Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by and welcome to the Ingredion First Quarter 2018 Earnings Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Later, we'll conduct a question-and-answer session. Instructions will be given at that time. As a reminder, today's call is being recorded. Now, I'd like to turn the conference over to your host, Heather Kos, Vice President of Investor Relations and Communications for Ingredion. Please go ahead.

Good morning, good afternoon and good evening, and welcome to Ingredion's first quarter 2018 earnings call. Joining me on the call this morning are Jim Zallie, our President and CEO; and Jim Gray, our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Our results were issued this morning in a press release that can be found on our website, ingredion.com. The slides accompanying this presentation can also be found on the website and were posted a few hours ago for your convenience. As a reminder, our comments within this presentation may contain forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those predicted in the forward-looking statements, and Ingredion is under no obligation to update them in the future as or if circumstances change. Additional information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed during today's conference call or in this morning's press release can be found in the company's most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent reports on forms 10-Q and 8-K. During this call, we also refer to certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted earnings per share, adjusted operating income and adjusted effective tax rate, which are reconciled to U.S. GAAP measures in Note 2, non-GAAP information included in our press release and in today's presentation appendix. Now, I'm pleased to turn the call over to Jim Zallie.

Thanks, Heather, and welcome to everyone joining us today. For the quarter, Ingredion volumes grew by 2%, driven by core and specialties growth. We delivered reported and adjusted earnings per share growth, but operating income was negatively impacted by operational headwinds, which I will cover in more detail momentarily. South America and EMEA performed strongly, and as expected, Asia-Pacific was acutely impacted by extraordinary tapioca costs. North America operating income was impacted by a sharp increase in freight costs, higher production costs caused by inconsistent demand in the northeast and Canada this past winter as well as commodity pricing pressures. We have begun mitigating inflationary pressures through pricing actions, customer contract management and accelerating our network optimization and cost reduction initiatives. These actions complement our existing continuous improvement and Lean Six Sigma programs. We continue to deploy our cash for shareholder value creation, investing in our higher-value specialty expansion projects. We expect continued growth from our specialty portfolio, which was highlighted this quarter by double-digit growth in our functional native clean label starches. The integrations and growth of the Sun Flour rice ingredients business and TIC Gums are progressing well. The project pipeline and customer demand for new ingredients produced by these businesses is exciting as is the margin expansion potential. The strategy for the TIC Gums acquisition is enabling us to deliver custom solutions faster to small and medium sized customers. Lastly, year-over-year, our tax rate and financing costs were favorable, which Jim Gray will speak about later. Now, let me turn to North America. First quarter operating income in North America was $143 million, down 9% from last year. Overall volumes were flat. Higher sales from TIC Gums and Kerr were offset by core ingredients. TIC Gums growth was a bright spot for us in the first quarter.…

Thanks, Jim. Good morning, everyone. Let me start by covering the highlights of the income statement. Net sales were up for the quarter. Higher volumes and foreign exchange more than offset lower price mix. Gross profit margin was lower by 10 basis points. Higher freight and production costs in North America and higher tapioca costs in Asia-Pacific more than offset lower manufacturing restructuring costs and better performance in South America and EMEA. Reported and adjusted operating incomes were $197 million and $200 million, respectively. Reported operating income was lower than adjusted operating income by $3 million. The difference was driven by restructuring costs of $2 million for our finance transformation and $1 million for Brazil leaf extraction. Our reported and adjusted earnings per share were $1.90 and $1.94, respectively. Moving to the net sales bridge, our sales were up 1% versus last year. FX contributed $8 million, while volume contributed $30 million. This was partially offset by $22 million of unfavorable price mix which was driven by higher freight costs in North America and the pass-through of lower raw material costs in Brazil. As we look more closely by region, you can see unfavorable foreign exchange affected South America, but was offset by favorable foreign exchange in Asia-Pacific and EMEA. In North America, volume was flat. Our TIC Gums and Kerr businesses were up, but this was offset by core ingredients. Price mix in North America was down given higher freight costs. In Asia-Pacific, volume was up given our specialty capacity expansions. However, price mix was down primarily due to country mix. In South America, volume was up 8%, led by strong sweetener sales in Argentina as well as growth in Brazil and the Andean region. Price mix was down, driven by the pass-through of lower raw material costs in…

Before we go to the Q&A session, I would like to say that despite the headwinds we faced in the quarter, we remain focused on executing strategic actions to deliver against our long-term earnings algorithm. We believe our strong business model, innovation capabilities, global go-to-market reach and unique customer value proposition, positions us for continued growth and shareholder value creation. And now, we're glad to take your questions.

