Marathon Digital Holdings, Inc. (MARA) Q4 2025 Earnings Report, Transcript and Summary

Greetings, and welcome to MARA 4Q '25 Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Robert Samuels, VP Investor Relations. Thank you, Robert. You may begin.

Thank you, operator. Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to MARA's Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2025 Earnings Call. Thank you joining us today. With me on today's call are our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Fred Thiel; and our Chief Financial Officer, Salman Khan. Today's call includes forward-looking statements, including those about our growth plans, liquidity and financial performance. These involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially. We disclaim any obligation to update these statements, except as required by law. For more details, see the Risk Factors section of our latest 10-K and other SEC filings. We'll also reference non-GAAP financial measures like adjusted EBITDA and return on capital employed, which we believe are important indicators of MARA's operating performance because they exclude certain items that we do not believe directly reflect our core operations. Please see our earnings release for reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measures. We hope you've had the chance to read our shareholder letter and look forward to your feedback. We'll begin with some brief prepared remarks from Fred and Salman. After their comments, we will open the call to Q&A. I'm going to turn the call over to Fred to kick things off. Fred?

Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for joining us. Before we get into the results for the quarter, we're excited to discuss our just announced strategic partnership with Starwood Digital Ventures, the data center development platform of Starwood Capital Group and one of the premier data center developers and operators in the world. This joint venture accelerates MARA's expansion into AI and high-performance compute and represents a meaningful step forward in the evolution of our platform from a pure-play Bitcoin miner into an energy and digital infrastructure company. Alongside other actions we have taken, including closing our investment in Exaion, we are strategically positioning our platform to support a broad range of AI deployment requirements from large-scale cloud environments to private enterprise and sovereign deployments, where AI inference operates closer to its contextual data with reduced latency constraints and enhanced operational control. Through our partnership, MARA and Starwood will jointly develop, finance and operate next-generation digital infrastructure capable of meeting growing demand from enterprise hyperscale and AI customers across MARA's existing power-rich portfolio. MARA will contribute dedicated energy, advanced data center sites, while Starwood Digital Ventures will lead, design developments, tenant sourcing, construction and facility operation with Starwood providing investment expertise to support enhanced project-level economics. We have the option to retain up to 50% ownership in the joint venture, positioning us to participate in future cash flows while capturing long-term value creation. The joint platform is expected to deliver more than 1 gigawatt of near-term IT capacity with a pathway to more than 2.5 gigawatts. This JV structure accomplishes several things at once. It accelerates speed to market and introduces institutional-grade development and tenant relationships. Importantly, it also allows us to leverage the wealth of power capacity embedded in our existing energized sites in the near term. These assets were built around power, and hyperscale cloud remains the fastest path to monetization that power at scale today. At the same time, the structure allows us to continue mining through a lease arrangement while accessing excess power at preferred prices during lower hyperscale utilization. That flexibility improves economics and smooths load across the site. Now let me address directly why we chose to partner with Starwood. Enterprise, hyperscale and AI customers are inherently risk averse when selecting infrastructure partners. They require certainty of execution, deep development expertise, balance sheet credibility and a proven track record of delivering mission-critical facilities on time and on specification. While MARA brings the power, the sites and the operational expertise, hyperscalers typically do not award large-scale AI workloads to first-time developers without institutional backing. Partnering with Starwood ensures that we're not asking customers to take that risk. Starwood has decades of experience as a real estate asset investor and developer, established long-term relationships with hyperscalers and enterprise customers, and a proven ability to finance and deliver complex data center projects globally. By aligning with an experienced tenant-first developer, we expect to increase execution certainty and accelerate our ability to secure institutional-grade tenancy. This is about optimizing probability of success and compressing time lines, not simply proving we can build stuff alone. Demand signals are already strong. MARA and Starwood have been engaged in active discussions with hyperscalers and leading HPC tenants, reflecting meaningful early interest in power-advantaged AI-ready capacity across our sites. In parallel, design, permitting and commercial leasing processes are well underway, with applications submitted in select markets to support accelerated delivery time lines. In other words, while we are formally announcing this partnership today, we are already well down the path towards securing a tenant. We also announced that we closed our investments in Exaion, acquiring a 64% stake and expanding our enterprise-grade AI and HPC capabilities. Through Exaion, we can deliver Infrastructure-as-a-Service and edge inference solutions for large energy and