Welcome to ManpowerGroup’s first quarter earnings results conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode until the Q&A session of today’s conference. This call will be recorded. If you have any objections, please disconnect at this time. Now I will turn the call over to ManpowerGroup Chairman and CEO, Jonas Prising. Sir, you may begin.

Welcome to the first quarter conference call for 2023. Our Chief Financial Officer, Jack McGinnis is with me today. For your convenience, we have included our prepared remarks within the Investor Relations section of our website at manpowergroup.com. I will start by going through some of the highlights of the quarter, then Jack will go through the first quarter results and guidance for the second quarter of 2023. I will then share some concluding thoughts before we start our Q&A session. Jack will now cover the Safe Harbor language.

Good morning everyone. This conference call includes forward-looking statements, including statements concerning economic and geopolitical uncertainty which are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. These statements are based on management’s current expectations or beliefs. Actual results might differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. Slide 2 of our earnings release presentation further identifies forward-looking statements made in this call and factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially, and information regarding reconciliation of non-GAAP measures.

Thanks Jack. In our previous earnings call, we reported that organizations remained focused on maintaining and augmenting headcount for essential talent, though we were also seeing softening of demand for staffing services due to increased economic uncertainty. This softening trend continued into the first quarter of this year with demand for staffing services slowing further, most notably in the U.S. Europe continued to experience a modest decrease in demand in most major markets during the quarter, following a trend that started early in 2022. After months of a remarkably strong U.S. labor market, we are now seeing more companies across various industries recalibrating their workforces after a period of bullish hiring, shifting their focus towards more intentional hiring for specialist skills and in-demand roles, delaying hiring decisions and reducing their demand for contingent workforce, in line with dynamics we have seen in past economic slowdowns. Although this cautious environment is resulting in lower volumes of staffing activity in the U.S. and Europe, we continue to support our clients by delivering the in-demand specialist resources they need in this environment, and are also playing a big role in replenishing their permanent workforce in critical parts of their businesses. It is important to note that business trends in Asia Pacific, the Middle East and Latin America continued to be quite robust and helped offset the more challenging environment in the U.S. and Europe, illustrating the advantage of our geographically diversified market presence. I just finished business review meetings on the ground in our Asia and Latin America businesses, and I’ll talk more about that later. Turning to our financial results, in the first quarter the revenue was $4.8 billion, down 2% year-over-year in constant currency. Our reported EBITA for the quarter was $127 million. Adjusting for restructuring costs, EBITA was $133 million, representing an 11% decrease in constant currency year-over-year. Reported EBITA margin was 2.7% and adjusted EBITA margin was 2.8%. Earnings per diluted share were $1.51 on a reported basis and $1.61 on an adjusted basis. Adjusted earnings per share were down 7% year-over-year in constant currency. Our clients have indicated that despite the slowing environment, core business transformation must continue, underscoring the need for different and more advanced skills. Our own quarterly ManpowerGroup Employment Survey data shows employers plan to continue hiring mission critical talent given shortages for in-demand roles are at record levels. This demand for talent is evidenced by ongoing strong growth in permanent recruitment in many of our largest markets, including the U.K., France, Italy, Japan, Spain and the Nordics, among others. I will now pass to Jack to share more details on the financials.

Thanks Jonas. Revenues in the first quarter came in between the low end and the midpoint of our constant currency guidance range. Gross profit margin came in at the high end of our guidance range. As adjusted, EBITA was $133 million, representing an 11% decrease in constant currency compared to the prior year period. As adjusted, EBITA margin was 2.8% and came in at the midpoint of our guidance range, representing 30 basis points of decline year-over-year. Due to the strengthening of the dollar, year over year foreign currency movements continued to have a significant impact on our results. It is important to note that our businesses operate in local currencies and, as a result, foreign currency translation does not impact cash flow activity within our businesses and is largely an accounting item based on reporting translation into U.S. dollars. Foreign currency translation drove about a 5.5% percent swing between the U.S. dollar reported revenue trend and the constant currency related trend. After adjusting for the negative impact of foreign exchange rates, our constant currency revenue decreased 2%. Organic days-adjusted revenue decreased 4% in the quarter compared to our guidance of minus-2.5% at the midpoint. The lower revenue trend reflected a deteriorating environment during the first quarter, particularly across the U.S. and Europe. Turning to the EPS bridge on Slide 4, reported earnings per share was $1.51, which included $0.10 related to restructuring costs. Excluding restructuring costs, adjusted EPS was $1.61. Walking from our guidance midpoint, our results included a softer operational performance of $0.04, a lower effective tax rate which had a positive impact of $0.01, a foreign currency impact that was $0.01 better than our guidance due to the strengthening of the euro and the pound during the quarter, and other expenses, which included increased pension plan related…

