Good day, and welcome to Magnite's Fourth Quarter 2021 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please note, this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to Nick Kormeluk, Senior Vice President, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, operator, and good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to Magnite's Fourth Quarter 2021 Earnings Conference Call. As a reminder, the comparisons you will see in the 10-K as reported include the financial results of SpotX and SpringServe for Q4 2021, but for the periods part of the date of acquisition, the results do not include SpotX or SpringServe, which were acquired on April 30, 2021, and July 1, 2021, respectively. During the course of this call, when we refer to the results and associated year-over-year comparisons with the phrase as reported, we are referring to the basis as reported in our 10-K. When we make comments referring to pro forma comparisons, we are including Telaria, SpotX and SpringServe for the relevant preacquisition period in order to provide a like-for-like comparison. Please keep in mind as it relates to the SpotX and SpringServe acquisitions, prior quarterly results are estimated and unaudited. As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded. Joining me on the call today are Michael Barrett, CEO; and David Day, our CFO. I would like to point out that we have posted financial highlight slides to our Investor Relations website to accompany today's presentation. Before we get started, I'll remind you that our prepared remarks and answers to questions will include information that might be considered to be forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, statements concerning our anticipated financial performance and strategic objectives, including the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. They reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and estimates, and subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from expectations or results projected or implied by forward-looking statements. A discussion of these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions is set forth in the company's periodic reports filed with the SEC, including our 2021 annual report on Form 10-K. We undertake no obligation to update forward-looking statements or relevant risks. Our commentary today will include non-GAAP financial measures, including revenue ex-TAC or less traffic acquisition costs, adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP income per share. Reconciliations between GAAP and non-GAAP metrics for our reported results can be found in our earnings press release and the financial highlights deck that is posted on our Investor Relations website. At times, in response to your questions, we may offer incremental metrics to provide greater insights into the dynamics of our business. Please be advised that this additional detail may be onetime in nature, and we may or may not provide an update on the future of these metrics. I encourage you to visit our Investor Relations website and access our press release, financial highlights deck, periodic SEC reports and webcast replay of today's call to learn more about Magnite. I will now turn the call over to Michael. Please go ahead, Michael.

Thank you, Nick. 2021 was a transformational year for Magnite. We are now the largest and leading independent sell-side platform across all programmatic channels and specifically in CTV. Through organic growth of over 50% in CTV and 2 very strategic acquisitions, SpotX and SpringServe, we vaulted Magnite to become the clear leader in CTV among independent SSPs. We posted a strong Q4 and have started this year with similar growth rates in CTV and improved growth rates in DV+, and we are optimistic about 2022. In addition, we believe that our quarterly year-over-year growth rates will improve as the year progresses. And as we stated previously, we continue to expect full year 2022 revenue ex-TAC to come in well over $500 million, and we continue to maintain our adjusted EBITDA margin target of 35% to 40%. Let me cover some quick 2021 full year stats that highlight the scope of our transformation. Total revenue ex-TAC, as reported, came in at $416 million versus $220 million in the prior year. For full year 2021, revenue ex-TAC from CTV as reported, was $143 million versus $34 million in 2022 -- I'm sorry, in 2020. On a pro forma basis, CTV grew 52% and accounted for close to 40% of our total revenue ex-TAC, and DV+ grew 20% on a pro forma basis year-over-year, demonstrating strong growth. Now I'll dive deeper into the state of our CTV business. Ad-supported CTV is in its early days, and like any developing market, revenue growth measured on a quarterly basis can be choppy. Why is that? In addition to being an early-stage fast-developing market, it helps to understand Magnite's major buckets of CT revenue by product. The majority of our CT revenue is generated by 3 buckets. All 3 have different take rates, and ad spend…

