Good morning, and welcome to Ionis Pharmaceuticals Second Quarter 2021 Financial Results Conference Call. As a reminder, this call is being recorded. At this time, I would like to turn the call over to Dave Nakasone, Investor Relations to lead off the call. Please begin.

Thank you, Debbie. Before we begin, I encourage everyone to go to the Investors section of the Ionis website to find the press release and related financial tables including a reconciliation of the GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures that we will discuss today. We believe non-GAAP financial results better represent the economics of our business and how we manage our business. We've also posted slides on our website that accompany our discussion today. With me on today's call are Brett Monia, Chief Executive Officer; Beth Hougen, Chief Financial Officer; and Richard Geary, Executive Vice President of Development. And joining us for Q&A, Onaiza Cadoret-Manier, Chief Corporate Development and Commercial Officer; and Eric Swayze, Executive Vice President of Research. I would like to draw your attention to Slide 3, which contains our forward-looking language statement. We will be making forward-looking statements, which are based on our current expectations and beliefs. These statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, and our actual results may differ materially. I encourage you to consult the risk factors discussed in our SEC filings for additional detail. With that, I'll turn the call over to Brett.

Thanks, Dave. Good morning, and thank you for joining us on today's call. Last year, when I took on my new role as CEO of Ionis, I took forward the plan intended to bring substantially greater success to Ionis and substantially greater value for all stakeholders. This plan was to leverage our well-established foundation of scientific innovation by focusing on 3 strategic objectives: First, to evolve our business model to include commercializing products of our own. This includes building the necessary capabilities to prepare for multiple Ionis commercial launches. Second, to expand our drug discovery capabilities through new initiatives to enhance our technology. And third, to significantly advance and grow our late-stage pipeline to ensure for a substantial increase in the number of new products reaching the market in the near and longer term. So now let's see how we're progressing against these 3 strategic goals for this year. The Ionis wholly-owned pipeline is advancing on track and growing significantly. Last week, we reached full enrollment in the NEURO-TTRansform study of eplontersen for the treatment of patients with polyneuropathy. With this study now fully enrolled and on track for data by mid-2022, this medicine is one important step closer to reaching the market. We are also developing eplontersen for the treatment of cardiomyopathy in the Phase III CARDIO-TTRansform study, which continues to enroll well. Our Phase III study involving our APOCIII LICA medicine in patients with FCS is enrolling in schedule. And our plan - and our second Phase III study for APOCIII LICA is on track to begin later this year in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, a much larger patient population. Our Phase III study for ION363 in patients with the genetic form of ALS due to mutations in the FUS gene is also progressing well. Furthermore, we look…

Thank you, Brett. Our financial results for the first half of this year reflect our commitment to invest to drive future growth. We earned nearly $240 million in revenue and recognized $312 million in non-GAAP operating expenses, resulting in a non-GAAP net loss of $81 million. These results were in line with our expectations and reflect the multiple steps we have already taken this year in support of our strategic objectives. We've completed the integration of Akcea, entered distribution arrangements with Sobi and restructured our commercial operations. In our first quarter earnings call, we projected realizing substantial savings from the Akcea and Sobi transaction. I'm pleased to say we are on track to realize more than $50 million of savings this year. We are putting these savings to work by reinvesting them to drive future growth. That means investing in 3 key areas: advancing and expanding our wholly-owned pipeline, building our commercial capabilities and enhancing our technology. I'll provide more details about the investments we've made so far this year when I talk about our operating expenses. But first, I'll provide additional details on our revenue. In the first half of this year, SPINRAZA continued its blockbuster performance, achieving over $1 billion in global sales. We earned over $130 million in royalty revenue, virtually all falling to our bottom line profit. And based on SPINRAZA's net sales, we reached the highest royalty tier in the second quarter. We are pleased with Biogen's continued efforts to build upon SPINRAZA's proven profile of long-term safety and efficacy in SMA patients of all ages. Biogen recently reported new data reinforcing the potential for improved outcomes in patients treated with a higher dose of SPINRAZA, which is being evaluated in the DEVOTE study. And in the RESPOND study, Biogen is continuing to evaluate SPINRAZA's…