industrial customers, particularly in environments where requirements around data locality, latency and operational control shape how compute is deployed. Importantly, Exaion fits in a broader international strategy. Building on our proven success in the UAE and the recent launch of our pilot site in Oman, we are accelerating conversations with energy majors in France regarding global opportunities, including in Brazil as well as domestic energy producers in Saudi Arabia. These initiatives are all part of a deliberate strategy to expand our global footprint across energy-rich regions, where access to reliable, scalable power supports long-term infrastructure development. Starwood and Exaion are complementary elements of the same strategy. Where Starwood partnership accelerates our ability to serve hyperscale cloud customers, Exaion strengthens our ability to deploy private enterprise and sovereign cloud environments. This is especially important in international markets where Exaion already operates data center infrastructure and provides a foundation for sovereign-grade AI and high-performance compute deployments. Together, Starwood and Exaion give MARA multiple proven pathways to deploy the same assets, power sites and infrastructure in ways that maximize long-term value as demand evolves. Now I'd like to take a step back and put this strategy in context. Jensen Huang said something on NVIDIA's earnings call last night that captures exactly what we are building toward. He said simply, compute equals revenues. His point was that in this new AI economy, the ability to generate tokens to run inference is the direct input to revenue growth for every enterprise and hyperscale customer in the world. That compute requires power. Power is the scarce input, and that is precisely what MARA controls. Our sites were originally developed to mine Bitcoin efficiently, but they were built around power. As we continue this transition and as demand for AI and HPC at our sites accelerates, the economics of our sites will increasingly reflect long-term infrastructure characteristics. When a site supports contracted AI or HPC workloads, the underlying drivers of value shift. Cash flows become longer duration and more predictable. Execution risk is reduced, and the operating profile increasingly resembles infrastructure rather than pure compute. We believe the same underlying assets can support different economic outcomes depending on how they are deployed. That is why optionality matters. Bitcoin mining allows us to monetize power immediately and flexibly while AI and HPC workloads and when demand supports them, monetize that same power through longer-term contracts and higher-value use cases. Our responsibility is to allocate capital where the return profile justifies conversion and to manage our sites in a way that maximizes long-term value across market cycles. This quarter, we've also advanced our strategy in other important ways. We increased our Nebraska footprint through the recent acquisition of a 42-megawatt data center adjacent to an existing site, expanding the campus by approximately 40%. With below-market power rates, this lowers our average cost to mine while strengthening operational efficiency. That same site also provides option value for AI and HPC workloads over time. Lastly, we doubled our NGON gas-to-power operations from 25 megawatts to 50 megawatts converting previously flared gas into some of our lowest cost mining power. Given the recent decline in Bitcoin price and considering the potentially accretive impact of the Starwood JV, we are adopting a capital allocation priority to focus on the highest-value near-term opportunities. While we are continuing to advance discussions with MPLX regarding development of integrated power and data campuses in West Texas, this is a longer-term project with significant capital expenses. The scope under consideration has evolved from the initial letter of intent, and we remain engaged in evaluating a transaction structure that aligns with our capital allocation priorities. All of this is designed to expand margins and be accretive to NOI over time. Now Bitcoin remains a core pillar of our strategy. Despite a pronounced sell-off and continued volatility, we increased energized hashrate from 53.2 exahash to 66.4 exahash during 2025. We deliberately chose not to pursue projects that failed to meet our return thresholds. Capital discipline remains central. Historically, we retained the majority of the Bitcoin we mined as the long-term strategic assets. Beginning in the second half of 2025, we began selectively monetizing Bitcoin to support operations. Given recent weakness and volatility in Bitcoin price, we have -- that have impacted both sector sentiments and elements of our trading performance, we believe maintaining flexible -- sorry, financial flexibility is particularly important. Looking ahead, we expect to continue taking an opportunistic approach using Bitcoin to enhance financial flexibility where appropriate. As always, these decisions will be guided by market conditions and our capital allocation priorities with a clear focus on strengthening the balance sheet and enhancing long-term shareholder value. While the timing of a recovery in Bitcoin prices is difficult to predict, our long-term conviction in the asset class remains unchanged. Let me close with this. MARA is no longer simply a Bitcoin miner. We are already well down the path of building an energy-dominant digital infrastructure platform. Starwood accelerates hyperscale development. Exaion strengthens our enterprise AI layer. Digital infrastructure and Bitcoin mining provide the economic engine and power ownership provides a strategic advantage. Every decision we make is guided by one principle: maximize the long-term value of every megawatt we control. We believe this strategy positions MARA to deliver durable, compounding shareholder returns. I'll now turn it over to Salman to discuss Q4 financials.

