Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the MAA Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded today, October 30, 2025. [Operator Instructions] I will now turn the call over to Andrew Schaeffer, Senior Vice President, Treasurer and Director of Capital Markets of MAA for opening comments.

Thank you, Regina, and good morning, everyone. This is Andrew Schaeffer, Treasurer and Director of Capital Markets for MAA. Members of the management team participating on the call this morning are Brad Hill, Tim Argo, Clay Holder and Rob DelPriore. Before we begin with prepared comments this morning, I want to point out that as part of this discussion, company management will be making forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from our projections. We encourage you to refer to the forward-looking statements section in yesterday's earnings release and our 34-F filings with the SEC, which describe risk factors that may impact future results. During this call, we will also discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures. A presentation of the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures as well as reconciliations of the differences between non-GAAP and comparable GAAP measures can be found in our earnings release and supplemental financial data. Our earnings release and supplement are currently available on the For Investors page of our website at www.maac.com. A copy of our prepared comments and an audio recording of this call will also be available on our website later today. After some brief prepared comments, the management team will be available to answer questions. I will now turn the call over to Brad.

Thank you, Andrew, and good morning, everyone. As highlighted in our earnings release, our third quarter core FFO results met our expectations, reinforcing the resilience of our platform and strategy. While the broader economic environment has introduced some challenges, including slower job growth and tempered pricing power in new leases, we are still seeing recovery. Strong occupancy, solid collections and year-over-year improvements in new renewal and blended lease rates in the third quarter demonstrate our momentum. Demand across our markets remains healthy and we are encouraged that the record level of lease-ups in our region are being absorbed with occupancy levels increasing 450 basis points over the past 5 quarters and now approaching pre-COVID levels. Supply levels in our markets, though elevated historically, are trending down at a faster pace than many other regions. As new deliveries continue to decline each quarter, we anticipate a strengthening recovery in pricing power and operating performance. Importantly, new starts remain below long-term averages and have for the past 10 quarters, and we see no indication of an acceleration in starts. In fact, per our third-party data provider, our markets saw just 0.2% of inventory in new starts in the third quarter. And starts over the trailing 4 quarters were just 1.8% of inventory, roughly half the historical norm, positioning us for sustained improvement. Our diversified presence across high-growth markets and more affordable price point provides access to a broader segment of the rental market that is financially strong, supporting continued strong collections. Additionally, our region continues to capture one of the highest levels of annual wage growth, as evidenced by the increasing incomes of our new residents, driving favorable rent-to-income ratios, which remain at a healthy low of 20%. Improving leasing conditions also bolster our redevelopment pipeline and offering residents a newly renovated…

Thank you, Brad, and good morning, everyone. For the third quarter, we saw increasing occupancy and strong retention and renewal lease rates but experienced continued lack of traction and the ability to push on new lease rates. We believe broad economic uncertainty and slower job growth, as evidenced by a downward revision to the job growth numbers, contributed to prospects being more cautious about making decisions to move and to operators prioritizing occupancy over new lease rents. Despite the challenging environment for new leases, we continue to see new lease-over-lease pricing improve over the prior year at minus 5.2%, up 20 basis points as compared to the third quarter of 2024, combined with the strong renewal lease-over-lease performance of plus 4.5%, which was up 40 basis points over the prior year. Blended pricing for the quarter was positive 0.3%, improving 50 basis points from the third quarter of last year. As mentioned, average physical occupancy sequentially improved to 95.6% in the third quarter, representing a 20 basis point increase from the second quarter. Additionally, we had another quarter of strong collections with net delinquency representing just 0.3% of billed rents. A number of our mid-tier markets, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic region continue to be outperformers relative to the portfolio. Richmond and the D.C. area markets remain strong and other markets such as Savannah, Charleston and Greenville all demonstrated strong pricing power in the quarter. Of our larger markets, Houston continue to be steady and we are seeing encouraging progress in Atlanta and the Dallas-Fort Worth area properties, where blended pricing in both of these markets improved sequentially from the second quarter and outperformed the same-store portfolio. The lagging markets we have noted for the past few quarters remain consistent with Austin continuing to work through its record supply pressure, resulting…