Thank you, Beth. As Brett described earlier, we are certainly pleased with the excellent performance across our pipeline in the first half of this year. With the achievement of key Phase III catalysts with tofersen, eplontersen and pelacarsen, these medicines are now closer to reaching the market. These catalysts also position us well to deliver our regular cadence of Phase III data readouts beginning with tofersen expected by this fall. Tofersen is now one step closer to becoming the first genetically targeted therapy for the treatment of ALS and to becoming Ionis' next commercial product. Biogen recently began offering toferson to SOD1-ALS patients on an individual compassionate use basis with plans to broaden this access once the data are reported. Biogen is also conducting the ATLAS study to investigate tofersen's potential to prevent or delay disease onset and presymptomatic SOD1-ALS patients. The rationale for ATLAS is similar to SPINRAZA NURTURE study, which has enabled infants who began treatment prior to SMA symptom onset to develop more like non-SMA children. After tofersen, the next program on track to read out is the NEURO-TTRansform study of eplontersen for the treatment of TTR polyneuropathy. With enrollment in this study now complete, we expect data by the middle of next week - next year. As a result, we are positioned to file for marketing authorization for eplontersen in patients with TTR polyneuropathy by the end of next year, assuming the data are positive. Up next, we expect the balance study of IONIS APOCIII LICA in patients with FCS to read out in 2023. We're on track to initiate a second Phase III study of IONIS APOCIII LICA in patients with severe high triglycerides in the second half of this year, which positions this program for data in 2024. Also in 2024, we anticipate Phase…

Thank you, Richard. In the first half of the year, we continued to successfully advance all our key strategic objectives. We have made great progress in evolving our business model building our commercial capabilities and preparing for multiple Ionis commercial launches. We've made significant progress in advancing our technology to expand our drug discovery capabilities. And with the progress we've made across our pipeline, including achieving key Phase III milestones, which move tofersen, eplontersen and pelacarsen closer to the market, we are very well positioned to achieve our goal of delivering a substantial number of new products to the market in the near and the long term. And the second half of the year is shaping up to be even more successful with several new key clinical trial initiations and clinical readouts, including results of the Phase III VALOR study in patients with SOD1-ALS by this fall. And importantly, we have the resources and people we need to invest in all our strategic priorities, positioning us for accelerated growth and to help ensure great success for Ionis for many years to come. And with that, I'll now open the call up for questions.

[Operator Instructions]. The first question comes from Jason Gerberry with Bank of America.

A couple for me. Just maybe can you help set the expectation into the Phase IIb for vupanorsen. Just sort of curious, the high unmet need subgroup of patients with more severe triglyceride levels. Just wondering your thoughts in terms of the ability to read across from this study to that patient population. And then I guess, just secondarily, have you given any thought to Huntington's disease and potentially next steps to revisiting that as a category? Just curious your latest thoughts on Huntington's.

Sure, Jason, thanks for the question. So for vupanorsen, the Phase IIb study, which is Pfizer has said that they plan to have top line data announced this year. As a reminder is in patients with high non-HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides. And this is the patient population that if they move to Phase III, which is the plan that they're targeting for a Phase III program. The unmet medical need for Remy cholesterol combined with high triglycerides, mixed dyslipidemias, if you will, is very significant, very large patient population and one that positions vupanorsen to target mix epidemia quite nicely. There - we're also, in addition to vupanorsen, we're very excited about our APOCIII LICA drug that we're moving to Phase III for severe high triglycerides as well. We think that this mechanism is the best mechanism, best-in-class strategy for patients suffering purely from high-triglyceribulated related diseases, which affects millions of people. So I raised that because it's important to realize that vupanorsen and our APOCIII LICA medicine are targeting very large patient populations and distinct populations that don't have some overlap but they're really are quite distinct for that. And I can touch on Huntington. But first, I'd like to just see if Richard wanted to add anything to what I said.