Thanks Jack. Although the environment is becoming more challenging, we are doubling down on our strategic initiatives within the pillars of diversification, digitization and innovation to strengthen our capabilities and make progress on shifting our business mix to higher value services supported by a market leading technology platform strategy in all our brands. We continue to make strong progress on diversifying our business, with our higher margin brands Experis and Talent Solutions making up 44% of gross profit dollars. This together with our industry-leading geographic footprint and strong balance sheet leaves us well prepared to weather economic cycles. Within Talent Solutions, although activity levels in RPO and MSP are down from the peaks in the prior year period, gross profit levels remain well above pre-pandemic levels while our countercyclical Right Management business is currently experiencing significant gross profit growth. As I mentioned, I recently spent time with clients and our leaders in Asia and Latin America, where the economic outlook in both regions continues to be strong. Business conditions are especially conducive to an increased demand for our temporary staffing services. This is very evident across most of our Latin America businesses, where just last week I had the pleasure of celebrating the 60th anniversary of our very successful business in Chile. As global supply chains normalize and China reopens, the growth outlook in the APME regions is also very bright. Japan, our largest business in the APME region and fifth largest globally, has been extremely resilient post-pandemic and our business is continuing a strong track record of revenue and profit growth. In fact, our Japan business has had 34 consecutive quarters of constant currency growth, which is remarkable. Congratulations to the Japanese leadership team, who have been laser focused on the growth sectors based on the data and trends…

Thank you. We will now begin the Q&A session. [Operator instructions] Our first question comes from Mark Marcon from Baird. Your line is now open.

Good morning Jonas and Jack. Two big questions. One, can you just describe the pace of change as the quarter unfolded, just to what extent was March worse than, say, February, particularly in the markets that ended up showing weakness, like the U.S. or the U.K.? That’s the first question.

Good morning Mark. Well, we saw U.S. catch up to the European declines we’ve seen really over the last five quarters quite quickly, frankly. The U.S. had the biggest step down during the quarter, followed closely by the U.K., and most of that quick step down came from our enterprise client segments, so larger businesses in the U.S. and the U.K. pulling back, and that’s what we saw evolve during the quarter. But maybe Jack, do you want to give a little bit more color on specifics?

Yes, sure, be happy to. Specifically on the U.S., we saw a gradual deterioration over the course of the quarter that was building through the end of the quarter, so I’d say if you look at that average rate for the quarter of minus-13, we ended the quarter slightly, slightly higher than that, and as I talked about the guide, we expect a similar trend into the second quarter. It might be a tad bit higher as we take that higher rate, so that was the U.S. I think the U.K. - you know, fairly constant throughout the quarter. I think the quarter started a little softer and that just carried through the entire way, so when you look at that average for the U.K. for the quarter, it was pretty even throughout the entire quarter. As we look forward for the U.K. for next quarter, we see it being really kind of stable to perhaps maybe just slightly up or down half a percent as we kind of look at that trend. I’d say maybe just on the third biggest market for us would be Italy, and Italy actually on the flipside strengthened over the course of the quarter. We saw Italy actually exit the quarter closer to flattish, which was good, and we take that into our second quarter forecast, where we think Italy will likely do a bit better than the trend from the first quarter.

Great, and then with regards to the U.S., obviously you mentioned Experis and the enterprise clients pulling back from what were really high comparison periods a year ago. How broad-based was that pull back in terms of the Experis business, either within the U.S. or even globally, and what are your expectations on a go-forward basis with regards to Experis in terms of how that could unfold over the second and potentially even third quarters?