Thank you, Tim, and good morning, everyone. We reported core FFO for the quarter of $2.16 per diluted share, which was in line with the midpoint of our third quarter guidance. Favorable overhead expenses of $0.01 and same-store expenses of $0.05 and were offset by unfavorable same-store revenues of $0.05 and non-same-store expenses of $0.01. As Tim alluded to in his comments, our occupancy and renewal lease performance remained strong and were in line with our projections for the quarter while new lease rates performed below our expectations. During the quarter, we funded approximately $78 million in development cost for our current $797 million pipeline, leaving an expected $254 million to be funded on the current pipeline over the next 3 years. Our balance sheet remains well positioned to support these and other future growth opportunities. At the end of the quarter, we had $815 million in combined cash and borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility and our net debt-to-EBITDA ratio was 4.2x. At quarter end, our outstanding debt was approximately 91% fixed with an average maturity of 6.3 years at an effective rate of 3.8%. Subsequent to quarter end, we amended our revolving credit facility, increasing the capacity of the facility from $1.25 billion to $1.5 billion and extending the maturity of the facility to January 2030. In addition, we amended our commercial paper program to increase the maximum amount of outstanding commercial paper borrowings to $750 million. We have an upcoming $400 million bond maturity in November that we expect to refinance in the fourth quarter. Finally, we have adjusted our core FFO and same-store guidance for the year as well as revised other areas of our detailed guidance previously provided. Primarily due to the lower recovery trajectory on new lease rents as the broader economy and…

[Operator Instructions] Our first question will come from the line of Eric Wolfe with Citi.

A number of your peers have talked about the worsening trends in late September and into October, specifically on new leases beyond just the sort of normal seasonal curve. Can you maybe talk about recent pricing trends that you're seeing on new leases? And are there any markets that are moving abnormally at this time of year? And just sort of any thoughts on sort of how that could trend through the rest of the quarter?

Yes, Eric. This is Tim. I would say broadly, we've seen generally pretty typical seasonality. Actually on the new lease side, saw our new lease decline a little bit less than normal from Q2 to Q3. It's normally in the 60 to 70 basis point moderation. We moderated 40 basis points and then even did better on the renewal side. So I think broadly we're seeing normal seasonality. We typically see pricing kind of peak in July and then slowly moderate from there for the rest of the year as the traffic starts to die down and that's pretty much what we've seen. The trend was a little bit less seasonal, as I mentioned, but broadly happening as we would typically expect. In terms of markets, I mean the DC market we talked about is still on a relative basis doing well but certainly moderated a little on the new lease side. The other -- some of the laggards that I talked about have been similar. The encouraging ones have been Dallas and Atlanta both. We saw actually new lease acceleration from Q2 to Q3. And those are combined our two largest markets and seeing some encouraging trends there. But broadly normal seasonality.

That's helpful. And then could you maybe talk about any early thoughts on 2026 in terms of earning and contribution from other income? Essentially the more sort of predictable items for next year. Obviously, if you want to give your view of market rent growth, we'll take it, but I realize it's a dynamic environment.

Hey, Eric. This is Brad. I'll start and Tim can certainly jump in here. But I think as we look at and start thinking about what '26 is likely to look like just big picture, I mean, I think really for us to start with, we talk about the demand fundamentals. And for us, everything ultimately boils down to what the demand side of the equation ultimately looks like long term. And as we look at 2026 today, we really think that the demand fundamentals look pretty similar in '26 to the way they looked this year. Whether you're looking at migration trends, population growth, household formation or just single-family affordability headwinds, we really think all of those look very, very similar next year. Clearly, the unknown for us is the job market and really what that looks like next year. The early projections that we see for next year show the job market looking a little bit softer than it does this year. But I think one thing to keep in mind is next year is an election year. So I do think the administration is going to be very focused on getting the tariffs kind of behind them and then really focused on job growth the balance of the year, which we think could certainly help on the job growth side. And then I think, certainly from a supply perspective, we know the supply pipeline next year is set to decline considerably from where it is this year, where next year's deliveries will be about close to a 50% drop from the peak that we had in 2024. So certainly, the picture looks a lot better on that front. So despite our recovery certainly not being quite as robust as what we had hoped for this year, we are making progress. And I think that progress will continue to manifest itself as we get into 2026. Tim, what would you add on the earning piece?

Yes. On the earning piece, I mean, I think based on where we see rents at the end of this year, you're probably somewhere around flat to slightly negative, which is a little bit of improvement on where we were heading into 2025. And then last point I'll make, you asked about the other income, it will be the WiFi projects that will drive that. They've been slow to materialize this year as we wait on circuit deliveries and other things, but we've got 20 or so that we think will be live by the end of this year. And that that group as a whole, once fully rolled out, is about a $5 million NOI piece. So we'll get a piece of that. So that will be the biggest thing sort of above and beyond our normal run rate on fee and other income.

And then just to follow up on the point on the earning. As Tim mentioned, for next year, flattish going into 2026. And just as a reminder, coming into 2025, it was a negative 40 basis points headwind. So a significant improvement going into 2026 as we sit here today.