No. I think you've covered it well, Brett.

Okay. Thank you, Richard. As far as Huntington, as Roche said, Jason, they continue to analyze all the data, and they've promised an update on the results of the study as they go through more data as well as the next steps by the end of the year. We're working very closely with Roche on this. And so stay tuned for the second half of the year for an update.

The next question is from Luca Issi with RBC.

Two quick ones on the pipeline. So maybe the first on TTR, Richard, can you expand a little bit more on the interim analysis that you're planning for TTR LICA in mid-2022 for polyneuropathy? It looks to me that the interim analysis is almost 8 months, actually. It's actually 8 months ahead of the primary endpoint. So wondering what gives you confidence that with such a short follow-up, you're going to be able to see a separation of the curves. And then the second question is on ENaC. Wondering if you can provide any update there. We've seen Arrowhead also running into safety issues there. So any thoughts on whether the safety issues that they have had are similar to the one that you saw? And maybe bigger picture if you can comment on what's next for the respiratory franchise.

Yes. Thanks. I'll take that eplontersen question for you first. Our confidence, of course, derives from the first polyneuropathy study we ran with TEGSEDI mechanism of action. We believe we have a much safer drug and a much well-tolerated drug with once monthly administration. But at 8 months with TEGSEDI in that trial, we had statistically significant improvements in our endpoints. And so it was already separating from placebo quite nicely at that time point. So we believe that, that gives us that kind of confidence that we need in going into this interim analysis. In fact, it's quite high. I think the second question that you had, we - I can't even speak to what might be happening with the competition. We had a preclinical issue. We're working through that, and we're very confident that we'll be able to.

You have the finish line, yes. And if I can just add to what Richard said. Thank you, Richard, is on eplontersen, also what gives us great confidence not only is the fact that TEGSEDI showed statistically significant benefit in the same primary endpoints in the Phase III study that was conducted for that drug at 8 months. Eplontersen is showing even greater TTR reductions. We're at around 90% reductions based at the dose rising in Phase III with excellent safety, tolerability as - like for all of our LICA as Richard mentioned. So we're very confident in that outcome. And we also have a - we're very comfortable with the regulatory path forward as well. And just to add on the pulmonary, we're working really good progress preclinically and looking at new designs, new molecules that can move the pulmonary program back to development in the future. So stay tuned for that. We'll talk more about that in maybe the end of the year or next year.

The next question is from Yaron Werber with Cowen.

Congrats to the team on the progress. This is Brendan on for Yaron. Just a couple of quick ones from us. So I know you mentioned that you're looking to initiate the Phase III HAE study by the end of the year or early next year. Kind of just wanted to see what steps are left there. If you already have alignment with FDA on the study design and it's kind of just logistics and getting it set up at this point? Or are you still finalizing the study? And then really quickly for Angelman. I wanted to see if we might get any preclinical data from that at any point this year and what you might be able to tell us about timing and maybe trial design for the Phase I/II?

Sure thing. I'll take the HAE and then I'll ask Eric to talk a little bit about what we presented and published on in the Angelman program after that, so - preclinically. So for HAE, we're putting final touches on the Phase III study design, and we're having very good discussions with regulators. Really, it's mostly logistics, Brendan. We're getting drug made. We're getting - we're preparing for the Phase III design getting - selecting our sites, moving forward for activation of sites. It's just blocking and tackling, honestly, at this point to get that study up and running. We're hoping it's a stretch goal to get it done and initiated by the end of the year. But certainly, we see it happening later than the first quarter of next year. And when we share the full data set late in the second half of the year for our Phase II study, we also plan to share our strategy, our development strategy, what our Phase III design looks like and why we think it will position PKK LICA potentially as a best-in-class molecule for HAE. So stay tuned for that in the second half. We got a lot of momentum going through the second half of the year and a lot of exciting news coming out, we think, in the second half. Eric, we published on Angelmans.