Thank you, Fred. I'd like to begin by highlighting the strategic and financial significance of our partnership with Starwood Digital Ventures, a global leader in data center development and operations, as Fred mentioned earlier. From a financial perspective, we expect this joint venture to generate meaningful net operating income, or NOI, and free cash flow over time by reducing earnings volatility relative to a pure Bitcoin mining model. Importantly, partnering with Starwood enhances our access to institutional investment-grade capital as we jointly develop and finance utility, scale, AI and HPC infrastructure across our power-advantaged portfolio. With a pathway to more than 2.5 gigawatts of potential capacity that could be allocated to AI, HPC over time, we believe this partnership will materially improve MARA's long-term NOI profile, cash flow visibility and overall valuation framework for our business. We are also pleased to have completed our acquisition of a majority stake in Exaion which we expect will further diversify revenue as it expands its sovereign cloud and enterprise AI compute offerings. Together, these initiatives reflect this strategy focused on expanding free cash flow generation and driving long-term shareholder returns. During the quarter, Bitcoin price volatility was the defining market force. Bitcoin began the period at roughly $111,000 and reached a new all-time high near $125,000 in early October. However, an overnight liquidation event compounded by broader negative market sentiment drove a sharp reversal with prices falling to roughly $87,000 by quarter end. This nearly $40,000 swing created one of the most challenging macro environments we have faced in recent periods and served as a significant headwind to our financial performance. Against this backdrop of falling Bitcoin price, global hashrate increased modestly as miners remain disciplined and cautious in deploying additional capacity amid the volatility. Now let me give an overview of our key financial results and operational highlights, which are still quite sensitive to fluctuations in the price of Bitcoin as well as the total network hashrate, which affects the total amount of Bitcoin we mine. For example, every $10,000 change in the price of Bitcoin results in approximately a $538 million change in the value of our Bitcoin holdings. Revenues in the fourth quarter were $202.3 million compared to $214.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. For 2025, revenues grew 38% to $907.1 million from $656.4 million in 2024. Although Bitcoin's average price increased 15% year-over-year, contributing $24.8 million to our 2025 results, production volumes were lower throughout the year. We mined an average of 21.9 Bitcoin a day in Q4 compared to 27.1 Bitcoin in Q4 2024, resulting in approximately 481 less Bitcoin mined this quarter. Q4 marked exceptional operational performance across our core owned mining sites with several operating at or near 100% uptime. The decline in production, however, was primarily driven by higher network difficulty level due to rising total network hashrate. While we had the opportunity to deploy additional exahash more aggressively, we chose to remain disciplined and measured in our expansion given broader market uncertainty. Despite the increasingly competitive operating environment, we continue to grow both our compute capacity in Bitcoin holdings. Between Q4 2024 and Q4 of 2025, our Bitcoin holdings increased by over 20%, growing from approximately 44,000 Bitcoin to nearly 54,000 Bitcoin. Over the same period, our energized hashrate increased 25% from 53.2 exahash to 66.4 exahash. We reported a net loss of $1.7 billion or $4.52 negative per diluted share last quarter compared to net income of $528.3 million or $1.24 per diluted share in the fourth quarter of 2024. It's important to note of this net loss for the fourth quarter 2025, but due to the decline in the price of Bitcoin, we booked a $1.5 billion loss, which was due to a change in fair value of digital assets, including Bitcoin receivable. For the full year, we recorded a net loss of $1.3 billion compared to net income of $541 million in