Our next question will come from the line of Jamie Feldman with Wells Fargo.

I guess following up on the guidance line of questioning. On the expense side, anything, as we think about year-over-year comparisons, anything in 2016 that we should be aware of?

James, this is Clay. The one thing -- a couple of things that I would call out. I think starting with real estate taxes. We saw some very good favorability in our original projections for real estate taxes at this point in the year. A lot of that is due to some prior year adjustments -- some onetime prior year adjustments that we realized this year. So we'll have to anniversary that. But also thinking about the fact that we are projecting negative NOI growth for the year, so we would expect property valuations to significantly increase going into next year. So all said, we would expect real estate taxes to grow at a relatively normal rate of somewhere between 2.5%, 3.5%. And I'm not giving guidance at this point, but just kind of where we think that's where we're probably headed at this point. Other than that, I think insurance will continue to get some tailwind from that given our recent renewal. So that will benefit us in the front half of the year and then we'll have to go through that process again next year. But I would expect, at this point any significant increases in that line, just probably normal typical run rates. And then personnel, R&M costs, things of that nature. I mean, Brad mentioned the tariffs and expectation that, that gets settled here over the course of the next several months. We would think that those would typically grow in line with just typical inflationary trends. So nothing really outside of the norm for those. Should get a little bit of a benefit in marketing expenses next year as we get past the levels of supply that we've been facing this past year. And so that should tail off a bit as well. So all in all, I don't want to speak to overall guidance, but that's kind of how we're thinking about those items.

I might add one point real quick just on the utility side. We talked about the WiFi projects a minute ago. There is an expense component that hits in that utilities line. It's obviously a much larger revenue component, but that will impact utilities a little bit as well.

Okay. Great. Super helpful color. And then just thinking about concessions in some of your bigger development markets or heavier supply markets. How would you -- what's the scorecard on the pace of concessions today? Is it getting better? Is it getting worse? Anything you'd call out there?

Yes. I would say, broadly, concessions in Q3 were a little bit higher than what we were in Q2. When we look at our comps there is probably 55%, 60% or so of our comps have some sort of specials, and that's up a little bit from what it was in Q2 but not significantly. I think the level of concessions at a given property is pretty similar. You're seeing anywhere from half a month to a month free is pretty typical with a little bit higher in some of the highest supplied submarkets. We've seen a couple of submarkets really came down. I mentioned Atlanta earlier. We've seen a little bit lower concessions in Buckhead. Uptown Dallas, we're seeing a little bit lower concessions. So it's actually some of the more urban submarkets we've seen concessions come down a little bit. And then we've seen it up a little bit in Phoenix, a little bit in suburban Orlando, a little bit in downtown Nashville, but broadly ticked up a little bit but not hugely different than what we've been seeing.

Our next question will come from the line of Adam Kramer with Morgan Stanley.

Maybe I just wanted to ask about sort of lease up for your development properties and maybe just how the cadence of that today compares to lease-up cadence maybe 6 months ago or the same time a year ago.

Yes. This is Tim. I mean, the leasing velocity broadly has been a little bit slower. I don't think it's necessarily gotten slower than what it has been over the last couple of quarters. I mean, we've seen obviously with the supply over the last couple of years that, that velocity has been a little bit slower to occur than what we originally underwrote. But broadly, rents are in line. When you think about the overall lease-up portfolio, we're holding tight there and keeping, as I mentioned in the comments, just keeping our value proposition in line. So broadly, leasing velocity a little bit slower than what we expected. And we pushed back one of the stabilization dates on one of our lease-up properties. But broadly, the rents are intact and feeling good. Particularly as we move into the spring and summer, we expect that as it really starts to increase on that velocity.

Great. And then maybe -- I know you touched on it a little bit earlier, but maybe just the specific new renewal and blended lease growth for October, if you're able to provide?

We're not going to get into the details of the monthly. But I would say, generally, what we're expecting for Q4, and I mentioned this earlier, is pretty normal seasonality, perhaps a little bit less than what we typically see is as supply continues to moderate. I mentioned in the comments the renewals are holding up really well. So I think on a blended basis could be a little bit better than last year. And new lease probably trending somewhere maybe slightly better than where we were last year. But typically a normal seasonality with a little bit better performance on the renewal side.

Our next question will come from the line of Steve Sakwa with Evercore ISI.

I guess I wanted to circle up on the Scottsdale project. I think you mentioned that the initial yield on that was 6.1% and maybe with the new piece of land that would go to 6.5%. But your stock is kind of trading sort of in that mid-6s right now. So just how are you thinking about capital allocation, development yields? And what kind of hurdles do you need on projects going forward, given the changing cost of capital?