Yes. We have. We were actually the first to elucidate the mechanism in collaboration with our academic colleagues that you can inhibit an antisense transcript and upregulate UBE3A, which is the deficient protein in Angelman syndrome. Then we spent a good amount of time trying to optimize the drug and find the ideal human development candidate. It took us a little bit longer than I had hoped, but we've got a great-looking molecule and are looking forward to getting that started in the first in-human study later this year. Took everything we learned about how to make great neurology drugs from our extensive experience and try to make a molecule that we're hopeful will be best-in-class in this space and provide a great benefit to patients with Angelman.

And the first inpatient study, the Phase I/II study will be focused, obviously, on safety, tolerability, dose escalation, select dose based on biomarker readouts for a - potentially for a Phase III study to follow.

The next question is from Yanan Zhu with Wells Fargo.

Great. And congrats on the progress. A lot of things going on. I have 1 question on the technology platform front with regard to Bicycle collaboration. So have you compared their bicyclic peptide approach targeting transferrin receptor with the approaches of using either monoclonal antibodies or antibody fabs? And also, given your prior experience with myotonic dystrophy in clinical studies, when you look at the date when you were doing your diligence, do you feel there is enough fold increase in muscle exposure compared with on-labeled antisense that gives you confidence that you could perhaps restart the myotonic dystrophy program and have an accelerated path? Yes. So that's the first question.

Thanks, Yanan. We're really excited about the advances we're making in targeted delivery across the board, including Bicycle. Eric - and the answer is yes, we've done comparatives - quite a bit of comparative work prior to completing the Bicycle deal. Eric left - led that effort with his team. And so I'll turn it over to him to tell you why we're so excited about Bicycle and what our - how we believe we differentiate from other approaches.

Yes. Sure. Thanks, Brett. So we absolutely have compared it with other transferrin receptor ligands. So we were involved in this space originally early on and then extensively looked at how monoclonal antibodies and fabs that target transferrin receptor-1 can deliver cargoes to the muscle. And we definitely demonstrated that, that can happen. And we're interested in trying to find better ligands that we thought would make better drugs in the end. And that ultimately led us to Bicycle, which has these very unique bicyclic peptides that have been able to - really been able to develop high ligands for multiple proteins and transferrin receptor-1 in particular. We absolutely compared the Bicycle oligo conjugates to the fabs and found them to be essentially identical in terms of the potency based on the oligonucleotide that will be delivered. And the key advantage here is the size. Monoclonal antibodies are big. Bicyclic peptides are small. There's probably a 50 to 75 fold difference in weight. And that translates directly to less total drug that would have to be administered if you scale it up to a human dose projection because all of those are reasonably small and the Bicycles are smaller. And so we think that will be a large advantage with this technology if we can make it work and make hopefully best-in-class muscle and cardiac targeting antisense drugs. As to the programs, you alluded to DMPK and DM1. Yes, we needed more potency in that program. And this is what the bicyclic transferrin receptor-1 targeting technology does for us. We think that it certainly has the potency enhancement to get us in the range of what we need clinically. And beyond that, we're not really prepared to comment exactly on what targets will advance or the timing, but we have a whole host of neuromuscular and cardio - cardiac targets lined up that we think are great for this technology and are anxious to get it moving.

Great. And then a quick question on tau lowering or the MAPT program. You showed some very impressive reductions of tau. How should we think about this approach compared with, for example, antibody approach targeting tau? And could there be a kind of biomarker path forward with this approach given the recent development with a beta approach?