Thanks, Michael. We are pleased to close a record year for Magnite. We posted $460 million in revenue ex-TAC for the year on total ad spend of roughly $3.5 billion. We also posted an adjusted EBITDA margin of 35.7% for the year. This resulted in non-GAAP EPS of $0.55 for the full year 2021. Q4 revenue had a solid finish in line with our guide and Q4 adjusted EBITDA came in well above guidance, which resulted in strong earnings per share. Total revenue for Q4 was $161.3 million. Revenue ex-TAC was $142.1 million, up 76% from Q4 2020 on an as-reported basis and up 10% on a pro forma basis. CTV revenue ex-TAC was $54 million in Q4, 2021, up more than 3x from $15.3 million last year on an as-reported basis and it was up 23% on a pro forma basis. Mobile revenue ex-TAC grew 6% and desktop revenue ex-TAC grew 1% year-over-year, both on a pro forma basis. Our revenue ex-TAC mix for Q4, 2021, was 38% CTV, 36% mobile and 26% desktop. Operating expenses, which, in our case, includes cost of revenue, for the fourth quarter were $157.7 million versus $74 million in the same period a year ago. Increases were primarily driven by the inclusion of SpotX. Adjusted EBITDA operating expenses, which represents the difference between revenue ex-TAC and adjusted EBITDA, were $74.6 million for Q4, close to flat sequentially, and up versus the $50.9 million in Q4 2020, also driven primarily by the addition of SpotX. Costs were lower than expected in the quarter, driven by a postponement of our return to office, lower-than-anticipated marketing event spend, and reduced travel and entertainment costs. In addition, hiring challenges continue to persist, consistent with the overall labor market. Net income was $0.5 million in the fourth quarter…

[Operator Instructions] The first question comes from Shyam Patil with SIG. Please go ahead.

It's Shyam. I had a couple of questions. First on CTV, Michael. Can you talk a little bit -- a little bit more about just what you're seeing there, especially with Managed Services? And then how you're thinking about growth in the second half and long term? I know you guys have said many times over the past that growth can be volatile, but just curious kind of when you look out in time, just what kind of growth rate do you think is reasonable for CTV. And then second question on OpenPass, when do you think you start to see the benefit of that and how have you reflected that in your outlook?

Yes, both great questions, Shyam. So what are we seeing in CTV. As we talked about it, CTV was -- performed, we thought extraordinarily well in 2021 and as we exited the year, we saw some weakness as others did in the certain sectors and -- advertising sectors, for us, it was auto and travel. And unlike the general platform where that probably is made up in an open auction environment in CTV, it's a little less fluid and it's insertion order-driven and our mid-market team is -- there's a high dependency upon those 2 categories. So we had kind of signaled coming out of Q4 that we thought we were going to be battling those headwinds as long as supply chain and the Omicron existed. And it seems like from what we're seeing is that as you look ahead and you see bookings, things are turning much more positive. And I think that the worst is behind us in many of those issues. And so I think that CTV will be another bright performer for us this year. The -- We talked about the buckets of business and Magnite sold deals, publisher sold deals, ad serving, and if you look at those buckets, they're performing at or above expectation. And so it really has been a bit of a drag to the overall growth rate from that 1 segment, the mid-market. And now that we see that freshening, I think that we feel good about exceeding market growth rates. And the next question is, what's the market growth rate? And you hear anything from 30% to 50%. And so, I don't know, take a midpoint, if you want. But that's exactly -- we completely believe that what we've built here should grow above market, right? And as far as…

The next question comes from Laura Martin with Needham.

I have 2. So thank you so much for breaking out the CTV buckets. I'm going to push you on take rates. So as you said to have about an 8% take rate. So I'm sort of assuming that's bucket number 2. And then the direct I'm assuming is about half of that at 4% and then the high-end bucket, which is Managed Service about 12%. And I'd love you to comment on sort of the take rate, like if I'm close or if I'm really far off on 1 of those buckets. And then on operating expense outlook, I get you that hiring CTV engineers is nearly impossible. My question is, can you really grow operating expenses of $3 million to $4 million a quarter if headcount is so hard to acquire? Or might we get sort of an upside surprise on margins this year, because there's a labor shortage, especially for our CTV engineers, but really across the board?