Yes. Steve, this is Brad. A couple of things that I'll mention. One, just a clarification. What I mentioned in my comments was the Kansas City deal was about -- that was an acquisition, was at 5.8%. We went under contract and that back when our stock price was in the 150s. So certainly, cost of capital is a little bit different at that point. For that project, when we add the Phase 2 component to it, that will bring the total investment yield on that one to about 6.5%. You're correct. The Scottsdale development is about a 6.1% NOI yield. So that part is correct. But in terms of capital allocation, when we're looking to make really any decision a couple of things that we're considering. One is where is our capital coming from? What's the cost of that capital? And really what's the potential long-term impact of that investment on our business? And our primary focus in all of our decisions that we make is on generating compounded earnings growth to support a steady and growing dividend over the long term. I mean that's really what we, at our heart, really focused on. And if you look at the performance that we've put up in terms of dividend performance over the last 10 years, I think we've been very successful in hitting those goals. We have probably one of the highest, if not the highest 10-year CAGRs on dividend growth performance in the space, where it's at 7%. So earnings and dividends are really the best ways for us to deliver TSR on a REIT platform. But when we're looking to invest capital, we can deploy it through external growth as we were just talking about, be it development or acquisitions. We can invest in various internal opportunities…

Okay. Maybe just as a second and maybe a follow-up. Just, I guess, taking that and maybe stretching it out a bit. Just would accelerating dispositions kind of be part of the philosophy maybe to fund both the development and potential share buybacks? It seems like pricing is pretty good in the apartment market despite some of the slowdowns we all talked about here on the leasing side. So would you lean into dispositions at this point?

Yes. I mean, we definitely could. I mean, frankly, our disposition strategy is really based on trying to improve the overall quality of the portfolio while not introducing earnings volatility. So we wouldn't want to significantly scale up dispositions to take the advantage of some market level arbitrage and introduce earnings volatility. But as part of our annual strategy, we're generally looking to dispose of around $300 million worth of assets. And if we find that we can continue to do that and when we dispose of those assets, the best use of that capital is to go into share repurchases, then I think we would continue to look to do that. From my perspective, the share buyback is really an alternative based on current cost of capital. Current returns is an alternative to what we would do with that disposition capital, where normally we would roll it back into the acquisition market. And that's just not a broad opportunity for us at the moment.

Our next question will come from the line of Jana Galan with Bank of America.

Following up on your comments on the transaction market and seeing assets trading at sub-5 cap rates. Can you help us understand how investors are underwriting the rent growth at this point in the Sunbelt recovery and maybe the types of financing they have available to them to get them there?

Sure. I think the #1 driver right now from the deals that we're looking at of those cap rates is the cost of capital. I think if you look today where folks are generally able to get 5-year money today from the agencies is probably in the maybe 5.25% range, maybe just under that. And most folks are able to buy down the rate by 25, 30 basis points. And so by the time they do that, they're at a sub-5% interest rate. And then at that point, they're generally underwriting a couple of years of a little bit more aggressive rent growth to get their returns to make sense. But I would say the #1 driver is, just given where the cost of capital is today, it's really supporting cap rates to be sub-5% and especially when you layer on to that the buy down of the rate.

And then kind of a different topic, but you guys have always been very strong in your Google scores and reviews. I'm curious kind of how you're implementing AI and looking at different ways as search moves more over to those types of platforms to kind of continue this reputation that you have out there.

This is Tim. Yes, I'm glad you brought the reviews. We continue to do really well there. We're #1 in the sector, 4.7 or so is our average with a lot of volume. So we put a lot of emphasis on that. I mean, in terms of our use of AI, I mean, we're using it obviously in multiple areas of the company, and it's something that we're expanding more now as we think about leasing and some of the communications. And we'll have some more pilots and tests on that as we get into next year. So obviously, a key part of our go-forward platform is to continue to look at all the various pieces of that.

Our next question will come from the line of Austin Wurschmidt with KeyBanc Capital Markets.

You talked about how 2026 could look a lot like '25 from a demand perspective and supply obviously coming down pretty meaningfully. I guess should we just continue to see lease rate growth improve versus the prior year? Or I guess, asked a little bit differently, should schedule rent continue to accelerate from here into 2026?