Yes. So as to the path forward, Biogen said they plan to advance this into a larger Phase II study to more fully test the clinical outcomes and clinical benefits associated with tau lowering. So that's the strategy clinically. As far as a comparison of the antisense approach to an antibody approach, I really think there is no comparison. Tau as an intracellular protein. It's known to accumulate and aggregate inside the cells. And that's where our drugs work. So they turn off the translation and creation and synthesis of the tau protein by binding to integrating the RNA. So we turn off all forms of tau, and that's what we demonstrated in the clinical trial that all forms of tau are reduced. To reduce tau in the CSF, by our mechanism, it has to be reduced inside the cell because that's where it comes from. Whereas antibodies, you have a macro molecule that has a small penetration into the CNS space. And in the CSF, it binds to the tau protein and reduces it only in CSF. And we don't think those antibodies can engage tau productively inside of a cell, which is what our drugs are doing, and we think that's where the key pathology of tau is occurring and that you need to lower tau throughout the brain in all cell populations. And we're very encouraged about our drug. We think it's one of the key things to test the tau lowering hypothesis in AD. And we think it's a great one to test and are excited that Biogen is taking it forward to do exactly that.

The next question is from Paul Matteis with Stifel.

This is Alex on for Paul. Actually, a follow-up on MAPT. I was wondering from the Phase I, II, if you could comment on the relative ASO doses versus in tominersen Phase III? And then secondarily, curious if there are any biomarkers or VMRI sort of measures in this study and if you could comment on that or if you expect that this would get published or presented in the future.

Sure. The doses weren't disclosed in that poster. We are working on getting our Phase I data published, and so stay tuned for that. And hopefully, we can share more information about it. I will say that this is a pretty good oligo, and we've been working hard on making advances in how we design and identify oligos and subtle tweaks to the chemistry and the design of the compounds. And so we've been able to make them more and more potent over the years. And I think our PK/PD modelers have done a fantastic job predicting the human doses. And we think this is - this represents one of the better molecules we made, and it performed as expected. So hopefully, we can share more data in a publication soon.

And can you just say whether or not there were biomarker data taken in this study? Or is that not something that was done?

Well, we had a range of biomarkers and outcomes in the study. I can't comment beyond what we reported in terms of MAPT.

The next question is from Yale Jen with Laidlaw & Company.

Just maybe a little bit forward-looking that in terms of the eplontersen if you get approved maybe in 2023, the question is that after you integrate the Akcea operations, what's the future sort of commercial infrastructure or strategy you have? Should that be the case and that this will be your next product to launch?

Thanks, Yale. I'll ask Onaiza to talk about our eplontersen program, why we're so excited about it, not just for the polyneuropathy point 3, but also why we're excited about this program as a potential best-in-class for cardiomyopathy as well. Onaiza, are you on?

I am. Yes, happy to talk about our program and our commercial launches. So we are absolutely building the capabilities to prepare markets for Ionis commercial launches. And you are right, this would be one of the first ones that we would bring to market. It is, as Brett said, a foundational treatment, best-in-class for both PN and cardiomyopathy. We expect to see proven benefit in neuropathy, quality of life, a very favorable safety profile and optimal self-administration and at-home dosing. So we're very excited about moving this program forward. There is a brand team that's been formed around it, and they're preparing the markets for launches as well. On cardiomyopathy as well as the second indication, it is important to remember that is where we have the largest trial in CM. We have about 750 patients that we are recruiting and we are conducting this trial to generate just a robust set of clinical data. We're excited about this program as the second indication for eplontersen because it's going to be really the breadth of data and the diversity of data that it's going to provide for clinicians on how eplontersen can be used in a very dynamic market, right, with or without standard of care. It's is going to be really an advantageous place for eplontersen overall. So really good program, great indications. And again, looking for foundational treatment as best-in-class for both PN and CM.

Okay. Great. That's very helpful. Maybe just 1 more question here, which is that you will have the acromegaly data readout the second half of this year. Could you recap a little bit of this program and what sort of expectation you guys may have?