Thank you, Laura. And as much as I like talking with you, these sound very much like David questions.

Okay. Fair enough.

All right. So Laura, on the take rates, again, we for important competitive reasons, we don't share our take rates publicly. The ranges that you mentioned, as an average, if you average those together, that's not too far off, but I guess we're going to just refrain from commenting too much on the low side or the high side. On the OpEx front, we think that we can achieve the hiring plans that are embedded in those cost estimates, but you're right. If -- it is a challenging market and if things get worse than what we're seeing today, there could be a little headroom there. But overall, it's important for us to get those resources in and we're going after it from a recruiting perspective in a very, very heavy way.

The next question comes from Jason Kreyer with Craig-Hallum.

I wanted to stick with the theme on the CTV buckets. Mike, I wanted to see if you can maybe provide a snapshot of, if we look out 1 or 2 years down the road, if you've got any projections on how you expect that mix shift to change and then maybe even a little bit more near term? Are you hearing anything as you have conversations with partners about maybe some more near-term changes in those buckets as we go into this year's upfront cycle, maybe where there's more scenarios where you could bring in demand?

Yes, Jason, great question. Yes, so I think that our belief is that the role of an SSP in the CTV environment -- and you have to keep in mind, it's a segmented market, right? We have the broadcasters at the top with their legacy teams. And then you have the made-for-the-medium guys and the device manufacturers and the virtual MVPDs. I think that each 1 is a different segment and different category. But generally speaking, I think that over time, if you're looking at a 2- to 3-year horizon, that for some of those reasons that we spoke about, whether it's an explosion of non-TV type linear buyers, advertisers rather, live sports programming now becoming a staple of streaming and the need to fill ad slots, because of things like timeouts and reviewing the call and overtime games. And something like our LSA that we built is perfect for that. So I do think that bucket number 2, the Magnite led deals, the traditional SSP function, is the 1 that benefits the most from that. And I think that, that's good for the business, because that's -- carries a very decent take rate, and it also is kind of core to what we do, right? And so we have the software business bolstering the ad serving piece of it, the pub sell deals and then in the middle, you have the growing traditional SSD role of Magnite sourcing demand. And then on the far right, I still think you have a Managed Service business, but I do think that over time, that's more of a shrinking business. Because keep in mind, we're chasing dollars that aren't programmatic yet. And once they become programmatic, we kind of feed them into the ecosystem. And I think that, that's probably how it plays out in the next several years. As it relates to this year's upfronts, you hit the nail on the head and we've never been more involved in discussions with our agency partners, the big agencies about assisting them when they go to publishers, CTV platforms, to say to them, hey, okay. Here's our commitment of spend, blank million. We would like 40% of it to go through these rails, because we want to programmatic and we want the advanced targeting that comes with it. So yes, this is a real seminal year. It will be interesting how it plays out, but we're deeply involved in discussions across the breadth of the holding companies, with the holding companies going to our publishing partners and it's a marked change from years prior. I will certainly say that.

And 1 follow-up for me on Connected TV. So it seems like we've started to see some interesting new announcements from you guys, where you're winning some more like exclusive or preferred deals. I know you had announcements with Samsung and Doble recently. But I'm just curious, are you seeing more activity within Connected TV of a formal RFP process. And just curious when you come out with better relationships on the other end, when you're seeing these wins, what are the key components that are allowing you to get these wins?

Yes, another good one. Again, they're all -- they are slightly different. But I will say 1 thing that changes in our product suite to be able to strike these types of deals is the increased breadth of it. to that, I'm specifically reserving -- talking about SpringServe. Kind of by definition, ad serving is exclusive. And if you are able to bundle ad serving along with the other services, that's the whole goal, right. To be able to put the whole product portfolio in front. And I think that, that's where you're seeing an uptick on that. It's not necessarily kind of an RFP led process, as it is generated from our going forward to these clients with that suite of products that we hadn't had before, putting them together and showing them what it would look like to work with this leading independent CTV-focused SSP, and I think we're gaining traction on that front.