Thank you. Our first question going to come from line of Farha Aslam from Stephens, Inc. Please go ahead.

...and would you please, and do you think 2020 can get it there or do we need more?

Yeah. I'm sorry, Farha. We – you kind of – we got you midway through your question. So, if you could repeat that? Farha, we could not hear the question, if you could repeat it?

Hi. My question relates to tapioca pricing. When will you reduce – get the reduction in cost, please?

Yes. So, tapioca costs, as we had indicated, have remained high for a longer period of time than we had expected. They started going up in quarter four last year, and we expect them to continue through quarter two into quarter three. And then, when the quarter four harvest comes in, we expect tapioca costs to decrease. Throughout this period, we've been actively moving our prices up with customers. And again, we expect that to reverse itself in – starting in quarter four when the harvest comes in.

That's helpful. Thank you.

Thank you. And our next question is going to come from the line of David Driscoll from the Citi Research. Please go ahead.

Good morning. This is Cornell in for – a few questions for David.

Hey, Cornell.

Hey, just wanted to start off here, because there's something we've been getting a lot of questions from investors this morning. And relating obviously to North America, I think back at CAGNY, total company EPS guidance was reiterated, but now, the outlook for North America is perhaps significantly different from where we started out with. I know that freight cost has been well discussed throughout the industry for quite some time now. So, one, can you just kind of again walk us through exactly what happened to North America in the quarter? And then, two, what's your level of confidence that going forward in some of the outer years that North America can actually grow operating profits or is this kind of telling us that perhaps kind of profit growth in North America might be capped?

Yeah. Let me take it first and then I'm going to turn it over to Jim Gray to add some kind of color commentary. So, for the quarter, the largest impact was higher than expected truck rates. And my comments right now are going to be against what we would consider to be the expectation. So, taking the baseline actuals of 2017 and taking our guidance of mid- to single-digit increase in operating income in North America, which is what we expected. And so, my comments are going to be based off of that when I start to quantify some of these elements. So, the largest impact was higher than expected truck freight rates of $8 million in quarter one, given the acute inflationary environment for truck freight. In addition, we had some colder winter weather in the first couple months that impacted rail and shifted loads to truck and that really further tightened that whole carrier market. And so, for the full year in North America, we expect freight increases of $15 million to $17 million primarily related to – primarily against the expectations we had for the full year. In addition to freight, we had production costs that increased in the quarter by another $7 million to $8 million and that was more than anticipated. We started the year with appropriate inventory and a production schedule. As the quarter developed, weather in the Northeast and Canada caused some inconsistent customer starch demand for industrial and food. And given that lower than anticipated demand, we therefore had to reduce our production schedules and expect to continue to do so through quarter two. We expect the full year negative impact of fixed cost absorption to be approximately $20 million, again against our expectations for North America for the quarter – for the full year, I should say, for the full year. And lastly, again, we were negatively impacted by ethanol, which has impacted the industry, it's a smaller amount. And corn oil pricing was also down, and that impact for the quarter was $5 million, and we expect those commodity headwinds for the full year against full-year expectations for North America to be approximately $10 million. So, those were the impacts that were unanticipated. And as it relates to on the go forward, we're obviously moving prices where we can, as it relates to the freight increases. We're passing through higher freight rates on to pre-paid customers. We're enforcing longer lead times with customers, which hopefully is going to mitigate some of the risk of having to enter the spot market for a last-minute shipping. And as it relates to being able to recover these costs going into next year, we believe we can, and we're working with our customers, and contract terms are being updated with new freight rates, and we believe we will be able to do that.