the prior year period. During the quarter, we also recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $82.8 million following our annual impairment review. This change is entirely non-cash and had no impact on liquidity, operating performance or cash flows. On the cost side, our cost per kilowatt hour for our own sites were $0.04 in 2025. Our purchased energy cost per Bitcoin for the quarter was $48,611 compared to $31,608 in Q4 of 2024. Importantly, our daily cost per petahash per day improved 4% year-over-year to $30.5 from $31.7 in the fourth quarter last year and over the past 11 quarters has improved by 36%. We believe this remains among the lowest at scale in the sector. MARA is the one of the largest corporate public holder of Bitcoin, and we actively generate returns on our holdings. The Bitcoin on our balance sheet strengthens our debt profile, reinforces resilience and provides flexibility to pursue disciplined growth opportunities when they arise. I would like to remind everyone that we are not a digital asset treasury company. MARA is an operating company, not a passive Bitcoin balance sheet vehicle. During the quarter, we mined 2,011 Bitcoin and purchased an additional 1,670 as part of our trading strategy. As part of our digital asset management strategy, we aim to deploy Bitcoin holdings through risk-optimized trading initiatives, lending arrangements and collateralized borrowings under credit facilities. As of December 31, 2025, we held a total of 53,822 Bitcoin, an increase of 8,929 over the previous year. Of the total, 15,315 Bitcoin were loaned, actively managed or pledged as collateral. 9,377 Bitcoin coins were loaned to counterparties, generating approximately $32.1 million of interest income during the year. We also pledged 5,938 Bitcoin to access financing, supporting liquidity while minimizing dilution. In total, approximately 28% of our total holdings were activated through our digital asset management strategy as of the year-end. Now let's turn to our balance sheet. I want to address our debt maturity profile. $925 million notes due 2031 and $1 billion notes due 2030 have a put right exercisable on June 4, 2027, and December 1, 2027, respectively. These represent a meaningful cash obligation that could come due in 2027, and we are proactively planning for that scenario today. I want to be clear about how we think about managing these obligations. First, our Bitcoin holdings at current market price represent approximately 2x of these puts. Second, the 0 coupon structure on the vast majority of our notes means we have no material ongoing cash interest burden related to these notes eroding our liquidity between now and those put dates. Third, we have a history of prudent balance sheet management with our previous converts. The path we are building through the Starwood JV and our infrastructure transition is specifically designed to generate contracted cash flows that diversify our liquidity resources -- excuse me, liquidity sources beyond Bitcoin alone. We are not managing this balance sheet reactively. We are managing it with full visibility into every obligation on the horizon. Now historically, we held the Bitcoin we produced as a long-term investment. In the second half of 2025, we began selling Bitcoin to fund operations. In 2026, we expect to continue to monetize Bitcoins opportunistically to enhance our financial flexibility, including to provide liquidity or to fund capital projects and other initiatives that we believe enhance long-term shareholder value, subject to market conditions and our capital allocation priorities. In response to the more volatile pricing environment, we elected to suspend news of our ATM at the end of third quarter of last year and instead funded operations through the sale of a portion of our mined Bitcoin. Notably, Q4 marked the first quarter since 2022 that we did not utilize our ATM program. By shifting to operational funding through Bitcoin sales from production, we strengthened near-term cash flow while maintaining a disciplined and flexible balance sheet strategy. With that, I will turn it over to the operator to open it up for questions. Operator?