The next question comes from Shweta Khajuria with Evercore ISI.

Let me try 2, please. On OpenPass, could you please, Michael, you talked a little bit about it. Could you please give a little more color on why a brand -- or excuse me, why a publisher would want to go directly through Trade Desk and work with an agency versus an SSP even consider that option. And also why an advertiser agency was requesting this from Trade Desk to have this direct relationship? Understood that SSPs play a very important role, but where do you think that would trend over time? And what's the -- what's in it for each of those 2 publishers and agencies and advertisers. That's the first one. And then the second one, could you please talk about just the puts and takes? You mentioned you reiterated your long-term EBITDA margin, 35% to 40%. But for this year, could you please help us with what the puts and takes are for EBITDA margin?

Thanks, I'll jump on the OpenPass and then I'll let David talk about the puts and takes on EBITDA. So on OpenPass, obviously, we're intimately more familiar with the publisher world than the advertiser world, if you will. So from a publisher perspective, I think it's pretty simple. If you're a sophisticated publisher, and you are approached by Trade Desk that says, nothing's going to change. I'm going to continue to bid through the supply sources that you have in the head. So you have Magnite there, you have PubMatic there. You have Index, et cetera, et cetera. Trade Desk is going to continue to participate in those auctions, nothing's changed. But I'm also going to move outside that action with a direct connection and compete against those auctions, sometimes compete against ourselves. And a publisher's way of thinking is that could just be increased bid density and it could lift yield. And so therefore, the only reason why I wouldn't want to do it is if Trade Desk came in and said, "I don't want to participate in a unified auction. I want to be put as a tag in the server, and I want to be first look on everything and then everyone else gets to look at everything." That's the world of nonheader-bidding that used to exist in the SSP world. And so publishers have spoken. They want it as part of a unified process. Interestingly enough, a lot of publishers, as you know, through our Demand Manager product don't have the wherewithal to even manage a unified auction in prebid. And so in -- weird way economically Trade Desk moving outside of moving as another source of demand in the head helps us economically from Demand Manager, because, as you know, we get paid on every successful auction, whether it's a Magnite auction or not. And so if it's more demand inside the header and it's going through Demand Manager, it actually -- it works out well for us. So I think from a publisher standpoint, they just view it as a possibility, if someone can make it easy for them as a possibility to increase yield. From an advertising standpoint, I think it falls underneath and whether or not Openpath accomplishes or not of parking on that. I think advertisers are looking for clean pads to supply they want fewer touch points. They want to have a closer relationship with the supply, and we are seeing this play itself out with advertisers coming directly to us. Agencies coming directly to us. And so existentially speaking, on some occasions, they can go around the DSP and go right to the SSP. On other occasions, it looks like they're going around the SSP directly to supply. But I think that generally speaking, it's all underneath the heading of fewer touch points, more streamlined supply and more streamlined access to supply. And David, if you wanted to talk about the puts and takes on EBITDA?

Yes. Yes. So from a -- regarding our margin targets. We have a few factors that are impacting kind of the pace of our margin growth. So if you think about 2021, those margins were slightly benefited from work from home. So we had lower office costs, marketing and events. There was no travel going on. And so some of those costs -- as we now move into 2022, some of those costs are going to return. In addition, as I mentioned, we moved forward our annual raise cycle from April 1 to January 1. So on an annual basis, we've got an extra quarter's worth of costs in there. And we've got some incrementally higher personnel costs, which includes some additional head count. So stepping back, I think that will slow the pace of our margin growth this year a little bit, but no real changes to the core leverage that we have and we don't see any changes in the long-term trajectory to our 35% to 40% margin targets.

The next question comes from Nick Zangler with Stephens, Inc.

Yes, great quarter. Lots of good details on the call. Google announced some Android privacy changes to come in a blog post last week. The move obviously looks similar to what Apple has done with iOS ATT changes. I imagine that such a change will have a minimal impact to Magnite as obviously has been the case with these iOS changes, but interested just to hear your thoughts on Google's announcement, and if you feel there's any potential impact to Magnite.