Okay, great. Now, I guess the second part of the question, kind of longer term and just kind of what's the growth trajectory for North America?

Sure. Cornell, this is Jim Gray. I think the highlight, as we looked at the freight issues, when you had higher wages for drivers, you're going to attract more drivers into the marketplace. And so, we'll continue to look at utilization throughout the year, and as we can come back and we can either negotiate lower carrier rates through our brokers and/or then think as we pass-through or share those increased freight costs with our customers as Jim mentioned. So, I kind of look to that as this is more of an issue that we're working through here in the first half of the year and we should see some of that be more mitigated as we get to the second half of the year. I also...

And just – yeah, I was just saying and if I heard you correctly, in the second half of the year that you made the comments, I believe that margins in North America would be up, if I heard that correctly. So, does that imply that kind of second half of the year, you expect perhaps actually profit growth in the business, just as maybe the production rates at the facilities ramp back up and so fixed cost absorption is better and some of the freight's passed along to customers. Is that the right read?

That's similar. I would probably say that margins would be or that operating income would be kind of more flatter to the prior year.

Okay. Okay.

Right. I think that if we had an outlook for the second half, it would be, we're going to take Q2 and Q3 to recover through this and then, we'll then get into, think the year beyond, we still believe more broadly in our specialty portfolio within North America, we think that the margins there and the growth within our specialty portfolio can absolutely help North America operating income long-term. And then, also, just to remind you, I mean, we highlighted about Mexico contracting last call and we need to work through the contracting on both the sweetener pricing as well as within the kind of the brewing industry, but we believe that our outlook there in Mexico is still strong and we believe that we can still grow in Mexico given our position. So, I think long-term, we would look to North America to be driven by our specialty portfolio in premium starches and we also look to Mexico as the growth drivers. And then, we're – I think we're always going to be thoughtful about the sweetener business and the sweetener volumes and we always look to how we manage our cost against the sweetener business, if there's any – and if there's any continued kind of demand fall off.

Yeah. Okay. Thank you.

Thank you. And our next question will come from Ken Zaslow from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Good morning, guys. This is actually Omar filling in for Ken.

Hi, Omar.

Hey, Omar.

Hey, Omar.

Hey. Just sort of a follow up to the previous question with regards to the – your ability to recover some of the pricing pressures that you guys have going on right now with North America. Are you guys going to be able to recover 100% of it, 75%, 50%, just trying to get a sense of what was the order of magnitude there? That would be helpful.

Yeah. As it relates to freight, I would say that it's going to take throughout this year to be able to get as much of that freight increase as possible and we do anticipate to get the majority, if not all, of that freight rate increase back, but that's going to take throughout this year, because it's been a very challenging year in relationship to the pace of increase in quarter one and now having to re-contract at higher spot rates, which will take us through 2018 and then renegotiate terms with customers as we head into 2019. So, that is the intention. And we do anticipate, as we head into 2019, to recoup most of that, if not all of that, freight cost increase.

All right. That's helpful. And what are your assumptions on net corn cost? Is that incorporated into the new guidance? I know net corn cost has been started to track up here, we have some issues in South America, and then the corn oil pricing is starting to climb, just any color there with regards to how are you guys looking at net corn cost?

Thank you for the question, Omar. Net corn, as we've mentioned in the past, we look and think very much about which markets we can hedge in, and then – and use our hedging as we go forward in the year to contract the gross corn costs, and then think about the co-product offsets. I think we feel very comfortable about where we're at with net corn in North America, as well as kind of our practices in Brazil. I think the rapid increase of corn costs in Argentina, given the drought, has been something that we're looking at, but that's incorporated into our outlook right now. The only reason we called out corn oil is that, given where the soybean market is and the higher prices for soy meal, it's created abundance of soy oil. And so, that's brought down as a substitute corn oil pricing. And so, that's just a bit unusual in terms of the ratio that we've historically seen corn oil versus soy oil sell at. And so, we call it out, because it is trading out of a normally expected range. And so, we'll see how that shakes out through the second half of the year. But obviously, there is a lot of news around soybean and soybean shipments globally.

