Michael Sacks
Analyst · JPMorgan.
Sure. So, let me just take the first question. We actually had I think, Ken, on the last call, so we weren't really expecting anything significant in Q3 in terms of specialized fund close. We probably had a teeny bit more than we thought. As you know, some of the specialized funds are pay-on committed, so any close would show up in that FPAUM number. And then others are pay-on as invested. So, you have some closes for specialized funds that don't show up in FPAUM in the quarter, but show up in CNYFPAUM then come into FPAUM. In general, we had a terrific fundraising quarter. It was heavily weighted towards fundraising to pay on invested or ramp in, which is our CNYFPAUM category. That is -- we obviously always -- we try to price so that we're indifferent, frankly, so that our effective fee rates over time are the same, but we certainly are not never -- we don't mind when things turn on right away. That said, we have had quarters in the past, I believe, since coming public, even where the fundraising is tilted one way or the other, CNYFPAUM or direct to FPAUM. And that's I think just part of the nature of the business and the nature of what's closing when. In terms of our confidence for next year, on pickup in the specialized fundraising, the funds that are in market are good funds that have good competitive position, and we think that a slowdown in 2022 is not anything. It's not a result of our offering, but it's just a result of market and environment and those -- and we do think that, that will loosen up into next year. And then we have new funds coming into market next year. Our direct infrastructure fund, which you're aware of and which we've talked about and is scheduled to begin its fundraising next year. And then we think it's likely we have additional specialized fund, probably something in the ESG impact space that we'll launch next year as well. So, in general, it's really knowing what our pipeline is there, understanding where and why there was a slowdown in 2022, and understanding from constant engagement with the market where we think things will go.