Yes. Nick, I think that it's a little different than Apple's approach. Apple was kind of, "hey, in 4 weeks or it's going away" and puff, it went away in 4 weeks, and there was no real thoughtful alternative. They came up with kind of an audience product, but that didn't meet the needs of just about any marketer, right? And so therefore, I think Google learned from that, that the Android team probably feels as though from a privacy standpoint, deprecating device ID makes sense. But they're going to do it very thoughtfully. It's over the course of 2 years. They're doing it in concert with the ecosystem. They're getting feedback. They're actively looking for advice. It's a little like the deprecation of cookies even though it's gone on interminably long. It has been a relatively thoughtful process where they're trying to come up with an alternative. It may not be perfect, but it's a lot better than what Apple did. As it relates to Magnite, we don't like any of these changes that we've talked about, make whether it's deprecation of cookies in or IDFA, our exposure is somewhat limited. And if someone were to be able to -- if budgets don't get cut, which they don't from the types of advertises we work with, you see that happening in the folks like the Facebook ecosystem where budgets have been cut and shifted. Generally speaking, we're dealing with more upper funnel advertisers, and these folks are looking for targeting parameters aren't nearly as cost per acquisition focused as an app download guy. So we're somewhat inflated, and we don't view this as a threat to the business.

Very helpful. That's what I expected. And quickly 1 more. You mentioned it, but obviously, verticals like, for instance, auto retail, that ad spend runs through the Managed Service offering for Magnite. And I know that's been soft due to supply constraints. Was that a $3 million to $4 million headwind in the quarter as you guys had originally expected? And you're not mentioning any ongoing headwind there into 1Q or at least you're not calling it out like you did last quarter. So curious, just thoughts there. If you're able to convert any new Managed Service clients in the quarter as resources may have diverted from that sector? Or specifically within that sector, underlying trends have significantly improved? Just looking for some clarity there.

Yes, Nick, and I'll lean on David for a little bit more color. But the other thing we had said that you accurately pointed out it's through the Managed Service group. So when an insertion order gets canceled on December 15 through, I don't know, make up the number, $500,000. If that was open auction, dollars are just flooding on that inventory. It might not be the same value of $500,000, but you'd sell it no matter what. Insertion business is a little bit longer, longer lead times. If it cancels, it's harder to fill. And so I think what we're seeing is, as the quarter progressed, the ability for the teams to find different types of advertisers to sell what would traditionally be auto bucket or travel bucket, maybe nowhere close to the exact amount, but at least there's progress being made there. And then, of course, things do seem to be getting better in that sector. And multiple folks have kind of commented that Q2 might be a more return to spend in those verticals. Not to mention that we also know that political is going to start to heat up in that quarter, and we feel as we're well positioned and that team particularly is well positioned to capitalize on those dollars. But David, I don't know if we're attributing a specific number or anything like that, too. Are we?

No. I guess the takeaway is, as you mentioned, Michael. Nick, the -- we did -- there's no significant uplift from a revenue run rate perspective in Q1 versus Q4 of last year. And so it's still in the doldrums. But as Michael mentioned, we're seeing on the horizon, some increased bookings to have these longer run rates. And so that's where we're getting some of our, I think, hopefulness as we look forward to future quarters, but not a lot of lift in Q1.

The next question comes from Matt Thornton with Truist Securities.

Maybe a couple of quick number questions for David and then 1 for Michael. David, when we think about political and how much of a headwind it was year-on-year in '21, wonder if you can quantify that? And is that a reasonable way to think about what type of dollars come back in 2022? That's the first question. Second question, can you just remind us currency for you guys. I don't think it's material, maybe you can remind us any meaningful headwind from currency? And then, Michael, I think you guys have talked about the CTV 2.0 platform kind of bringing the best of Telaria with the best of SpotX. I think you talked about launching that maybe 4Q '22, 1Q '23 time frame. Just want to see if that was still the right way to think about that? And could we see any incremental synergies once that platform is actually launched? I'm not sure if there's any costs that perhaps go away when that platform does launch?.