Sure thing, Yale. So we're - as you said, we're planning to share the results of the Phase II study for our growth hormone receptor LICA medicine in acromegaly patients who are poorly controlled on top - despite the fact that they're taking somatostatin analog. So this is on top of somatostatin analog in that study. And the data that we've been to share is in the second half of the year will include also open-label extension data, which we think is important to characterize the long-term profile for growth hormone receptor LICA in this patient population. So we will be presenting data on target engagement, total binding, safety, tolerability, impact on IGF-1 and also patient reported outcomes and other measures of how patients are feeling with this disease in this readout. We haven't identified the venue or the way in which we'll present the data or get the data out in the second half of the year, we're still working on that, but we will get it out in the second half of the year. We're still analyzing quite a bit of the open-label extension data. And as I said, we think that that's quite important to include. And as a reminder, this is one study of a program for this drug. We also have the Phase II study for GHR LICA in patients - frontline monotherapy in patients with acromegaly. And that study is expected to read out next year. So we're positioning this drug potentially as a treatment for patients who are poorly controlled with standard of care as well as potentially frontline depending on how the data reads out.

Okay. Great. That's very helpful. And congrats on all the progress.

The next question is from Jessica Fye with JPMorgan.

Two quick questions on tofersen. What read across to the rest of your neuro pipeline do you think investors can and cannot make based on the upcoming Phase III results? And second one related to that product. Can you talk about the reason why the compassionate use is currently restricted to those patients with the most rapidly progressing disease?

Sure thing, Jess. Thanks for the question. So we're very much looking forward as, of course, you know, to the Phase III readout for tofersen in SOD1-ALS. As we said in the - in our presentation, this has the potential to be the very first disease-modifying treatment for a genetic cause of ALS, really any cause of ALS clearly when you look at it. So we're excited about it. The read-through is significant. It's positive. It will be another demonstration of what we believe is the leading platform for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of any. When you look at the size of our pipeline, it will be a further confirmation. And not only can we engage targets that caused - that are at the root cause of these diseases in neuro as we've done for over 6, 7, 8 programs to date that we can hit these targets well at the safety and the tolerability is attractive and that we can provide clinical benefit in patients neurodegenerative diseases. So we think that this has significant read-through in 2 ways: one, to the rest of our ALS platform, all right? It will demonstrate that this platform, our strategy to target ALS works. And it bodes very well for 2 other genetically caused forms of ALS, our C9ORF program, which is due to readout Phase II readout next year and our FUS genetic - genetic ALS due to FUS mutations, which is in Phase III development. And we believe it also has significant read-through to the broad ALS population that has no known genetic cause, our ATXN2 program. And also beyond that for neuro in general, I mean it demonstrates we can - all the things I already said about target engagement and tolerability and also that we can penetrate key regions within the CMS and provide some meaningful - hopefully, meaningful clinical benefit to patients. As for compassionate use, that's really a question for Biogen. I really do not want to get ahead of what statements they've made on this. As you know, there's been a lot of pressure on Biogen to make this drug available to patients with SOD1-ALS because of the devastating nature and the rapidly progressive nature of the disease. I mean, simply put, they believe that this drug will be available to all patients with SOD1 ALS. That's the hope, of course, in the near future. So they focused on those with rapidly progressing forms of the disease because those patients may not make it to the time in which this drug is available for all patients for the SOD1-ALS. And quite simply, I think that's the rationale behind it.

The next question is from Mani Foroohar with SVB Leerink.

A couple of quick ones. I know it's been danced around on this call and others, can you lay out for us whether or not we could expect potential exploratory cardiac measures from NEURO-TTRANSFORM study. One of your competitors has discussed at length exploratory cardiac measures from their polyneuropathy study. And scaling that from the cardiomyopathy side, can you give us a sense of what you are seeing in the marketplace as opposed to what you're seeing in a clinical trial execution setting around use of tafamidis alongside oligo therapy in patients with combined neuropathy and cardiomyopathy symptoms.

Sure, Mani. I'll take the first one, and I'll ask Onaiza to talk a little bit about how we see the market playing out right now with RNA-targeted therapies and tafamidis. But we're really probably more importantly, how we see it playing out in the future. Yes, indeed, we have cardiac measures in the polyneuropathy eplontersen Phase III study. These are secondary endpoints and maybe some exploratory endpoints as well. All the classic endpoints when we looked at for those patients with phenotypes with cardiac involvement, but that will be - that will include ventricular load and we build up in the heart markers such as NT-proBNP and other markers in that study as we did in the TEGSEDI Phase III study. So be on lookout for that next year when the data reads out as well as across the primary endpoints, which is mNIS+7. And for the 8 months, it's also TTR reductions, right, Richard?