All right. That's very helpful. And lastly from me, from the M&A side, can you guys just talk about how is the pipeline looking and how are things developing on your end from – in terms of global opportunities you're seeing and how's the marketplace? Thanks.

Well, I mean, as always, we're very active with prospects assessment and we have a number of opportunities that we are continuing to assess. And looking at certainly where those valuations are, such that we can create shareholder value. And I would say the pipeline is as robust as it has ever been and it's continual – it's focused very much on our specialties growth.

I mean, I'd add, Omar, I mean, obviously, there has been some deals announced recently at higher EBITDA multiples. We continue to just be very disciplined about thinking about the growth prospects, the synergies, and all of that relative to a multiple valuation and that the deal has to work in terms of what specialty growth it brings to our portfolio, and the revenue synergies and the cost synergies combined into a valuation that makes sense for our Ingredion shareholders.

I appreciate. That will be it from me.

Sure.

Thank you. Our next question then is going to come from the line of Akshay Jagdale from Jefferies. Please go ahead.

Hi. Good morning. This is actually Lubi on for Akshay.

Hi, Lubi.

Hi. So, my first question relates to freight costs, and apologies if I missed this. But you mentioned in your prepared remarks that you've reassessed some broker contracts as a result of the rising freight costs. So, just wondering if you could comment a little bit on when that begins to kick in really and to what degree that could potentially impact the freight costs going forward?

Yeah. It has already begun to kick in where we have adjusted pricing, because we reacted obviously very quickly where we could pass through the increase in freight rates. That being said, it's a significant impact for the full year that we're going to have to have to deal with. And it will be mitigated again by the actions we've already taken in quarter one. And so, the numbers that we projected take into account the mitigation efforts, but the majority of that offset is going to take place as we head into 2019 as customer contracts are renegotiated.

Great. That's helpful. And then, if you could just talk a little bit about your specialty business as a whole, just sort of whether it continues to grow in line or maybe ahead of your expectations and just where does the specialty business stand today as sort of the percentage of sales and any changes to your target, I think you were precisely targeting reaching 30% of overall sales in terms of specialty by 2019, I think it was, but yeah, just any additional color you can give around that would be helpful. Thanks.

Yeah. Our specialty sales are projected to be up for the full year and also in North America despite North America's challenges that we've had in quarter one, we remain very much positive towards the specialties portfolio. And that's in all regions. South America for example this past quarter was actually up nearly double digits for us in specialty sales. So, overall, specialty sales for Ingredion on target. We had put out a CAGNY 32% to 35% as a 2022 target. We had indicated previously 28% of our sales are currently of specialties and that is on target to grow towards that 2022 target this calendar year. So, we will see incremental revenue percentage of our sales that would be specialty sales year-on-year this particular year. So, again, remaining very committed to the whole specialty's portfolio. You will have seen our capital investments are up in the quarter. That is primarily going against our specialty's growth and expansion investments.

That's helpful. Thank you.

Thank you. We have a question from the line of Robert Moskow from Credit Suisse. Please go ahead. Robert Moskow - Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC: Yeah. Thank you for the question. And forgive me because I've had to hop on from a different call. But...

Okay. Robert Moskow - Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC: ...I think the results today kind of raised some questions here, Jim and Jim, about the sustainability of the margin structure in North America after a multi-year period of expansion and you're seeing some of these dry freight – the freight costs hurting it in the near-term. So, forgive me if you've answered this already, but to what extent is that just a transitory issue that can be offset pretty quickly and to what extent – or should we be concerned about more structural issues that could impact either this year or going into 2019 also?

