccines under advanced purchase agreements, APAs, while in the US moves to traditional vaccine purchasing and commercial operations. Today, I will be discussing specific activities and readiness for each region. Please turn to slide seven. The US, as planned, is exiting the pandemic phase and entering a more traditional seasonal vaccine market with many similarities to seasonal annual influenza vaccine distribution. We have been preparing for commercialization in the US throughout the pandemic phase, and we are ready organization-wide for availability of product as soon as September, of course, dependent on our FDA strain-specific authorization and ACIP recommendations for use. As you would expect, there has been significant collaboration across many US agencies and within HHS to ensure that this transition is executed smoothly and there is vaccine available for anyone interested in receiving a COVID vaccine. Critical updates and prioritization of public health objectives over the past few months have provided greater clarity for the upcoming vaccination season and focused our preparation. Let me highlight some of the most important and significant items. Based on the evaluation and recommendation from VRBPAC, the FDA selected the XBB.1.5 as the monovalent strain for the 2023-2024 COVID season. Novavax has been manufacturing this new variance train at commercial scale based on the final strain recommendations in June. Our updated XBB.1.5 COVID vaccine is on track to be in our US facility in September and immediately available for distribution and use upon authorization. Two, HHS Secretary Becerra, outlined four priorities for the transition to traditional commercial access of COVID vaccines. Novavax is working to support these…

Thanks John. Please turn to slide 10 and 11. Today, I have to cover three topics. First, I'll update you on our strain change study, which is our number one priority. Then I want to share some new pediatric data before I touch base on plans for our clinical pipeline. Please move to slide 12. Study 311 Part 2 is a key study upon which our XBB strain change regulatory filing is based. This study compared a prototype vaccine to BA 5 in a bivalent vaccine with prototype plus BA 5 in 750 adults. The study design was agreed upon with regulatory agencies to support the upcoming strain change filing for XBB.1.5. Here are important findings from the study. We achieved all three co-primary endpoints. The bivalent vaccine induced a superior neutralizing response against BA 5 compared to the prototype strain vaccine. It also generated a non-inferior BA 5 seroconversion response to noninferior neutralizing response to prototype. As an aside, the monovalent BA 5 vaccine was more immunogenic than the bivalent a finding that recapitulated the preclinical data we discussed in the June VRBPAC. And finally, all formulations had similar reactogenicity profiles. Findings from both the BA 1 and BA 5 parts of the 311 study provide reassurance that our manufacturing is consistent and the various strains perform comparably. These data have been submitted to the FDA to support regulatory approval for our updated XBB COVID vaccine. In addition to abating our vaccine for the fall season, we continue to work on expanding our label to include the pediatric population. Please go to slide 13. 3503 is our global pediatric HD escalation study being conducted in children six months of age to 11 years of age. Enrollment is complete in the six to 11-year-old cohort and the two to five-year-olds…

Thank you, Filip. This morning, we announced our financial results for the second quarter of 2023. Details of our results can be found in our press release issued today and our 10-Q filing. In addition, we also announced this morning the execution of agreements with SK Bioscience that enhance our strategic business partnership and include an $85 million equity investment in Novavax at a 59% premium to the 90-day volume weighted average price. I'll begin by providing an overview of our second quarter 2023 results. Then I'll provide more details regarding our quarterly results, liability management, and progress on our global restructuring and cost reduction plan. Finally, I'll share an update on our financial guidance for the full year 2023. Please turn to slide 17. For the second quarter of 2023, we recorded $424 million in total revenue, reflecting a $239 million and 128% increase as compared to the second quarter of 2022. Combined R&D and SG&A expenses for the second quarter of 2023 were $313 million. This reflects an $85 million or 21% decrease compared to the second quarter of 2022 and $46 million or 13% decrease compared to the first quarter of 2023. This improvement represents the continued progress of our ongoing cost reduction plan and demonstrates our commitment towards an improved financial profile to drive long-term value. Additionally, in the first half of 2023, we reduced our outstanding liabilities by $864 million, including a $323 million reduction in the second quarter of 2023. The with the SK Bioscience announcement today and settlement of related manufacturing agreements, the reduction to current liabilities now exceeds $1 billion for the year. And finally, we ended the second quarter with $518 million in cash and an accounts receivable balance of $395 million for a combined total of over $900 million as…