[Operator Instructions] The first question comes from the line of Paul Golding with Macquarie Capital.

Congrats on the partnership announcement. I wanted to ask, Fred, you noted that the partnership gives you the opportunity to retain a 50% stake in these projects. Could you give some more color around the financing dynamics around the 50%, whether there's an opportunity to contribute the powered site in exchange for other forms of consideration outside of the JV or what you meant by that comment in a bit more detail? And then as a follow-up, you also made a comment around -- it seems like load balancing across mining and HPC at certain sites that are part of this partnership going forward. Could you speak to the technical requirements of that and how we can think about mining versus HPC as you progress with this partnership?

Sure. So thank you for your question. When you look at the JV structure, essentially, our initial contribution to the JV to each specific -- for each specific site would be the asset itself. And then additionally, we would capitalize our share of the -- we would provide capital for our share of the development costs, where we could retain up to 50% of the JV. And hopefully, that clarifies that part of it. There are mechanisms within the agreement that allow us to essentially decide not to fund our portion, and there are methods within the agreement that allow us to essentially be liquidated, if you would, at an attractive prices or option or the -- if we don't fulfill our obligations, and we decide to drop out if you would. And I think we can provide more detail on that later. The key thing regarding load balancing is a combination of technologies that we've developed by leveraging special battery technology. We've announced previously a partnership with TAE Batteries, which is a very advanced battery technology that can switch at sub-millisecond rates such that we are able to essentially balance load within data centers. If you think about the data center development project, our ability to be able to retain Bitcoin mining at the site while the project is being developed and then even retain a portion of the power at the option of the tenant allows us to act as a load balancer. Depending on the type of compute load that's executed at the site, there may be, for example in the case of inference loads, a variation in that load over the course of a 24-hour period or even over a period of a week, where the inference demands on that site may decrease at night, for example, or over weekends. And having Bitcoin mining at the site allows us to, again, based on the arrangement with the tenant, mine whenever power is available that isn't being used at preferential prices. Hopefully, that answers your question.

It does. And maybe just as a quick follow-up. At those sites, would the partnership then benefit from any revenue generated from the Bitcoin mining that happens when the load balancing is occurring? Or is that something that would be retained entirely by MARA?

Yes, it's primarily by MARA.

Our next question comes from the line of Reginald Smith with JPMorgan.

Congrats on the announcement as well. I guess you guys are the last major Bitcoin miner to make the switch, so I guess, welcome to the party. A question, you mentioned Starwood and the fact that having a partner, you're not going at it alone. And obviously, we've seen other Bitcoin miners sign deals. So my question is should we expect the time to sign a deal to be shorter? Because you have Starwood along with you, does that alleviate some of the risk and maybe collapse the time line? And then I have one follow-up.

Yes. I think as I said in my opening remarks, this isn't a relationship that just starts with the signing of this agreement. It's been developing for quite some time. And we've been very actively working with prospective tenants. As I mentioned, the permits have been submitted already for some sites. And we are actively engaged with tenants. And the idea with working with Starwood was, again, manyfold. On the one hand, having a partner who has relationships with the tenants and that the tenants already trust, if you think about Starwood, they have built and operated sites for, I believe, 3 of the 4 Tier 1 hyperscalers. And having those relationships and the trust that exists because those relationships dramatically reduces, let's just say, the courtship period that a newcomer to the market like ourselves would have to do. And so because of that trust, it's easy for Starwood and prospective tenants to have a very accelerated time line on the process of evaluating a site, submitting permits, getting things going such that we can work towards getting leases done in a more accelerated fashion than if we had done it ourselves. Additionally, Starwood's captive EPC capabilities, again, dramatically facilitate the ability to build and execute these things in a very efficient and timely manner. The single biggest challenge today for hyperscalers is the ability to have certainty about power availability. And Bitcoin miners provide a lot of certainty because of the fact that we're currently consuming the power. One of the advantages with some of what we've done also is that we have been already operating inference on one of our sites in a containerized fashion. And if a tenant were to be interested in a modular approach versus a traditional box approach, if you would, of building a large building, especially for inference applications -- and just as a reminder, Jensen Huang, in his comments, said inference is where the revenue is in AI, and inference is becoming the most important part of AI deployments today. And we believe that we're going to see a lot of advancement in the side of how these sites are designed, how these sites are constructed, which will align very well with the experience that we've previously developed in this area.

That makes sense. We've historically told clients and investors that think 9 to 12 months for a deal to sign, but it sounds like you guys are on an accelerated time line. And second question, it sounds like you're putting the MPLX deal on the back burner for now. My question is are you still in the market for sites that are already powered or have been approved. Is that something that would also be more of a longer-term investment? Or how do we view those types of opportunities? So a site in some other city in Texas, like would that be something that you may pursue now? Or is that also something that would be viewed as less immediate and probably on the back burner?