Sure. I'll hit the first 2. So on political, we talked about for the impacted quarters sort of a mid -- a low to mid-single-digit impact from political. And if you recall, political was primarily Connected Television and our online video. And so from a quantification perspective, that was the level of headwinds there. From a currency perspective, over 90% of our activity, almost 95% of our activity is transacted in U.S. dollars. And so we have very little exposure on the currency front.

Yes, Matt. And on the CTV platform front, we -- you're right about the timing, although throughout the year, clients will be shifted over to the new platform and then final migration at some of the more intricate implementations will take place as the year winds down. And if the clock runs out, because of code freezes in Q4, it could bleed to Q1. And as far as it relates to synergies, I think most of that's been captured in the cost synergies that we've shared. I think what we're really focusing on is the revenue synergy piece of it. The idea that you take a pretty sophisticated audience engine that's running on the legacy SpotX platform, and that now watches all the inventory on the new platform. I think we can see a lift there. So we're super excited about the state-of-the-art platform and the implications it's going to have on the revenue side of things.

Great. That's helpful. And maybe just 1 other quick one. I guess, just maybe any thoughts on the Xandr, Microsoft kind of coming together, just kind of thoughts on the implications to the market.

Yes. No, I think that it's becoming clear and clear. I think when it was first announced, we kind of collectively all kind of scratched our heads a little bit, but they've had a long time history in Microsoft was a very early investor in Xandr. And Xandr has monetized some of Microsoft's inventory since then. So if they were ever going to get bigger into ad tech, Xandr would be a logical acquisition for them. And it appears that they are getting bigger into advertising as a whole with the proposed purchase in terms of the whole gaming area. And so yes, I think it's going to be an attempt by Microsoft to try to organize all their inventory to have kind of end-to-end solutions for advertisers. And I think that Xandr is a viable third-party SSP probably isn't at the top of their list in terms of priorities. And so I guess, net-net, it's a positive from that respect. But it remains to be seen. It's obviously still wet clay and it hasn't molded yet.

Was there a followup? The next question comes from Tim Nollen with Macquarie.

Can you hear me okay?

Yes, you bet, Tim.

Great. Most of my questions have been taken, but I have 1 other one, which is fairly broad, and I'm hoping you can help us understand about the subject of media measurement. Given the role that you play and how much TV viewership and ad delivery and therefore, tracking of ad delivery is changing. And given all the changes coming about in the measurement landscape. I just wonder if you could help us understand, from your perspective, what this all might mean for the market and what it might mean for you, given all these move away from a Nielsen standard to lots of other things potentially?

Yes, Tim. Yes, fascinating times, right? I guess at the highest level, I think it's our belief that the industry, our clients don't want us grading our own homework, so to speak. And so the idea of Magnite entering into the measurement space with a proprietary measurement system is just not in the cards, and I know you weren't intimating that, but just take that off as Magnite as a primary. So then our role is to work with every measurement company out there. If a buyer wants to use that type of measurement, if a seller wants to use a different type of measurement, we need to have the APIs, we need to have to work with them. We need to have formal agreements with them. Where we can play a role in helping is to our ad server, because we'll see not just on platform inventory for a certain publisher, but we'll also be able to see their distributed inventory. And so from a simple kind of reach and frequency balancing, which is the bread and butter of measurement, if you will, we can assist there. So our plumbing -- our platform are serving, we'll be able to assist the industry in helping get cleaner signals. And then I think it will be up to buyers and sellers to agree that this is the new standard this is how it's going to go. I think that for a digital world, anything that's not entirely panel-based inherently has an advantage to, I think, broader adoption and broader use. So I think that's a good thing for us. But it's evolving, and we'll play our right role in that, if that answers the question.