Yeah. Let me take it first and then, I'll turn it over to Jim. I think first of all, it's important to remember that this is only one quarter and we believe weather was a contributing factor, we talked about it as it related to the production scheduling and certainly, the freight issue, we see as more of a transitory type of an issue that we will – we work to mitigate again in 2019 as we go into 2019. And we've modeled these impacts very carefully as it relates to being reflected in our guidance for 2018. So, we feel good about that. But, I think right now, the thing it's just important to put in perspective, it's one quarter, you have a shock to the system throughout the industry related to freight rates, and we are working to mitigate that. And as it relates to a couple of the other extraordinary negative items on ethanol and corn oil pricing, we've seen those kind of blips before, and those are – I don't want to say insignificant, but they are something that we've been able to manage the business against. And again, we're very positive towards the specialties portfolio which is a significant piece of the North America business considering not just net sales, but also from a gross profit standpoint the contribution. So, with that focus, we feel that the margin structure does remain intact for North America. And also, and Jim mentioned that sweetener fundamentals are still solid. So, sweetener fundamentals are solid. We talked about the production cost issue is mainly a starch related issue, and it was actually weighted interestingly towards industrial starch, which on a proportion of usage by our customers is a higher volume contributor. And actually, this was actually signaled by a couple of our largest customers in their earnings reports actually attributing it to the weather, which kind of help us interpret this inconsistent demand pattern that we actually saw in the quarter. So, you take those factors in totality and you put it in perspective as a one quarter event, I think that we're trying to interpret it longer term that we think we can manage through this very nicely. Jim, do you want to add some color to that?

Yeah. Just, I was going to just highlight, Rob, I think most of the investors' concerns have been around, well, is the margin structure in sweetener vulnerable and I would say it's not and we're not indicating on this call nor anything really in our guidance around where we think sweetener and/or kind of the margins. We're still kind of pleased with how contracting came out. We're managing the volume of sweetener demand and in the overall portfolio. This is really, I think, maybe some of our investors don't understand that starch orders tend to have a replenishment cycle that's much longer than sweeteners. So, customers may order monthly or six weeks or eight weeks. And so, when you get nor'easters or you get really cold rail and you have a crunch on carriers showing up to take orders, you're going to get some hiccups in that supply chain and you need to let time along with our customers' demand takeaway for starch move through the inventories, and get the inventories smoothed out. So, this is really something where we're really looking at and being – I think we're being prudent, about looking at our production schedule and saying we're going to run through the first half of the year slower. That's going to have higher costs for us. We're reflecting that in our guidance, but we do assume that the overall starch demand is going to be healthy. That's going to pull through. And as we see the second half of the year come through, we're going to get back more to a normal production costs for our starches.

Yeah. Yeah. And I would just supplement it and we can certainly talk more about it. We're using this as a catalyst for us as an opportunity to drive internally throughout the organization, the cost-smart initiative for structural longer term cost reduction as well to complement continuous improvement in Lean Six Sigma efforts that have been ongoing for a long time. So, we're trying to take the situation we're faced with and actually help to strengthen the business for the longer term as well. Robert Moskow - Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC: Just to follow up, I mean, you didn't really mention pricing specifically as a lever to mitigate these issues. Is that just not one of those levers that you pull to cover freight? And then, the second question, is this an overall industry issue or do other carriers have or do other competitors have their own transportation to some degree?

Yeah. I can't comment on what our other competitors would have in their particular systems and fleets. I do know obviously that it's impacted a lot of our customer base. As it relates to pricing, again, where contractually possible, we're already passing higher freight rates on to prepaid customers and to new customers. In addition, we're enforcing longer lead times with our customers, which again helps to mitigate the risk of having to enter the spot market for last minute shipping. So, all of those things have already been done and that's one lever that's been pulled, I know your question is about North America, but clearly, as it relates to the tapioca situation in Asia-Pacific, we've been actively moving pricing and that is a lever to offset the other, I would say, significant inflationary issue that we've been faced with in the global business. Robert Moskow - Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC: Thank you. I'll pass it on.

Thanks, Rob.

Thank you. We have a question from the line of Brett Hundley from Vertical Group. Please go ahead.

Good morning. This is Brandon on for Brett.

Hey, Brandon.

Hey, Brandon.