Austin, it's Tim. Yes. I mean, I think we're back in terms of the normal seasonality. I think this year has been the most seasonal that we've seen in the last few years. And I think generally that seasonality will hold as you strengthen through the spring and summer and then moderate a little bit into the fall and winter. So I mean, I think -- we're obviously not giving guidance right now. But when you think about how much supply is moderating and what the construction starts and we're expecting deliveries next year to be significantly down from where they were this year and with a similar demand environment that we have right now, which is significant, if you look at any of the demand variables, whether it's job growth, household formation, immigration, our region in the country, while perhaps a little bit weaker than it was earlier this year and expectations for next year a little bit weaker, is materially stronger than the rest of the country. So when you balance that relative demand with rapidly decreasing supply, I think you see a normal seasonal curve but a much steeper curve to where we see some new lease rents start to accelerate. Would expect our renewals to hang in where they are. We can see how for the next 3 months or so, that those are continuing to holding strong. So yes. I continue to expect that strength is what we'd expect, enhanced strength, if you will, as we get into 2026.

Helpful. And then just going back to the sequential improvement you flagged around Atlanta and Dallas. I guess was this just as simple as less competition from supply? Was there a comp issue? And then are there any markets that you'd highlight that are on the cusp of seeing kind of a similar dynamic that you referenced in Atlanta and Dallas, that sort of sequential acceleration from 2Q to 3Q and new lease rate growth?

Yes. For Atlanta and Dallas, what we saw particularly was some improved performance in the more urban in town. So we obviously have several properties in uptown Dallas that we sold, did better. And then we have a fair amount of exposure in Midtown, Downtown and Buckhead, Atlanta, and that's where we're really starting to see some -- that inflection point where those are the submarkets they got most of the supply. They're starting to work through that. Concessions are coming down. So certainly there's a comp issue there but there's just a general performance improvement there as well as they absorb that supply. Atlanta is one of our highest absorption markets over the last 4 quarters of any of them. So those are the 2 that I would call out. There's not any others at the moment where we're seeing. Obviously, Q2 to Q3, [ operation ] is a little bit opposite of normal seasonalities. So we're not seeing a lot that completely booked that trend like Dallas and Atlanta did, but the ones that have continued to be strong, have done that, the markets I mentioned. And the Carolinas continue to be strong. But Dallas and Atlanta are certainly the standouts.

Our next question will come from the line of Nick Yulico with Scotiabank.

So I guess, first off, on the negative 5% new lease rate growth in the quarter, how much is that number being impacted by concessions, meaning like if you just lifted all concessions? Is there any way to give a feel for what that number would look like?

Well, I'll tell you this, Nick. In terms of cash concessions this quarter, ours was about 0.6%, 0.7% of rents for our portfolio. So that can give you some idea. Obviously, we spread concessions throughout the term of the lease, but that can give you a little bit of insight into that.

Okay. And then second question is, if I go back to the original guidance for the year. And you had that bridge of FFO per share benefit and there's that bucket of development lease-up and other non-same-store NOI, which was originally said to be a $0.20 benefit this year. I wanted to see if that's still the same number in the new guidance. And then secondly, if there's any way to give a feel for if you just stabilized all the developments or lease-up assets in that pool, like how much extra annual FFO per share benefit would that be from that entire pool?

Yes. Nick, this is Clay. To your point, we introduced the guidance coming into the year with that pool of the portfolio of benefiting about $0.20 for the full year. Going back to the discussion that Tim had with just the longer leasing velocity that we've seen with those properties, and it hasn't been quite that strong but it has been a positive benefit to us over the course of the year. Now where you think about those and when they fully stabilize and are generating ongoing NOI growth, those properties on a year-to-year basis, we expect to be anywhere between $0.10 and $0.12 of earnings growth after considering what the cost of capital is running. So that's kind of what we would see on a long-term basis. And I'm talking specifically about sort of $0.10 to $0.12, really our development and lease-up portfolio itself. Keep in mind, there are some other things in that non-same-store pool that our stabilized properties, properties that haven't moved into the same-store pool. But when I mentioned the $0.10 to $0.12 kind of our current development lease-up pipeline, that's going to contribute another $0.10 to $0.12 in a given year.

Our next question will come from the line of Michael Goldsmith with UBS.

This is Ami on with Michael. I was wondering, was there any change in your fourth quarter forecast? Or do the updated same-store revenue guide mainly bake in just the softer third quarter?

Yes. This is Tim. We brought down -- I mean, we adjusted the new lease rates for Q4 forecast based on what we saw in Q3, actually brought up our rates a little bit but brought down the new lease rates. But in terms of forecast, it's really carrying through the Q3 new lease rates as have more of an impact, obviously, but broadly just brought down the new lease run rate a little bit.

Got it. And then where do you ultimately see the balance between your large and mid-tier markets? Are there any other markets that you're targeting for acquisitions? And how do cap rates broadly across these markets compared with some of the larger markets?

Tim, do you want to hit on the performance between those two markets?