Thank you, Jim. Please turn to slide 23. I'd like to close today's call by reiterating the important progress we've made on all three priorities for 2023. The updates we shared today reflect meaningful progress against our priorities, which are intended to place Novavax on a path to success both this year and beyond. During the past quarter and through midyear, we have under priority one, continue to prepare for the fall season and have now manufactured our XBB vaccine at commercial scale with ample supply, initiated our regulatory filing with FDA and have our commercial team fully deployed with the majority of US commercial contracts completed or in progress to ensure broad access to our vaccine this fall. Priority two, so we've significantly reduced our current liabilities by over $1 billion and in parallel have built a cash and receivables balance of over $900 million as we head into the fall vaccination season. We are also on track with our cost reduction initiatives. And in addition, we're able to absorb our one-time related restructuring charges within those stated targets. Under priority three, we will be advancing our pipeline of future assets with a priority focus on our new combination vaccine program and secondarily, our stand-alone flu program, as Filip outlined earlier in the call. Regarding business development, we signed a new agreement with SK Bioscience that includes an $85 million investment in Novavax at a premium and removes the $195 million current liability from our balance sheet. In addition, new approvals were achieved for the R21 malaria vaccine and we anticipate upcoming sales of Matrix-M to support that launch as well as potential royalties from future sales. And we were proud to announce that we signed an agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute to advance…

We will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] First question will come from Roger Song with Jefferies. You may now go ahead.

Great. Thanks for taking the question and congrats for all the progress.

Thank you, Roger.

Thank you, John. So, a couple of questions from us. Maybe first, to focus on the US market. So, for the XBB filing you already started, so just curious what's left to be submitted? Is that possible you will -- they will -- FDA will need to see XBB clinical data versus the BA 5 data you already have on hand? Any risk of supplying to be able to meet all the requirements by late September? Maybe that's one part of the US question. And the other part is the -- what are the key drivers for you to be able to gain meaningful market share in the US for this for specifically, maybe talk about the pricing strategy. And in your 10-Q, we see those presentation is five versus one dose, any impact from there? Thank you.

Thank you, Roger. Filip, would you take Roger's first question, please, on the FDA submission?

Sure. So, we are submitted the preclinical packages, and we're going to complete that file this month. we previously discussed with the FDA the need for what kind of clinical data we need, and that's why we connected the study we did. The XBB BA 5 data is adequate and not only for the US but globally for approval for XBB.1.5. And our plan is to have the product available in time for the FDA CDC release at the end of September.

Thank you, Filip. And John Trizzino, would you like to take the US commercial?

Yes. Sure, John. Thank you Roger, thanks. Key drivers have been somewhat outlined in the script, but to review a big piece of this an access strategy, being able to make sure that all markets have -- all market segments have availability to the vaccine. We've talked about distribution, pharmacy, national regional the health care provider offices, public health. These are our key participants in our strategy to make sure that we have the non-mRNA vaccine or protein-based vaccine available and accessible across that entire spectrum. Pricing strategy, we're in line with what's been publicly stated, about $130 of WACC All of that gets incorporated into a reimbursement strategy that makes us in a competitive advantage situation here to be sure that all of that vaccine is being purchased through the normal channels. And as we think about what those normal channels are, it's the normal annual seasonal flu vaccine, means of getting to the health care provider and to the consumer. I think it's critical to understand here that we had very limited access of our vaccine during the last season to government contract purchasing and a late approval of our vaccine. We are now well-positioned with inventory to be in warehouses starting in September. The distribution network in place and a strong desire for the consumer market and the health care provider market to be trying the protein-based vaccine.

Great. Thank you. Maybe next question is regarding the financials. So, very glad to see your financial position improved significantly. And also, Jim, you mentioned on the call, if all the operational plan is successful, you can remove your going concern. That's key for investors, I believe. And maybe just elaborate on that point a little bit when and under what condition you will potentially remove the going concern in the next 12 months? Thank you.

Yes. Jim Kelly, you can take that question.

Hey Certainly. And you're exactly right that this is an area of high interest for investors, our financial health. We really think we've made significant progress. As you heard us mention, we have of $900 million as of 6/30 in both cash and receivables. And we just announced a really important improvement in our strategic partnership with SK that certainly eliminates further liabilities. When it comes to the going concern, you are correct that it is further disclosed in our 10-Q. And we look forward to providing more updates especially in light of our performance this fall in the updated vaccine commercial marketplace. And I think that's about what we can say right now. I think the -- we're optimistic with our operating plan. We continue to execute well. And then if we do so, that would be in line with our expectations that with the appropriate execution, we endeavor to remove that going concern. So, more on that in the future.

Excellent. Thank you for the comment. That’s it from us.

Our next question will come from Eric Joseph with JPMorgan. You may now go ahead.