I wanted to ask you a question about your bulk business in North America. So, this business has benefited in recent years from a favorable supply-demand balance and benign corn cost. One could argue that the capacity closures in 2014 and 2015 put that supply-demand balance into a much better position relative to the years of declining demand for some of those sweetener products. We've been looking at the situation in Mexico this past contracting season along with whether or not any actors on the corn wet milling side are changing their behavior. And we're wondering, if the supply-demand balance has started to erode in any meaningful way. When we couple that with potential for corn to move higher or bad crops or any other catalysts, we're wondering if the corn wet milling industry needs to take a look at supply modification or optimization. Do you think that as an industry, corn wet millers will proactively manage that supply base or do you think that it will be more reactionary going forward? Thanks.

All I can say is that, the industry fundamentals in sweeteners, as we said, we think remain very solid. And I believe you're referring to our core sweeteners business. And I think we talked about it that we felt good coming out of contracting as we headed into this year, and we feel as it relates to our core sweeteners business both in U.S., Canada and in Mexico. Again, fundamentals remain very solid, and we feel that we did as expected and well as we went through contracting.

Maybe just a comment, Brandon, always a consideration on sweeteners, whether it's within North America or even worldwide. You have to look at where sugar is also worldwide. And we've seen some pretty dramatic lower sugar prices worldwide kind of outside the United States and Mexico, but worldwide, and that won't always be, right? You've had some crops that have come in that have been – it's rare that you've had three of the four major producers of sugar worldwide, all have bumper crops. So, I think that that will in due course, will self-correct, because lower sugar prices just won't attract as much of the farmer demand in the refining. And so, I do think that that also plays into a bit of long-term demand for corn sweetened products.

All right. That's helpful. Thank you.

Okay.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Arthur Reeves from Société Générale. Please go ahead. Arthur Reeves - Société Générale SA (UK): Hello, everyone. Good morning to you. My question is about tapioca where we started. You helpfully gave us on your North American business what the hit had been for some of the problems in the courtroom what you thought it would be for the year? Can you tell us the numbers tapioca in the same way, please?

I think, Arthur, what we would say is that as you thought about Asia-Pac been slightly up on operating income for the full year. We now would see that tapioca kind of an addition to where we would've thought was probably about a $7 million additional headwind versus where you might have put your expectations and that will occur mostly kind of in Q2 and Q3. So... Arthur Reeves - Société Générale SA (UK): Thanks very much. Yeah, yeah.

Okay. Yeah. Arthur Reeves - Société Générale SA (UK): Understood. Yeah. Thank you.

Certainly. Good afternoon.

Thank you. We have a question from the line of Adam Samuelson from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead. Adam Samuelson - Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC: Yes, thanks. Good morning.

Hey, Adam. Adam Samuelson - Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC: So, I guess the first question I wanted to be clear in North America. So, I think if I added up the freight, the fixed cost absorption and the commodity impacts for the year, that was a $45 million delta to your North American outlook, of which $23 million or so was in the first quarter. Is that relative to your expectations, is that right?

Yeah. I think that's about right. Adam Samuelson - Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC: Okay. And secondly, as I think, Jim, you, Jim Gray, you just alluded to sugar prices being low and I'm wondering has that been reflected in the outlook at all, I mean sugar prices have come down since the start of the year, they are at low levels. I'd imagine in places outside the U.S., Mexico, Argentina, Pakistan, Asia, they would be – that would be putting some pressure on the corn sweetener business, but non-U.S., has that been – was that in your outlook, is that been reflected in the update outlook in anyway? Just any color on that would be helpful.

Yeah. Sure. Thanks, Adam. I would say that we have a couple of markets where you would have some world sugar impact. I think in Argentina, it's a little bit confusing in terms of how much sugar is exported out of Argentina, but that definitely has had some pressure internally on the domestic price of sugar and that is in our forecast for the year. And then, we also see world sugar impact us in Canada a little bit, and that's also reflected in our outlook. It's really more from an opportunity for additional volume in Canada as opposed to kind of more broadly across our sweetener customer base. Adam Samuelson - Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC: Okay. And then, just a quick modeling question. The guidance for interest expense for the year implied a pretty healthy step up from where you were in the first quarter. I don't think any debt refinancing that's coming due in the short-term. Just – can you just explain what's going on in the interest line for rest of the year?