Well as you mention, Mark, the pull back that we’re seeing in the U.S. comes after very high growth rates in the prior year period, and it is focused on enterprise clients. Our convenience business for Experis is holding up much better, and although seeing some declines, it’s substantially lower declines than what we’re seeing on the enterprise side, so we feel good about the business in Experis in the U.S. The other market that saw the same step down from an enterprise perspective was the U.K. Excluding those two markets, Experis showed good growth everywhere else globally, so we continue to feel extremely good about the opportunities for Experis as a brand going forward, because we see that clients, although pulling back from their very strong investments in technology around digital transformation, they still are going to be undergoing significant digital efforts, which is benefiting and will continue to benefit Experis going forward. What we’re seeing here in the U.S. in particular and, to a lesser degree also in the U.K., is really businesses pulling back from the very strong spending they had a year ago, but we feel good about the prospects of Experis and we feel very good about our convenience business as well, Mark.

Okay.

I would just add, Mark, just to--you know, a little more context. Experis overall was only down 2% in GP dollars, as we showed on the GP chart in the slides, so although there’s some bigger decreases that we talked about in the U.S. and the U.K., which are enterprise driven, when you look across the global business, actually it’s holding up quite well, a modest decline on an overall basis, and as Jonas said, convenience is performing really well and that includes the ettain acquisition, which is holding up very well, and we’re actually seeing good growth in certain pockets, particularly in financial services, so a little additional context.

Great, and then if I can squeeze in one last one, on the guidance overall, the revenue and gross profit guidance is in line with our expectations but the EBIT guidance is materially below. What’s the driver in terms of just the--with gross profit holding up, what’s the driver with the EBIT falling off? Is it just SG&A deleveraging or are there incremental investments that are occurring?

Yes, thanks Mark for that question. You know, I would say the context is the deleveraging. We are seeing a lower revenue trend on a constant currency basis into the second quarter. As you said, the good news is GP margin is holding up quite well at 18% at the midpoint, but SG&A--and I should say SG&A is coming down, as we talked about in our prepared remarks. Organically, SG&A was down--was a 3% growth rate, which was down from the 4% growth rate in the fourth quarter, and you should expect that growth rate to continue to come down as part of our guidance for the second quarter. But with that being said, it’s not a broad-based reduction across all parts of our business. As we said and as you can see from the GP dollar trends, the business is still holding up quite well in various parts, so we’re still investing. We’re looking at--you know, you should expect that GP dollars will decline in the second quarter from the first quarter trend, based on the revenues, but there’s still some very good pockets of investment happening in the businesses. We talked about Experis and parts of the business that are still seeing some really good growth in financial services, and we did emphasize we continue to invest in digitization and our technology platform, so we think that’s a strategic advantage for us. We believe we had a leading technology global platform and we’re doing more than the front office, we’re doing back office as well, and so all of that equates to continued steady investment in digitization and as a result, although the SG&A trend will continue to improve the second quarter, we’re not in an environment where we’re taking broad-based, dramatic reductions based on the fact that the market’s still holding up relatively well in certain areas.

Great, thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Jeff Silber of BMO Capital Markets. Your line is now open.

Thank you so much. You’ve given us some color by geography and by client size. I’m wondering if we can get a little bit more color by industry vertical specifically in the U.K. and Europe.

As you heard in our prepared remarks, Jeff, we feel very good about our business in Latin America and Asia Pacific - they’re continuing to grow, and having just visited Asia as well as Latin America recently, our clients are still looking for talent. The labor markets are tight and the opportunities are plentiful. When it comes to Europe and the U.S., as you heard us talk about in our prepared remarks, Europe started to decline in the first quarter of 2022 and has really been on a path of modest decreases in demand overall, and that’s a continuation of a trend that we see now into the first as well as in our projections into the second quarter as well. The U.S. is the part of the geography that made the biggest step down, and as you’ve just heard us discuss, a lot of that comes from enterprise clients deciding that the economic outlook is uncertain. They are holding onto their workforces, which is why you see our perm numbers still looking very strong, and frankly we’re having very good perm growth in the U.K., France, Italy, Japan, Spain, Nordics amongst others, but they are pulling back on contingent staffing demand because they are preparing for worsening economic times, so very similar to what we would expect and what we have seen in past economic slowdowns. That’s really the story. The U.S. caught up to Europe at a faster pace, which is also something we would expect as the U.S. is a much more dynamic labor market and tends to react quicker to shifts in the economic cycle.