Yes.

And then as we bring the study to its completion at 15 months, we'll also have quality of life as a primary endpoint at that point. I think Onaiza might be the best one to comment on the market for stabilizers and RNA-targeted therapies.

Yes. Happy to. Mani, thanks for the question. So yes, we are seeing - so really, your question is like it's a geographical answer. So in the U.S., we're seeing some fair amount of use of tafamidis. And again, they're doing a really good job of diagnosing and getting patients treated. We've done some good work with KOLs and just good market research with clinicians who prescribe this as well as payers. And the sense we're getting from them is that this is a really sick population. These patients actually really need care. And that they could see a world where we can easily use a silencer and stabilizer together. And I think mechanistically, of course, it would have been nice to have the silencer on us first. But that's not how the order of entry really worked out. But the market is large. It's diverse. It's dynamic. And what I really, again, go back to what I like what we're doing is we're actually looking at the future world and how it's evolving. And we will have a set of data for clinicians where they want to use this with or without a tafamidis in a wide and diverse patient population. From a payer perspective, also, we've seen really no hesitation to use these products alone or in combination as well. Again, going back to this is a very sick population, and we need to do what's right for the patient here.

Thanks, Onaiza.

I have one quick follow-up. Yes. And I have 1 quick follow-up. There's been a lot of discussion around the role of 6-minute walk as an approval endpoint in cardiomyopathy. It was a little different than the experience that tafamidis Vindaqel and Vyndamax has had. What's the - in your sort of commercial as well as clinical trial experience, what's the state of feedback you're getting from clinicians regarding the receptiveness to use therapies approved on a 6-minute walk but without survival data in hand. So how do you execute on that when you're launching against an assay - an oral assay but does have a survival of benefit label.

Onaiza, do you want to run with that?

Sure. Yes. Listen, I think, again, you have to look at where the market is, and the market has survival data in there, so I think it's going to be really important to be able to deliver that to effectively find a place for that new therapy that's coming down place in terms of what is the cardiovascular risk reduction. So I think it's going to be and is claimed as a very important factor for making a decision for these patients. That being said, we have - as our secondary endpoint in our studies, yes, the functional improvements, yes, they're important for patients, and 6-minute walk is a good functional improvement. But again, in a market where things are already established with CVRR, I think it's going to be about that as well as how quickly you actually see the effect on patients because these patients do progress. And those are the 2 things that are coming up as really important for us.

Yes. And just to add to that, Mani, as you know, for the mixed phenotypes, the hereditary phenotypes with cardiovascular, cardiomyopathy and polyneuropathy, those 6-minute walk tests are a little complicated because of the polyneuropathy component to the disease. So if you're improving polyneuropathy in the fee, you may be able to improve 6-minute walk test since it has nothing to do with improvements in cardiomyopathy. So it's a little complicated. We actually believe in - we believe the outcome data will drive the greatest, by far, value for these drugs when that's demonstrated.

The next question is from Myles Minter with William Blair.

Just a quick question on the MAPT data at ARC. I noticed that particularly on the total tau levels, they seem to keep decreasing even though these patients have been off 4 months of drug - or been off drug for 4 months. So I'm just wondering how you're thinking or how large you may be thinking about dosing frequency in that particular indication as you move into a better powered Phase II? And in the publication, will that include city or some of the boxes followed up for this long-term extension part?

Yes. So this is - as I said earlier, we think this is a great drug, and duration of action is one of the things that we've been working hard on. And - so I think that continued tau reduction. Expansion is evidence of that. And we hope to expand on that with the publication as we share more data on the program and really demonstrate that this is an outstanding looking molecule. And of course, we'll design our studies to support the optimal dosing schedule. And if you're doing equal injection, fewer injections, less frequently are a good thing. So.