Good morning. Could you clarify whether the updated XBB vaccine would be available as a single-dose or multi-dose format for the US fall campaign? And I'm also curious to know whether any of the -- whether a single dose format is required by any of the national or regional PBMs? And then I have a follow-up.

Thank you, Eric. John T, do you want to take that one?

Yes. Thank you. Yes, we will be providing five-dose vial presentation, which is a reduction from our previous endos. We have been talking about unit dose vials. -- on assessment of what market conditions are looking like. There's -- to be sure that we had sufficient supply and then sufficient timing parameters. The decision was made to go with dose vial. There is no specific prevention from having a multi-dose vial. And the reality is we still have refrigerator stability while others are still being shipped frozen product. ease of administration of the five-dose vial and certainly making sure that there are no barriers to the use of the five-dose vial and that's being communicated and coordinated with all of our customers, distributors, pharmacies, health care providers, et cetera. You had a follow-up question?

Yes, it did. That's very helpful. Thanks John. Maybe just picking up on your comments about pricing and you made a note about WACC, but your comments being competitively priced, I guess, what should we be thinking about in terms of discounts or really net price? Is there a range that we should be modeling in the US?

Yes. So, we're not going to disclose the specific contract pricing terms. But as you can imagine, it's part of the overall access strategy, and contracting strategy across all of these channels that we are making sure that the reimbursement calculations are being taken into consideration for what they are purchasing for, what the health care providers are being reimbursed for, and knowing that, that's an important calculation for that strategy. So, contracting across all channels in particular, I've mentioned pharmacy, I've mentioned office space physicians, but office phase positions are in categories of integrated delivery networks, or in physician buying groups. And so therefore, that contracting strategy significantly affects their decision-making.

Final one, if I could. Just speaking a last one here. With respect to the remainder of deliveries under APA in the EU, are you effectively done with distributing the Wuhan strain at this point? Or should there be some through still in the second half of that format? I guess if that's not the case to get, what's the timing that you expect to sort of be ready with the XBB strain delivery in that region?

Go ahead, John.

Yes. So Eric, all of our shipments in the fall will be the variance strain XBD. The different regions have different rollout of the APA. So, APAs in EU are finishing up before the end of this year, and we're going to be shipping all that product then Canada, Australia, New Zealand Taiwan, Singapore or all have additional APA shipments to be coming. But we're -- in all cases, whether we still have an extension of APAs, there will be ongoing and already in place execution of commercialization strategies, either in the private market or the tender markets. In the script, I made reference to several key markets in the EU that are going to be focused -- our attention will be focused on those markets as we go into the season. So, we understand what those situations are. We also understand, especially in Europe about the Pfizer about the Pfizer settlement in Europe against their contract. However, that still leaves more than sufficient market share available for us to acquire. And again, all those conversations and negotiations are already in process for the future.

Great. Thanks for taking all the questions.

Thank you, Eric.

Our next question will come from Brendan Smith with TD Cowen. You may now go ahead.

Hi guys. Thanks so much for taking the question. Congrats on the quarter.

Thank you, Brendan.

Yes. So, a couple of quick ones from a kind of building on, I think, the last couple of questions. I guess, really, to your point about the APAs, I wanted to also ask if you're still planning to or maybe currently negotiating with any of these governments to try to monetize any of the remaining APAs? Or are you expecting at this point to really just go ahead and fill them fill the rest as is? And then I guess one last question on the remaining supplies of the Wuhan vaccine, if we should maybe expect any, I don't know, potential write-offs or disposal of the existing doses or really what your plan is for any outstanding supplies there as we kind of move into the fall with the XBB booster? Thanks.

John, do you want to take the first question on APAs?

Yes. Let me -- I think Eric may have asked the same question, too, and let me just come back to clarify. So, for the remainder of shipments to be made for the balance of this year will all be under the variant stream vaccine XBB will be what the strain included in the vaccine will be. No additional Wuhan shipments will be made we, for this period of time, have complied with the VERPAC recommendations of the variant strength to be included. That we will continue to do throughout all of the various regions that we're engaged. The APAs are a little bit different country by country. So, no APAs to contend with in the US It's a wholly commercial market. Canada, for example, will continue under the amended APA will continue for 2024 and 2025 under APA, and we continue to talk with them long term about what their coded vaccine needs are. Europe ends with this year, but conversations on a country-by-country basis for what might either be their tender market or private market -- and then similarly, with Australia and New Zealand, those APAs have been amended to continue for another years. In every case, the relationships established during the pandemic continue to be strong on a country-by-country basis. They've been very cooperative and flexible with us. In all cases, we've retained the full contract value of the APA. So, we will either continue to ship updated variant vaccine or manage that through future purchase commitments to be satisfying against those obligations.