Yes, and Jeff, I would just add--

Jonas--I’m sorry. Please go ahead, Jeff.

No Jeff, since you specifically mentioned the U.K., I would just add from an industry vertical perspective, public sector is big in the U.K. - that’s about a third of the business. That’s holding up fairly well, but as you know, the U.K. is a big enterprise market. A lot of enterprise clients in the U.K., and that’s really the pressure we’re seeing. We talked about Experis - it is the second biggest Experis market, and that’s where the pressure has been, more on the Enterprise side and within the verticals probably a bit more on the technology side, in terms of technology enterprise clients. I would just add that.

That’s helpful, and can we get that kind of color in the U.S. and Europe as well? That was actually my question.

Yes, I’d say in the U.S., similar. I think we’re seeing the pressures on the enterprise side, as we’ve talked, and I’d say very similar story for Experis. I think on the technology enterprise clients, that’s where there’s more cautious behavior in terms of demand. I think as we looked across financial services, we’re seeing very strong trends, and that’s in both enterprise and convenience, and I’d say other verticals that are seeing strength would be, on the manufacturing side, food continues to be fairly stable. Auto - we’re not big in auto in the U.S. specifically, but auto across Europe and the large markets there - France, Germany, and the Nordics, is actually coming back, so we’re seeing improving trends in auto. Then I’d say more globally in terms of areas where we’re seeing more pressure, consistent with what we said last quarter, it’s going to be logistics, transportation, construction, and generally I’d say enterprise manufacturing that are not auto and not food related are generally seeing pressure, and that correlates to what Jonas talked about in terms of the PMI trends as well.

Okay, that’s really helpful. Thanks so much, Jeff.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Kartik Mehta from Northcoast Research. Your line is open.

Thank you. Good morning. Jack, as you indicated, you’ve done a good job in maintaining the gross margin, gross profit dollars especially. I’m thinking as we go forward and if the trends continue this way throughout the year, your ability to kind of maintain gross margin, and then just what you think might happen on the SG&A side as you think about if you need to right-size the business at all.

Yes, thanks Kartik. I would say on the--you know, the good news is that staffing margins held up quite nicely despite the pull back in demand, and that trend’s continuing. We talked a lot about that last quarter - you can see in the GP margin walk that that continues to be the case, so we feel really good about that, and you can see that in the guidance for Q2 from a GP margin. I think as we think about GP margin, one of the factors is going to be perm, right? Perm was still--as Jonas talked about, was still very strong outside of some of the U.S. trends - in the U.S., we’re really just anniversarying exceptional growth, but very good. Perm continues to be very strong in a lot of our European and Asia markets, and we see that continuing. That is the result of a lot of investment we’ve made in perm in those markets, and that’s paying off for us currently. I think perm as part of the equation will continue to anniversary some record levels. We actually hit our peak record all-time of perm GP dollars in Q2 of last year, so it’s natural to expect perm to continue to come off a bit in terms of year-over-year trends, but I think it’s still a pretty substantial part of the overall GP equation, so as we go forward through the year, I think when we look at the staffing margin, the mix of the clients are going to be part of the equation. We talked about more pressure from enterprise - that means that the convenience side is becoming a little bit bigger piece of the pie, and that’s positive for staffing margin, so we’ll have to continue to monitor it. But I think the good news is, and as Jonas talked about, the labor market overall is still holding up quite well, and that’s helping in terms of talent and pricing for talent, so we feel pretty optimistic about staffing margin even in an environment that is continuing to see more pressure going forward.

And then on SG&A, Jack, your thoughts on--I know you talked about that that should continue to decelerate, and I’m wondering as you look at the business and if you need to right-size it, what you think the outlook there could be.