And the durability really is remarkable for the drug. It probably supports biannual dosing potentially. On top of that is necessarily the dosing regimen for the Phase III study, but certainly the data towards that. And as Eric said, it's a reflection of the continued improvements we're making, not just in the drugs we identify neuro but across the board.

And then just with the city on some of the boxes, is that something that will be included in the publication? Or was that only measured as baseline to screen these patients in?

I don't think we have visibility - we know yet whether or not the long-term extension would be in the publication. Typically, when we publish first in patient studies, it's just the randomized portion of the study. And then the long-term extensions will be presented at medical meetings to follow and those sorts of things and maybe publications as well. I don't have a definitive answer for that question, Myles.

The next question is from Esther Rajavelu with UBS.

On FUS-ALS, can you help us understand some of the trial design considerations for this Phase II that you're starting to enroll compared to tofersen? And then I have a follow-up on another topic.

Richard, do you want to take that?

Sure. This is FUS. Yes. So it's similar in terms of the design and the regimen. And so it is a Phase III registrational study. So it's not - it's moving directly from what has been an open label single patient or a few patients being treated to a full registration with all the health authority input with the design, et cetera. So I think in terms of where we are with FUS, we're very confident that the design that we put together is one that will be supportive of this, again, a very good drug moving into Phase III. And we're excited that the program has started and patients are enrolling.

And to add to that, Esther, the primary endpoint is the same as the tofersen. So there's a direct link there, the ALS functional rating scale. Obviously, we have the ability to measure target engagement in patients do like we did with the tofersen study. And so it's quite similar. It's a longer study than the 6-month tofersen study. It's like 250, almost a year, I think, treatment, right?

Right. I think it's 272 days or something. So is it the longer duration of treatment that is that specific to this patient phenotype? Or what's the thought behind that?

ALS is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative diseases, but there are certain forms of ALS that are more rapidly progressing than others. FUS is a sort of your normal, if you will, if you want to use that word progressing patient population for ALS. So it takes a little longer, and therefore, the study is longer.

Got it. Okay. And then a quick follow-up on the transferon receptor question that was asked earlier. You referred to cardiac indications, but can you maybe help us understand whether you're referring to cardiometabolic indications or more tied to the structural issues in the heart?

We're focused on diseases like heart failure. We're targeting cardiac myocytes directly, not metabolic or those sorts of things. We're going after well-validated targets based on genetics as well as a validated targets based on preclinical data that we've generated and others have generated targeting directly cardiac myocytes. So different forms of heart failure is our primary focus there.

The next question is from David Lebowitz with Morgan Stanley.

When you look forward to the Slide 1 readout, could you just run us through what we could expect to see in that readout, what you think needs to be achieved as far as being able to exceed regulatory thresholds? That would be very helpful.

Sure, David. So obviously, this is a randomized placebo-controlled 6-month trial, tofersen placebo versus placebo, primary for ALS functional rating scale, that sort of focus is, is to demonstrate statistically significant clinical benefit to patients on drug versus placebo. There will also be quite a bit of supportive long-term extension data from that study as well. We do not believe that SOD1 reductions, the biomarker, will be sufficient for an approval by itself. With that said, there's enormous outcry for this drug today by the ALS community. This is a very active patient community that has cried out for - as we touched on earlier, in the compassionate use study that Biogen opened up, cried out for this drug a long time ago to get access to it. There are no treatments for this disease, and it's a severely - it's a severe neurodegenerative disease, as you know. So that's what we're looking for. That's what we're feeling confident about based on the Phase II data and the fact that we're targeting the genetic - the known cause of this disease. But there are no treatments for this disease. So I do believe that regulators will be open-minded on trying to deliver a drug like this to patients as rapidly as possible. Thank you, David. And I think that, that's our last question. So with that, I'd like to thank everybody who joined us on our call today. We have a lot of momentum going into the second half of the year. And as the year unfolds, we're really looking forward to providing further updates as we continue to execute on all of our goals. So until then, thanks for joining us today, and have a great day.

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