Yes. Yes. In terms of what we're seeing in the performance between the two, I mean the mid-tier markets broadly have done a little bit better and they continue to do slightly better. I mentioned several of them in the prepared comments. But we are starting to see that dynamic narrow a little bit, as I mentioned, with Dallas and Atlanta and some other. We're starting to see that performance narrow a bit and would expect that to continue to squeeze as we saw most of the supply over the last couple of years or more of the supply focused on some of those larger markets and some of those more urban submarkets.

Yes. And in terms of where we're looking to deploy capital, I mean, I think it's both the large and mid-tier markets. I mean we like our current exposure between those markets where we are, I think, we have 70% or so of our allocation to large markets and about 30% to the mid-tier markets. So you'll see us continue to try to maintain that by deploying capital similar to that in the large and mid-tier markets. But clearly, as we talked about a moment ago, acquisitions, it's tough for us right now. So mainly focused on doing that through development. But in terms of pricing differentials between those markets, really not much. I mean, we're really seeing similar cap rates for similar quality assets across those markets.

Our next question will come from the line of Haendel St. Juste with Mizuho.

Let's see what I got left here. So maybe one on -- I think you mentioned earlier that you're seeing new starts on an LTM basis now around 1.8% of stock, I think you mentioned, which is half the long-term average. But I'm curious how that figure is trending. It sounds like it's picking up from where we were earlier this year. So I guess my question is, what's your sense of private developers' ability to obtain financing, get underwriting, getting their underwriting to clear their hurdles and if that's getting any better with the lower cost of debt we've seen here.

Haendel, this is Brad. In terms of the trend of starts per quarter that we're seeing is, I mean, that trend actually just continues to come down. The trailing 12-month starts in our region, as I mentioned, was [ 1.8% ] which implies 45 basis points or so per quarter. Last quarter, third quarter, it was [ 0.2% ]. So we're seeing that trend generally come down. And I think that those numbers really track with the anecdotal evidence and information that we get from our partners, from the developers that we partner with. I mean, what we continue to hear from them is it is getting more difficult to raise capital than it is. It's certainly not getting easier. It's getting more and more difficult. Even with the backdrop of interest rates coming down, we're certainly hearing some of the smaller developers are having trouble even getting bank financing at this point. The large developers can get bank financing but they're having a hard time getting equity in the current environment. And then just based on the results that we're seeing on the deals like the Scottsdale, Arizona project, the Richmond project we started last year, I mean, we continue to see opportunities for us to step into developments where someone bought the land, achieved entitlements, sometimes got plans but then could not get their financing lined up. We just continue to see more and more opportunities in that area. Some of those still don't underwrite for us but some do. So just broadly speaking, it seems like it's getting more difficult to put a shovel in the ground than it has been.

Got it. I appreciate the color there, Brad. And then one more, maybe. Just also a bit of a follow-up from last quarter. I think you mentioned where you said you'd be willing to lean into debt a bit more given the lower cost that you had about $1 billion of buying power with your leverage down around 4x debt to EBITDA. I guess I'm curious if that view might be changing, evolving at all given the softer macro, the pricing that you're seeing out there, I don't think cap rates to budge at all really and maybe other opportunities you might be considering. So I guess I'm curious, that view on leaning into leverage to acquire assets, how that might be different today versus maybe 90 days ago.

Yes. I mean, I think, yes, I think based on our current cost of capital, you generally won't see us much at current pricing. So I mean, the pricing that we would have to be able to achieve on an acquisition would have to be substantially different than it was just a few months ago. And so you probably won't see us lean into acquisitions in any way, shape or form at the moment. But I do think from a funding perspective, what you'll see us do is lean into debt funding for our development pipeline. We'll continue to fund that as we talked about generally through our commercial paper program. And then once we get our debt to a certain level, we'll then look to go and issue bonds to clear that up. So that's generally how we'll continue to look to finance the business right now at 4.2x. We could continue to expand the balance sheet to somewhere in the 4.5%, 5% range, keep it in that range and be completely fine with our credit rating agencies. So we'll continue to move forward with that type of strategy.

Our next question will come from the line of Brad Heffern with RBC Capital Markets.

One of your peers talked on their call about how Sunbelt lease ups are seeing challenges removing concessions when it comes time for the first renewal. Just curious if that's a dynamic that you've seen in your own lease ups and is that a source of any broader pressure.

I mean certainly, when you start having those renewals turn, that is the most difficult part of the lease-up where you're trying to keep the back door shut and have more people coming in the front door. So we have seen that a little bit. I mean, I think more broadly, we're just seeing the concession environment stay elevated, if you will, despite -- I made this comment in my prepared comments that despite continuing increasing occupancies we've seen 5 straight quarters where market level occupancy has increased in our markets. The concession environment stays pretty elevated. And I think that just speaks to the uncertainty that is out there right now. So it is impacting the lease ups a little bit as well and driving that slower leasing velocity that we talked about.