No. So you have to look at what the market needs are today. If we're talking about power that will be available after 2030, there's not an aggressive demand for that capacity. The hyperscalers themselves have many efforts around developing sites, building their own energy generation for that time period. That is 4-plus years out from now. What they desperately need now is power that's available today where they can quickly get a site permitted, build and deploy and be turned on in a short time as possible. So we're prioritizing the ability to deploy capital where we can most readily convert it into those types of opportunities. So yes, we are still pursuing sites both domestically and internationally. As we mentioned in our prepared remarks, we have spent a lot of time working with large French energy majors who are global leaders in energy, especially in the U.S., Latin America and the Middle East. And we're actively engaged to develop sites over time with those partners in regions of the world where we believe it will be very attractive to develop sites that have the ability to be used maybe initially for Bitcoin mining and then converted over time into HPC, AI or other enterprise workloads.

Perfect. Sounds great. Congrats, guys.

Thank you.

Our next question comes from the line of Greg Lewis with BTIG.

Fred, I did want to touch a little on -- you've been kind of alluding to the fact that this has been ongoing, and we've been kind of building towards this for a while. I can appreciate it. That being said, there's definitely probably still some work to do to get the pen to the paper. But as we kind of look across your own portfolio, obviously, you have the nice presence in Texas or in Ohio. I mean you have nice presence across the midpart of the United States. Are there any areas that are kind of gaining more interest as you and Starwood continue to look out to do -- look to kind of onboard that first customer?

I think typically, what tenants are looking for is, as I said earlier, the power's turned on. It's easy and fast to build and there's access to Internet and if there's need for water, water, at the site. And a number of our sites fit that profile obviously. If you look at other locations across the country, it's a question of really triangulating high-speed Internet, always-on power and access to water. And all of our peers, ourselves, the neocloud providers and many others are all chasing opportunities around the country. And obviously, our focus is to initially monetize the sites that we have because the power is already on, if you would, and we don't have to do any building to any greater extent to convert those sites. There may be upgrades to substations, things like that, that have to happen before somebody comes in and starts converting the site, building buildings or doing whatever they're going to do for their specific needs. But the goal -- the fact of the matter is the power is the important thing, right?

Okay. Super helpful. And then just realizing I'm probably not as familiar with Starwood Digital Ventures as I'm probably going to become. But kind of curious, clearly, they have a presence already in Europe with data centers. You mentioned some of the things you're looking to do. As we think about this relationship going forward, could this be an opportunity for kind of clearly where Marathon already has owned infrastructure, that's an easy lift for getting MARA involved in some of these projects? But as we think about the next, I don't know, maybe not the next 12 months but the next 3, 4, 5 years, do you see an opportunity for MARA to kind of build with Starwood beyond just what you have as your owned infrastructure?

If you mean by our existing infrastructure, absolutely.

Our next question comes from the line of Chris Brendler with Rosenblatt.

Congrats on the progress here. I'd like to ask on -- sort of follow-up to Greg's question on the portfolio of data centers today and locations. And I noticed there was a comment in the deck that you have a gig of critical IT available today that seems to include some of the sites that you're currently in hosting mode. So I was just wondering if you think you can potentially either acquire or run AI data center loads at these other sites that you're currently in hosting arrangements? Or am I reading that wrong?

Yes. I think good question, Chris. I think you have to also not look at those sites, the hosted sites so much as while we operate a certain amount of load at existing sites, there is additional capacity available or expansion readily at hand. With some of these sites, the substations, for example, are ready for expansion. Additional load can be made available. And the nameplate capacity of the sites, in a number of cases, is greater than that, which we operate today.