The next question comes from Matt Swanson with RBC Capital Markets.

Michael, you mentioned on the call, and I think we talked about this a little bit at the RBC conference was the reinvestment into the DV+ side. Do you mind just giving us a little bit more color on what exactly that means and maybe some of the history of what necessitates the reinvestment? And then maybe for Michael or David, how do you think this business can affect that guidance for 2022? Basically, how quickly do you think those investments can start to pay off?

Yes, Matt, you bet. So yes, I think that in terms of the broader areas that we discussed in terms of the kind of earnings scripts, that's probably about as far as we want to kind of drill down on those areas, because obviously, you get into competitive challenges and talking about your product road map in a very open setting like that. And so I think that as it relates to the work that we're doing, and we've been pretty open about onboarding a broader swath of inventory and then fine-tuning it and improving auction mechanics. I think that, that's as close as we'll get to talking about specifics, although internally, we have an incredibly detailed road map with 30-plus projects in flight. It takes a while, right? These things you're dealing with a tremendous amount of scale, 300 million, 400 million auctions a day, and I just think that we're getting better at it. Growth rate is improving. It's not where we want it to be. I think it's going to be a 2022 project. But I very much am confident, we exit 2022 in a far better state than we entered into it. And we've got some real talented engineers and a real focus on it from a product standpoint and feel good about the direction, less than satisfied about where we are right now in terms of growth. But very good about the plan we have in place and about our ability to execute on that.

I was going to say on the guidance side, the reinvestments that we've talked about, they're certainly included in the kind of expanded cost guidance that we gave. So we've got some international expansion. We've got some other things going on, and those have been factored into the cost guidance that we've given, and I think Michael has covered it on the expectation for higher growth rates as we move through the year.

The next question comes from Vasily Karasyov with Cannonball Research.

Michael, I wanted to ask you to talk about how your competitive position evolved last year? And specifically, if you estimate that you gained market share or held it or lost it in the channels, including Connected TV, mobile, desktop? And in general, is the competition getting more intense, less intense? How do you look at that?

Yes. Hey, Vasily, so I think that taking CTV first, no question we create a great more deal of separation between us and the competitive set. If -- by that, we define that to be independent SSP primarily focused on CTV, right? There's just nothing out there that looks like what we've been able to put together by first merging with Telaria going into 2021. And then closing the SpotX and SpringServe deals. We are in this full-service CTV company that no one else can offer that, other than perhaps this company called FreeWheel. So I think that it makes us very clear about what we need to do, where the focus is. FreeWheel is a dominant ad server in the industry, certainly dominant in the broadcast sector and we've got the game plan in place, the product suite in place and now we're focused on that. So I feel very, very good about the evolution of our market position in CTV. In DV+, I feel good that we outgrew the market. By any market estimate, if you bundle in mobile and desktop and all the other forms audio, all the other forms of what we consider DV+, we outperformed market but nowhere near what I think we can do. And so I think that the competition is severe fierce in that just by the nature of header bidding. Most of it is open market. We made a choice to focus a lot of our energy resources and products on the premium side of that. The PMPs, the PGs piece of it, we've been quite successful there. But you can't do that at the expense of under-investing in open auction. And so yes, so doubling down, as we said in the script, refocusing internal engineering efforts and product efforts on open auction, couple that with our Demand Manager and our premium strategy, I think we exit 2022 in a different and more enviable competitive position.

This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Michael Barrett for any closing remarks.

Thank you so much. I'm so very proud of how hard our team worked in 2021 to deliver a strong performance. We see clear areas for growth in CTV, DV+ and audience and identity. We've established ourselves as a critical long-term partner for many of our publishers and buyers, especially in CTV, and believe much of our future success lies in our execution. We've never been more excited about the opportunity we have ahead of us. Thank you for joining us for our Q4 results call. We look forward to talking to many of you at virtual investor meetings hosted by Cannonball Research tomorrow, conferences by Berenberg on March 1 and SIG on March 3. Thanks again, and have a great evening.

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.