And then Jim Kelly, the second question on any potential write-offs from Wuhan?

Yes, exactly. And we don't anticipate any write-offs associated with Wuhan. And I think you noted in our COGS this quarter, I think it's about $2 million in ex-pre [ph] and obsolescence. So, we've balance sheet of those items, and we're fully focused on delivering the updated vaccine this fall. I'll just reiterate what John just said about getting all the Wuhan vaccine to our customers. We are fortunate. Our customers requested to have Wuhan delivered by Q2, and we delivered on that. And that was a part of what people are happy to see in our topline this quarter. And when you think about our guidance that we've given just in terms of phasing of revenue, we had said, hey, about one-third or $500 million we expected before the fall season. Well, we did just that. And so the remaining $800 million to $1 billion is this back half of the year, and we look forward to executing with our updated vaccine.

All right. great. Thanks guys.

Our next question will come from Mayank Mamtani with B. Riley. You may now go ahead.

Good morning team. Great to see solid execution against your plan. I appreciate your transparency. Just quickly kind of following up on the prior question around the current liabilities management. We noticed the Gavi update mostly sort of being focused on 2024 in your 10-Q. I'm just curious, anything additional on that topic, we should hear beyond the color you provided in Canada and with the SK Bio, anything else that could happen on the current liabilities bucket we should be looking out in the near-term? And then I have a couple of--

Jim. Do you want to comment?

Hey, well certainly. And by the way, thank you for asking this question about current liabilities because it is so important to our financial health as we move forward. When you think about the $864 million that we've eliminated year-to-date and current liabilities. And then the incremental $195 million associated with a really important set of agreements with SK Bio. My goodness, what a difference these last months have made as we further strengthen our financial position as a company. We still do have in our, I'll call it, other liabilities, the approximately $700 million associated with Gavi. You have heard us say before that we stand by our position that in our dispute that we think the claims are unwarranted. And while we can't -- as policies speak to legal matters, we did share a disclosure that the arbitration hearing has been scheduled for next July 2024. And so that's all we can share at this time. But certainly, going back to great progress on improving the financial strength of this company and looking forward to giving more and more updates on that front in future calls.

Very helpful. And then maybe to fill in, Filip, quickly on the flu-COVID work ongoing. We saw a major antibody effort, unfortunately failed recently and we've had relatively mixed -- results from the mRNA, at least for a particular strain subtype. Could you just talk about, Filip, what you're sort of learning in -- and as you think about late execution for your candidate and obviously, there are distinct advantages that you have with your combination how you might be looking to design that Phase III study?

Yes. So, first, I want to remind you that the data that we presented previously was a relatively small data set, right? We compared 11 different formulations. So, those had to be bedside mixes. So the whole idea is for this next study, we're going to be testing a co-formulated vaccine which would be the final formulated product we're looking at. To develop the safety database, we could actually go into a large Phase III study. We think we're going to have a superior product. That's the target product profile, and we aim to prove that with a clinical efficacy Phase III study to follow. Now that being said, the -- our stage gated approach is really to release resources to develop the co-formulation and looking forward in the future, hopefully, to get that Phase IIb study taken care of next year to increase the value of the asset and really to have assured us that as we go in a Phase III study, we'll have a superior product.

Okay, understood. And maybe just one final one for John, if I may. The range -- the US product sales guidance range is fairly broad I was just curious, in terms of timing versus market share versus some of the considerations around price and volume levels, how should we characterize some of that based on your customer later discussion. You obviously haven't done already with GPOs and -- are you able to sort of break down those different variables in terms of how we may excel against that range, which is really broad?

Yes, John T., do you want to comment?

Yes. Hey Mike, look, I think you're seeing a pretty significant range of estimates on total US market demand probably for good reason in that there's a lot of variability in what's going to be driving market sizing for the fall season? You had a lot of vaccine fatigue in the last fall season and a lot of good reason for that. People were into the second or third booster, they were getting told to be vacated get in the fall campaign. It was falling off the headlines. The US government was declaring victory over the pandemic. I think we're in a different situation in this fall campaign. We have a new strain of the virus circulating in order to be protected from that new strain or to reduce serious illness from that strain. You need to have this updated vaccine in place. in part, what's going to drive that is information and communication to the consumer and health care providers about the need assistance from the CDC and their communications campaign advising the public as to what to expect. And then, of course, it's participation at the pharmacy level, right, plays a significant role going forward. supporting a vaccination, the office-based practitioner engagement with public health, the VFC programs, 317 funds. Remember, there's also the Bridge Access Program that's been talked a lot about with Secretary Becerra to make sure we've got coverage for underinsured, no insured, underserved populations. And so I think we're going to watch this play out over the next few weeks and months to decide where that is. As far as our market share is concerned, Remember, we had very little participation in the US market last year, unfortunately. And so -- but we have kind of moderate expectations about what we should be able to do. But I think that there is a demonstrated need for non-mRNA COVID vaccination. They understand the value of a protein-based vaccine. We are the only protein-based vaccine in the US market, and we're going to be talking about choice and choice being important to this market. So, we expect to see some market share gains in this fall campaign for sure.