Brad, this is Brad. Just one point that I would add with regard to our lease ups. In terms of our renewals on our lease ups, they're performing in line with our existing portfolio generally in terms of retention rates. But the renewal rates that we've been able to get is about 11% in the third quarter on our lease-up properties. So we are getting really good traction there on the renewal side. So I wouldn't think that the hangover of the concession side of things on our renewals has been impacting us, especially in the third quarter.

Okay. And then maybe I missed it, but can you give the current gain or loss lease?

Yes. We're at a gain to lease of around 1% right now, which is not too unusual given this time of the year.

Our next question will come from the line of Connor Mitchell with Piper Sandler.

I appreciate all the commentary on the pricing in the markets. I guess we kind of would have thought that maybe the smaller markets would have been insulated from some of the pressure that the larger markets are facing, but it sounds like that's kind of dwindling. On the other side of the equation, could you just talk about what you're seeing, any differentiations between the demand factors for some of those mid-tier markets versus the larger markets and how that's impacting performance?

Not really anything different. I mean, our strongest markets for several quarters now have been markets like Charleston and Greenville and Richmond, which still on a relative basis have gotten a fair amount of supply. But there's huge demand drivers there as well. And some of our best job growth -- I think Charleston right now is our best job growth market that we have. So there's still a ton of demand there even with the supply scenarios. But as I mentioned, I think we're starting to see -- I don't think it's a lack of strength in the secondary or mid-tier. It's more of some strengthening in some of the larger markets where they've started to work through some of those concessions. They started to get the net absorption. And I think it's more a function of like Dallas and Atlanta, as I mentioned, on the way up versus some of the mid-tiers coming down.

Okay. That makes sense. And then maybe following kind of the same line but again switching to the supply side of it. It does seem like the supply will be coming down compared to this year and past couple of years. But it's just kind of dragging out from what we expected earlier in the year, even in the mid-summer. Do you see kind of the extending of supply just dragging out having more of an impact on some of the larger markets than you expected earlier this year? Or just what kind of supply pressure are you kind of expecting now versus earlier in the year, especially from the larger markets, but overall as well?

Yes. I mean on the supply side, I don't think it's moved a ton in terms of our expectations on what that impact is going to be. I mean, I think some of the weakening we've seen in new lease pricing has been more a function of some of the job growth numbers and what we talked about before. So a little bit weaker demand, but certainly much stronger in our region in the country. So the absorption continues to be great. I mean, we've got 5 straight quarters I mentioned of increasing occupancies in our markets. There's been about 300,000 apartments absorbed over the last 5 quarters in our markets. So that continues to hold up strong. So assuming demand kind of hangs in where it is now, we would expect this to continue to get better and strengthen particularly as we get to the spring and the summer of next year.

Our next question will come from the line of Rich Hightower with Barclays.

Covered a lot of ground, so just one for me. But I'm going to go back to the stat on, I guess, all-time low move-out for home purchases. And I think we all understand the dynamic driving that. But I guess, in your opinion, is affordability the only gating factor to that number kind of moving up back towards historical averages going forward? And it just sort of feels like there's this massive, massive pent-up demand to buy houses. And so how would that affect your business? What are your thoughts?

Rich, this is Brad. I mean, I think in general, that's certainly a component but I don't think that's the only component. I think if you look at the demographics of our renters, where 80% are single. If you look at the average income for us now is approaching $100,000 given where current home prices are. Yes, I mean, there is definitely an affordability issue there. But I think just given the demographics, we're seeing certainly more single-person households being formed, which definitely, I think, leans more into the rental market than it does the for-sale market. But there are demographic shifts. I think what folks are looking for, one of the #1 reasons why folks are renting is because they want a maintenance-free lifestyle, which you can't get in the single-family market but you can in the multifamily market. So I think there are other things going on that are driving some of the retention rates. We've seen that trend declining for the last 10-plus years. Certainly, it's as low as it is today partly because of the single-family affordability, but there are other trends that were in place years ago that started that trend. And I think it will continue to be in the ballpark of where it is today for the foreseeable future.

Our next question will come from the line of Wes Golladay with Baird.

I just want to see if there's any early indicators of a demand slowdown. Is your exposure in line with normal levels? And you did call out Atlanta as having high absorption. Are there any markets that are having a deceleration in absorption?