We just had – just in Q1, I just had some favorable FX or some interest offset. As currency moved, we had some favorability there that I think that we – it's hard to say that that would replicate in Q2 and for the balance of the year. So, that's why, you're just seeing that step up. Adam Samuelson - Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC: Okay. All right. It's all helpful. I'll pass it along. Thanks.

Hey, thanks, Adam.

Thank you. And our final question will come from the line of Farha Aslam from Stephens. Please go ahead.

Hey. Thanks for taking the follow-up. Just a question on volume. Has volume stabilized here in the second quarter? And how is the volume fared as you've raised pricing with customers? Did the customers renew at the higher price with the same volume commitments? Thank you.

Thanks. Farha, may be which region?

North America, in particular.

Yeah. You want to tell it? (00:48:35)

Yeah, sure. It's all right. Yeah.

I think volumes – overall, I think volumes on sweetener are very much kind of in line with what we've expected, as well as I think with regard to overall starch, we alluded to that there was kind of some ups and downs. I do think that as we get into the warmer weather and we are getting better tender acceptance, our freight carriers were hitting that more consistently. I think the only thing that we would kind of be cautious about is as we think about our industrial starches and just making sure that the flow into the industries that we serve for industrial starches is going to be consistent.

Okay. So, as you've renewed your contracts at the higher prices, have you started to renew and passed on pricing and how is volume fared on those contracts?

Let me try and maybe take a part of your question into two parts. So, as we finish our contracting for food starches and for sweeteners in the fall, going into the beginning of 2018, we felt that we were still kind of happy with where contracting came out, and we were okay with where volumes were going to be. The only twist has been, as we've gone through here and we've seen a rapid increase in freight rates, particularly for dry van going through and putting through some of those freight rate increases into – and mostly into starch contracts. Okay. So, that's – and freight is usually priced separately within contracts, customer contracts.

Okay. And you're doing that right now or you'll do that once we re-contract?

So again, so a portion of the contracts have a term with the customer where you're allowed to pass through the freight automatically, and then there's other customers usually medium and small customers who may not have the scale and their freight purchasing or the sophistication, they say Ingredion, you're a large dry van freight purchaser, can I rely upon your rates that you can secure from your factory to my dock. And so, for those, they may just want a fixed rate. So, what we need to do then is, is go back and negotiate with those customers probably more as we get into the contracting for 2019 in terms of an updated freight rate. We can go back and have those conversations now, but it's also one where it's a to and fro, I think with your medium and small customers as they're looking at that freight rate change.

Okay. I understand. Thank you for the added color.

Yeah, you got it.

Thank you. And at this time, I have no further questions in queue.

Okay. Before we sign off, I'd like to just wrap up with a few comments. In North America, we're taking actions to mitigate the impact of inflationary pressures. Our specialty sales are projected to be up for the full year and we're keenly focused on driving specialty starch sales. Our Mexican business is performing as expected and our sweetener business continues to perform well across the region. In South America, we are very pleased with our first quarter results, which as a reminder, was the best first quarter since 2014, and we feel we are well positioned to deliver significant year-over-year growth. In Asia-Pacific, although we see the tapioca situation is more protracted than originally anticipated, we've managed through tight tapioca markets in the past and we expect to do so again. EMEA continues to be a bright spot with a record quarter of operating income with continued strong specialties growth. We've expanded our global process optimization efforts and drive for efficiencies and long-term cost reduction. We've branded this initiative internally as cost-smart. And lastly, although we focus this morning on operational issues, I like to remind you that our business generates strong cash flows from operations. We will continue to deploy cash strategically to create value for shareholders. So, with that, I would like to thank you for your time today. And I hope to see many of you at the BMO Conference, May 17. Thanks very much.

Thank you. And ladies and gentlemen, that does conclude our conference for today. Thank you for your participation and for using AT&T Executive Teleconference. You may now disconnect.