Makes sense. Follow-up question would be just there wasn't a lot of numbers in this relationship presentation, and obviously, it's a huge pivot and exciting development. Just wondering like what kind of size projects are you thinking of in this sort of -- I don't think we're thinking about 200-, 300-, 400-megawatt sites like some of your competitors have. It sounds like it's going to be smaller, and I know there's already been some questions to the time line. But just thinking about sort of the numbers impact. How much do you expect -- I guess it depends on your ownership. But how much would you expect in the sort of back of the envelope, the economics on this joint venture compared to current Bitcoin mining operations at today's prices?

I'm not going to go into the economics today. I think more information about that will become more evident as we actually start speaking more about the specific sites and specific tenants because, obviously, who the tenant is and the economics will vary because of that. But to your question on size and scaling, you could look at a site, for example, like 1 we have in Texas, which currently operates over 200 megawatts of capacity, and that site can be converted directly to a hyperscaler site. So are we looking at doing 40- and 50-megawatt sites? No, we're looking at doing much bigger things.

Okay. Great. And I guess you said that you'd have more detail as you make progress. Is that going to be -- we have to wait for contracts to be signed? Or are you planning on disclosing and presenting more information even before then?

So think of it this way. You have to look at this almost like a real estate development project. It all depends on who the tenant is, what has to get built, what the economics of the development costs are going to be, what percentage of the JV we're going to have with that specific project. Again, we will retain up to 50% of projects or ownership in projects. So -- and then you have to look at, at the end of the day, what the lease rate's going to be. So every project will be different, so it's a little hard today to say, "Well, here's the number."

Our next question comes from the line of Kevin Dede with H.C. Wainwright.

Fred, could you offer a little color or deeper color maybe on time lines on these project enhancements with Starwood? I mean when do you think shovels start hitting the ground? And when do you think they might actually start running for customers?

So you don't turn a spade until you have a tenant typically signed because that tenant has a specific use for the site. So it's not -- we're not building on spec here, right? We're not doing what some of our peers have done. We're going to build a powered shell, and we're going to either fill it with somebody's compute or just build a powered shell and see who comes. Starwood's expertise is that they've worked with the top-tier hyperscalers, and they understand what they want. And a tenant looks at a site and looks at what can I do to that site to have what I want. They work with Starwood to design, get it permitted and built as opposed to building and hoping somebody will come like some of our peers have done. We are very focused on rapid execution with a lot of certainty. And one of the key reasons we chose Starwood is dramatically increasing certainty of execution and by partnering with somebody, as all the relationships that are required on the hyperscaler side has EPC capability in-house and it has the ability to have very good credit profile to be able to ensure these projects get funded and built. And I think if you'll look at -- a key signal will be we have signed a lease for the tenant. And at that point, there's a clock that starts ticking to ensure that permits have been approved and then spades can start digging in the ground. But as I said in my prepared remarks, we have had very fairly advanced conversations with tenants, permits have already been applied for at sites. And our expectation is that this will be an accelerated process and that we will see updates regarding leases in a time period that I think most people will think is pretty accelerated.

Would you mind taking a minute or 2 to sort through Exaion? It's not absolutely clear exactly how MARA intends to lever that. I did little digging. I understand it operates under MARA France, and I think you have 3 Board seats of the 8. And I'm kind of scratching my head on how you intend to leverage that deal.