Yes, absolutely. I think our track record and our playbook is if we do see significant declines in GP dollars, you should expect we’re going to move into more dramatic cost actions, and so in that case, we move into recovery ratio management. That means for the GP dollar declines, our goal is to offset half of the GP dollar declines with SG&A reductions. Now with that being said, the context of the current environment is we still grew GP dollars in the first quarter 1%, as we disclosed on the GP chart, and even though we’re moving in Q2 into a modest decrease, it’s still a pretty balanced environment overall in various parts of the business, so we’re not in the dramatic broad-based SG&A reduction territory yet based on the environment. However, if the environment moves in that direction, we will--you should expect we’ll do what we always do, and we’ll take appropriate actions to preserve margin to the greatest degree possible. It’s really going to depend on how the environment continues to unfold. We are doing it already in parts of the business that have seen more broad pull backs, but in other parts of the business that are holding up pretty well, we’re still investing, so it’s going to be a balance and if we see broader changes, we’ll react accordingly.

And just one last question, Jonas - you know, you talked about meeting with clients in Europe, and I’m wondering your thoughts on France, considering some of the unrest that they have seen and how that might be impacting the business, if at all.

Well Kartik, the unrest in France and the debate around the pension reforms and all that, as you’ve seen, has actually had very little impact so far on our business in France. The strikes have an impact in that it makes it difficult for the workers to get to their assignments, but since there haven’t been broad-based long term strikes but rather day interruptions, the business has been able to manage it very well, and the learnings that we had from the pandemic means that many of our workers for some assignments are able to do their work remotely as well. The French team has managed a difficult environment in a very good way, and it was very encouraging to see as well that France is generally flattish in terms of its trend following a slightly softening market demand, as you’ve seen from other data points as well. The French team is doing a good job and we’ve not really seen a major impact on those strikes in the past, and we hope that the debate now with the decision to increase the pension reform is going to calm down the protests that we’ve seen and that France can continue on its path of reasonably good growth, although pressured on PMI, but we feel with very good reforms in place, then conducive to good growth in the future.

Thank you both, appreciate it.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Stephanie Yee of JP Morgan. Your line is now open.

Hi, good morning. I’m stepping in for Andrew Steinerman. Just a question on France in particular. In the first quarter, it seemed like France did better than what you were expecting coming into the quarter, and now we’re kind of expecting a slight revenue decrease in the second quarter. I was wondering if you can comment on maybe what the March or April trends were in France and any impact or deceleration you’re seeing on the wage pricing front.

Stephanie, thanks for the question. Yes, I would say France, based on the trends during the quarter, we exited the quarter close to flattish to slightly down on an overall basis, and we take that into the second quarter guidance, anticipating a little more pressure based on what we’ve been seeing in some of the weeklies here in April. I’d say the only caveat on the weeklies in April, we do have some mismatch with Easter timing year-over-year and so forth, which impacts some of the weekly trend we’ve been seeing; but I would say it’s a fair point and we’re being a bit cautious, based on the fact that although France has held up okay versus our guidance in Q1, we have seen a progressive step down over the last couple quarters, so that’s a little bit in terms of what’s happening. I think in terms of your second item related to getting at bill pay spreads and wage inflation, France is holding up quite well, so when we look at margin and staffing margin, France was part of that improvement year-over-year, so we feel good about pricing and the environment and we feel good in terms of bill pay spreads on an overall basis in France.

Okay, great. Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from George Tong of Goldman Sachs. Your line is now open.

Hi, thanks. Good morning. You mentioned the pull back in hiring and delayed hiring decisions in line with dynamics you’ve seen in past economic slowdowns. From a macro perspective, can you discuss how this pull back compares with past cycles and what macro assumptions in the U.S. and EU you’re embedding into your 2Q guide?

Hey George, we couldn’t hear you perfectly, but I think you’re asking how does this slowdown in demand and softening the markets compare to prior cycles that we’ve experienced in our now 75-year history. Is that correct?

Yes, that’s right.