Wes, this is Tim. On your first question, exposure, we're at 6.1%, which is about 30 basis points lower than it was this time last year. And as I mentioned, we're around 95.6% occupancy, which is a good 20 basis points or so higher than it was this time last year. So I think as we head into the slower leasing season, we're certainly in a good shape in terms of those metrics. But no, I mean, broadly there's not any markets where we're seeing a material slowdown in absorption. I mean, Q3 absorption wasn't quite as high as Q2, but Q2 is sort of a record of anything that we've ever seen but did still see market level occupancies from Q2 to Q3 moved up about 30 basis points. So outside of some of the weaker markets that are still below, even Austin still at a 91%, 92% occupancy level market-wide, we're much better than that but including the entire market. Huntsville is one that it's a smaller market, but it is at a record ton of supply there. That's another one that's struggled a little bit with absorption, but broadly continuing to see uptick in that absorption level and occupancy levels.

Our next question will come from the line of Linda Tsai with Jefferies.

On '26 earn-in being flat to slightly down. What was this like 90 days ago and from an internal reporting standpoint, how frequently do you update earning expectations? Do you always have a point in time metric available? Just wondering if this could change quickly as supply drops further in '26.

I mean, we look at it typically when we look at our forecast and look at that every month and every quarter. So it certainly came down a little bit just based on our new lease growth expectations. So the way we look at earn-ins is all the leases that we expect to be in place at December 31, you just sort of assume that rent roll carried through to next year. So it's going to be dependent on where those new lease rates head. But right now, that's kind of what we're thinking is that somewhere around flat for next year.

Our next question will come from the line of Alex Kim with Zelman & Associates.

Just a quick follow-up on the retention question from Rich earlier and ask, just how do you think turnover should trend during the recovery portion of the cycle?

Yes. Right now, we don't expect material changes in turnover. I mean, it's hard to believe it gets a lot lower from here, but I don't think there's a lot of signs pointing to it getting much higher either. I mean, for all the reasons Brad talked about on single-family homes, don't expect that to move much. I mean, job changes, job transfers are always our #1 reason for turnover. If that starts to tick up, it's probably a sign that the economy is doing pretty well. So even though turnover could pick up a little bit in that scenario, it's probably good more broadly and we're getting better rent growth as well. But nothing we see would suggest that turnover changes a lot from where it is right now.

Our next question will come from the line of Ann Chan with Green Street.

Just one for me. So you noted earlier that migration and household formation trends should remain pretty stable in '26 relative to what we see in '25. So just given that and following up on a comment from a few months ago, do you still anticipate new lease rate growth possibly turning positive by next summer? Or is job growth enough of a wild card in '26 that might cause a slower pace of supply absorption that might push out the new lease recovery time line up further?

Well, as we said, we're not giving guidance for 2026. But I do think if the demand side remains kind of where it is right now, where we're thinking that -- we expect to see acceleration in new lease rates. I mean, it's difficult to know exactly where it's going to be several months from now. And lease is obviously the most volatile in terms of how your competitors are behaving and all that. But given what we know today with the demand trends, we know what supply is doing, and we're in a great position in sort of all the other metrics, I would just leave it as we expect to see new lease rates to continue to get better on a year-over-year basis as they have this year.

Our next question will come from the line of Omotayo Okusanya with Deutsche Bank.

While your market generally tend not to be prone to any kind of rent control type provisions, just kind of curious as we're kind of going through the current election cycle if there's anything on any ballot in any of the key states that you're kind of watching that could have implications for your operating performance going forward?

It's Rob. As we've talked about before and as you indicated, our markets, 90% of our NOI is in states that have a state level prohibition preventing local governments from passing rent control rules. We're not really seeing anything on rent control in any of our markets that's going on. There are a few out there in the country, but there are also a lot of pushback really saying that rent control is not really the answer to the affordability issue. And so I think we're keeping an eye on it but nothing that we're really concerned about right now.

Our final question will come from the line of JP Flangos with BNP.

Just one given the time. [Technical Difficulty] has been weaker [Technical Difficulty] appeared to fall and just have lower annual income relative to the private industry as a whole. Earlier, you mentioned that the projection... [Technical Difficulty]

JP, you're breaking up bad. Maybe you can try again. We are having a hard time hearing you.

Now?

No, not getting you. Are you on -- maybe try one more time.

Now?

Try repeating your question.

Can you hear me?

Yes, you're kind of coming in and out.

All right. Well, we'll just leave it there.

We can follow up with you off-line, JP.

With that, I'll return the call back to MAA for any closing comments.

All right. We appreciate everybody joining today, and we'll see you guys all in the upcoming conference season. If you got any questions, don't hesitate to reach out. Thanks.

This concludes today's program. Thank you for your participation. You may disconnect now at any time.