Great. Thanks guys for taking our questions. Appreciate it

Our next question will come from Alec Stranahan with Bank of America. You may now go ahead.

Hey guys. Thanks for taking our question. Just a couple from us. First, maybe just a finer point on the expectations around the BLA approval. Is your expectation that going into the fall vaccination cycle that you'll have an ELA in hand? And if not, are any of the contract deliveries that you expect contingent on a BLA, ACIP recommendation or MMWR recommendations? And then I've got a follow-up. Thank you.

Go ahead, John T. on that question.

Yes, that's actually a really good question that we want to make sure everybody clearly understand. So, we are already in the process of submitting for the BLA. We expect that to be final submission within the coming weeks and months and then a BLA approval in the first quarter of next year. That process does not have a negative or positive effect for the full campaign, right? Constant coordination and communication with FDA. We expect full operating flexibility under the emergency use authorization. That conversation, as I said, has been taking place with the regulators and with the FDA. And so no restrictions across any of our distributors, pharmacies, health care providers because we will have that EUA authorization available to this product from the FDA.

Okay, great. And maybe one quick follow-up maybe for Filip. Just in terms of the data that goes into the BLA, what the FDA would want to see for full approval. Is this simply comparability versus the Nuvaxovid on immunogenicity? Or do you need to also demonstrate protection from infection? And if it's the latter, would you be updating the market once this data is available? Thank you.

Yes. So, let me be kind of crisp on this, the BLA itself, is based on the prototype vaccine 2373, the original strain. So, that's as John said, is we have a rolling submission and that's going in now. The approval for EUA for the XBB is also going in. As I've said, we've completed a complete clinical role. And the data I showed you today is the key clinical data for authorization of the XBB variant. There's no other data in that file other than the data you saw today. And that's going to be concluded this month. with expectation for us to be building product by the end of September for the CDC FDA. Now, there's a subsequent supplemental BLA next year, which will wrap all this up into a single file going forward. So, at some point next year, we're going to be out of the EUA game and in a straight BLA game with this and all subsequent variants.

Great. Thank you.

[Operator Instructions] Our next question will come from Vernon Bernardino with H.C. Wainwright. You may now go ahead.

Hi everyone. Thanks for taking my question and congrats on the restructuring and positive results on the liabilities. I just wanted to confirm a few things. Just wanted to confirm that the WACC you quoted was $130 and whether that was for a single dose booster type shut or is that for the full vaccination regimen? And I have a follow-up. Thank you.

So Vernon, that's $130 -- WACC is $130 per dose regardless of presentation. And so therefore, the calculation is based upon WACC reimbursement follows in line with that calculation. And then, of course, the supporting contracts out to specific healthcare providers is all part of how that process works.

And how does that work with -- I know some would consider that kind of a premium price. How would that end receptivity with a combination COVID and [Indiscernible] vaccine as far as [Indiscernible] to such a vaccine beam somewhat how we desired and then, therefore, also something that's deserving of premium pricing?

Yes, I don't know that I would call it premium pricing. You're in the prevention or reduction of illness of a significant severe disease. So, the justification for that is based upon pharmacoeconomic modeling that takes a look at the benefit received from the vaccine against the economic burden associated with hospitalization, illnesses out of school, out of work, et cetera, et cetera. I think we have a calculation that is reviewed. We're confident that there is a robust cost benefit analysis that supports that WACC consistent with the other manufacturers. I won't yet comment on where we're going to be pricing strategy for a combo vaccine. But if you do have something based upon the data that we saw from the Phase II, that immunogenicity is robust and better than the leading vaccine in the market and that you also are combining that with a COVID vaccine that has a robust efficacy profile against a severe disease burden that you would expect to see pricing consistent with the economic benefit.

Terrific. Appreciate the additional insight.

You're welcome.

And this will conclude our question-and-answer session. I'd like to turn the conference back over to John for any closing remarks.

Just want to say thank you for joining us today everyone. We appreciate it, and we look forward to sharing further updates with you in the future. Have a great day everybody.

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.