It’s a great question, because as we look at the last slowdowns and recessions, they were very strong, so the Great Financial Recession and the recessions we saw related to the pandemic. Clearly we don’t know what the economic cycle is going to be, but if we do look at our past economic cycles and our current data, this tends to indicate that we are in a garden variety recession - by that, I mean a shallow economic slowdown or recession, and it harks back maybe, it’s a little bit of back to the future where employers aware of the need for talent in tight labor markets hold onto their workforces to a greater degree than what we’ve seen in the last two big recessions, and they are very careful in their hiring. They’re delaying their hiring decisions, but they’re really anticipating through their behaviors a shorter and shallower slowdown-slash-recession, so that they have enough fire power to come back and meet the demands of their products and services when the recession abates and the economic growth starts to accelerate again. That’s how I would characterize our view, and it’s exactly why you’re hearing Jack discuss our position on our SG&A. We’re very careful in terms of our own hiring, we’re very focused on productivity, but we keep on investing in the opportunities that we see, whether they be in perm and Experis and Talent Solutions, so we want to make sure that we’re positioned for good growth when the market comes back. But we’re very cautious--we’re cautious at this time because the economic uncertainty is getting higher and some of the headwinds are really coming through in the demand drops that we are seeing. Hopefully that gives you a little bit of our view when we compare this environment to our experience from past economic cycles.

Yes, that’s very helpful. Thank you. On the margin front, [indiscernible] down 100 BPs year-over-year in the second quarter. Which specific areas of the business are you scaling back spending and which areas are you maintaining or increasing [indiscernible] levels?

George, I can talk to that. I think on the EBITDA down 100 basis points, maybe a little context for that is the other point to remember, is we had dramatic growth a year ago in EBITDA margin from Q1 to Q2, so we went up 70 basis points from Q1 to Q2. Q2 actually was our high water mark in EBITDA margin on an overall basis at 3.8% last year, so we’re anniversarying that as part of this, and we have the opposite impact from a year ago where the environment was improving and we were getting better operational leverage, and we have the opposite now where it’s--you know, it’s declining in certain markets that we’ve talked about, offset by strength in others, but a different dynamic on an overall basis, which is why the EBITDA margin is coming off to the degree that we’re forecasting. In terms of where we’re taking actions on an overall basis, I’d say our FTE continues to go down. FTE from year end to the end of the first quarter, our headcount is down about 2%. We did talk about in the fourth quarter, about the fact that we took headcount down sequentially from the third quarter. We continued that again to a greater degree, and you should expect that trend to continue based on the actions we’ve taken. If we look at our biggest markets where we’re taking FTEs down based on the environment and the parts of the business that aren’t seeing the correlated demand, that’s going to be the U.S., that’s going to be the U.K., it’s going to be various other markets in Europe, and as you would expect in this environment of negative revenues, you should expect that in the global functions and the corporate parts of the business, we have hiring freezes going on, we’re pulling back in discretionary spend. Those are the actions we’re taking, and as I mentioned, if the environment continues to decrease further, then you should expect we’ll take further actions as well.

Very helpful, thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Manav Patnaik with Barclays. Your line is now open.

Hi, good morning, how are you? This is actually Ronan Kennedy on for Manav. Thanks for taking my questions. If I may follow up to the insight provided in response to George’s question with the macro and a potential garden variety recession, last quarter you used a very helpful analogy of saying companies were beginning to tap the brakes, others had their foot hovering above the brake pedal. How would you categorize that now, and then also as a follow-up to the assessment of it being garden variety, how do you think the quarters will progress? Will there be continual gradual declines, and do you have any thoughts as to when things could potentially turn around? Then lastly, in this weakened environment, how are industry competitive dynamics? Is it more intensely competitive, pricing pressures, etc.?

I’m glad you liked the analogy that we used last time. I think I would say more companies are tapping the brake. New companies are hitting the brakes hard. We don’t really see that to the degree that we’ve seen in other economic slowdowns, so you have--as you can see, outside of the U.S., you have companies that are being more cautious based on their outlooks, but there is still demand. There is still good convenience, there is still hiring going on based on the tight labor markets and the demand for higher skilled talent, so it’s still a conducive environment in terms of opportunities, and that’s what we’re very focused on, to make sure that we have the fire power. As Jack talked about, clearly we’re thinking about our SG&A from a defensive perspective in the areas that don’t impact the business where we see the opportunities, but at the same time we’re hiring recruiters and we’re hiring sales people because it’s important that we maintain our strength in the market. I think that’s sort of our view. In terms of the progression around the quarter, I’ll let Jack talk about that; but I think overall, we’re essentially adopting a cautious stance in terms of looking for a slight further softening based on what we’ve seen at the beginning of the second quarter. Jack, maybe you’d like to provide some more color?