Okay. So Exaion was developed within EDF, which is a French state-owned energy company that operates one of the largest fleets of nuclear reactors in the world as well as huge renewables. I believe they're one of the largest electrical energy producers in the world. Certainly, the greenest, with about 70% plus of their energy generation being green between hydroelectric capacity, other renewables and nuclear. France, especially EDF, has huge needs for AI. They have very large needs around private cloud because if you're operating nuclear reactors and you have the plethora of data that's coming off them and you're running AI models to ensure that they're operating not just safely but you're optimizing how they're running, they did not want that as an outsourced service to a third-party provider. And so they built that competency in-house. There came a point though where they believed it was better to take in external capital to advance the funding of that team and take what that team had built. And Exaion is, I think, today, about 90 people. They have built infrastructure, tech stack and systems and services to be able to operate the data centers on behalf of EDF. They also operate a quantum computer in their Montreal facility, for example. And they are a team that has built systems specifically for private sovereign cloud type operations of data centers where you're running inference loads, where data security is the absolute top priority, and they today operate 4 data centers, including Tier 4 data center capacity, with the mix of AI loads, traditional CPU load storage. They also have built infrastructure around blockchain. And for example, they provide, for a major French bank, the underlying infrastructure that manages stablecoin issuance for another French entity, also real-world token -- tokenization of financial assets. So they have very advanced technologies. This is a group that is primarily engineers and technicians, operators, if you would. And our investment in Exaion, we will own 64% -- we now own 64% of Exaion, is really focused on being able to leverage the Infrastructure-as-a-Service technology, the platforms and service technologies that they've developed and deploy that in data centers around the world. One thing you have to realize is, geopolitically, we live today in a multipolar world. Gone are the days where U.S. companies could dominate the data center operations around the world. Countries do not necessarily want U.S. hyperscalers subject to the CLOUD Act to operate in their countries where their sensitive data may be subject to U.S. government control. And this is especially true in Europe. What does that mean? It means that Europe is erecting walls, where potentially it will be harder for U.S. hyperscalers to provide the types of services that they provide to enterprises in the U.S. to key strategic enterprises within Europe. Our investment in Exaion is specifically targeted at 2 things: one, getting the technology platform so that we can deploy highly sophisticated private cloud with full security and data integrity globally in data centers for enterprise customers as well as within France and across Europe, provide private cloud infrastructure and services to leading enterprises where they would prefer not to make that data available to hyperscalers who are subject to the U.S. CLOUD Act. In a way, it's almost a market where there's an advantage to being outside of the U.S. And we are very bullish on the opportunities that Exaion's going to provide us. They know how to service energy majors very well, and we believe that our relationships with the other French energy majors will be an advantage there as well as in other countries around the world. And one use for our smaller data centers is specifically as private cloud operations. The vast majority of corporate data today resides not in the public cloud but in private cloud or behind the firewalls of the corporations. Financial services companies, health care companies, drug research companies, defense industries and other strategic industries do not put their data in the public cloud. People will put e-mail. They'll put other general-purpose data, but they will not put their core operating data into the public cloud. And if you want to run AI, it means you have to run it in the private cloud. We have spent a lot of time leveraging one of our key Board members, Janet George, who today runs a large part of the AI efforts at Mastercard and previously did so at Intel and at Oracle. And we've spent a lot of time to really understand the needs of enterprise customers not just in the U.S. but internationally and understand where their key pain points are. When you look at the hyperscalers today, and Jensen Huang said this in his earnings call yesterday, the majority of the inference that's being done by the hyperscalers is in improving their own search products, their own product selection and recommendation engines and the tools that -- and services, they are already used for selling to customers and improving their advertising basis, Google, for example. What you're starting to see now is corporations wanting to start deploying vertical AI solutions, for example, production optimization, fraud detection, things like that, all of which they're going to run behind their firewalls or in full private cloud. And companies that want to run that are going to need infrastructure, and the infrastructure they're going to need has to have the ability to be fully secured, be fully private cloud and ensure that the owner of the data has full control over the data regardless of who operates the data center. And these are the core technologies that Exaion brings us, and we're super excited about this because it really allows us to totally differentiate ourselves from people who are just offering basic services to neoclouds or even neoclouds themselves because it's a much more sophisticated infrastructure that we believe will generate much more value per megawatt, which again is our core metric and is much stickier.

[ Confident ] that you'll be allowed to take that technology to geographies outside of Europe.

Yes. So we own -- we have majority control of Exaion. You asked a question about the Board seats. There are 8 members of the Board, 3 from EDF. One seat is the CEO of Exaion. We have 3 seats and then a French technology entrepreneur, Xavier Niel, has 1 seat. And we're very excited to have him onboard because of his background. You guys can do your own research on who he is. He invested personally in MARA France, which is our holding company through which Exaion is owned.

There are no further questions at this time. I'd like to pass the call back over to Robert for any closing remarks.

Thanks, operator, and thank you, everyone, for joining us today. If you do have any questions that were not answered during today's call, please feel free to contact our Investor Relations team at ir.mara.com. Thanks very much, and enjoy the rest of the day.

This concludes today's teleconference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.