Yes, I would just say briefly, that is, Ronan, what we’re seeing in our projections. You’re seeing a slight decrease in constant currency revenues into the second quarter, and as we look at--if we go back another quarter, you see us going from that minus-2.5% to 4% on an organic ADR basis, so these movements are relatively modest in terms of the degree of revenue change, and that’s how we’re--you know, that’s reflecting the environment. Parts of the environment are moving more significantly than others - we’re seeing that as we talked about at length on the enterprise side, but other parts are holding up nicely and we do have the balance of some of our European businesses actually continuing to perform quite nicely, and I’d definitely put Italy in that camp despite some modest revenue decline in the quarter. We would expect--based on everything we’re seeing now, we would expect that trend, that kind of lighter decrease to continue.

Thank you. May I confirm the competitive dynamics within the industry, and any particular insights by brand in kind of a weaker macro environment?

Generally, I’d say the competitive dynamics remain competitive, but rational. We know that demand for talent that companies are hiring remains strong and labor markets are tight, so the pricing environment thus is still healthy. We’re seeing good pay bill spreads and whilst we are seeing some softening in some skill sets, this is still in the context of a tight labor market where there are many open jobs here in the U.S., as well as in Europe and, frankly, globally as well, and we saw this as well in the employer--Manpower Group Employer Outlook Survey looking into the second quarter, as employers are still intent on hiring talent, and that’s why we feel that the environment is still solid and the competitive environment is always competitive, but rational at the same time.

Thank you very much. If I may, as a quick follow-up, can you just cover working capital management, capital allocation, and even business reviews such as the Proservia, in this weakened environment and as the cycle--as we progress through the cycle, how we should think about that?

I’ll let Jack talk about the capital allocation. You mentioned Proservia - on this note, you’ve seen in our prepared remarks, we’re pleased to see that our German business is making progress in a number of our brands, but we are working on solving our Proservia business as well, and that’s really where we’re focused. We still have some work to do in Germany to perform the way we would like, and in particular in Proservia, and that’s where our focus is right now. But Jack, maybe you’d like to go onto the capital allocation question?

Yes, and I’ll be brief - I know we have a couple other callers that are trying to get in before we end the call. Capital allocation is fairly straightforward, Ronan. I’d say it continues, no change in strategy. You saw us do the share repurchases during the course of the quarter. Remember we are opportunistic, so you’ll see us do higher volumes when we perceive there to be very good value, and we’ll continue along those lines. The dividend continues to be our top priority and a progressive dividend is our strategy in a decent environment. We would consider this an environment where we would have a progressive dividend. Then in terms of M&A and so forth, really no change. I think as we said, we prefer organic growth, but as we’ve shown in the past, there is room for strategic M&A particularly in the higher margin parts of our business, and you saw us do that with the ettain acquisition back at the end of ’21, so continue to keep our eyes open and that’s really what I’d say on capital allocation. Thanks.

Thank you very much, appreciate it.

Thank you. Our last question comes from Tobey Sommer of Truist Securities. Your line is now open.

Hey, good morning. This is Jasper Bib on for Tobey. Just one question from me, because I know we’re short on time. On the tax rate, the first half looks a little bit higher than the prior full-year expectation at 29%. I know in some of your markets, the tax rate actually might go higher when your OUP margins are under pressure, so should we be modeling a slightly higher tax rate in the second half of the year than previously expected?

Yes, thanks Jasper for that question. No, I would say the guidance for the second quarter is 30%, which is a tad higher than the full year guidance, and we came in a little bit better in the first quarter than we anticipated. I would say you’re exactly right - one of the components of the tax rate is the country mix, and with the volatility we’ve been seeing, that’s added a little bit more volatility to the rate and the forecast for the rate. But with all that being said, we still feel pretty good about the 29% for the full year, so although Q2 is a little bit higher, there’s some timing considerations and things like that, I would continue to use 29% for the back half of the year.

That makes sense. Thanks for taking my question.

Okay, that brings us to the end of our first quarter earnings call. Thanks everyone for your participation, and we look forward to speaking with you again when we announce our second quarter earnings. Thanks everyone. Have a good rest of the week.

Thank you, and that concludes today’s conference. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.