Canadian Solar Inc. (CSIQ) Q2 2026 Earnings Report, Transcript and Summary

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to Canadian Solar's Second Quarter 2026 Earnings Conference Call. My name is Melissa, and I will be your operator for today. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this conference is being recorded for replay purposes. I'd now like to turn the call over to Wina Huang, Head of Investor Relations at Canadian Solar. Please go ahead.

Thank you, operator, and welcome, everyone, to Canadian Solar's Second Quarter 2026 Conference Call. Please note that today's conference call is accompanied with slides, which are available on Canadian Solar's Investor Relations website within the Events and Presentations section. Joining us today are Colin Parkin, CEO; Dylan Marx, CEO of Canadian Solar subsidiary, Recurrent Energy; Xinbo Zhu, Senior VP and CFO; and Dr. Shawn Qu, Executive Chairman and CTO. All company executives will participate in the Q&A session after management's formal remarks. On this call, Colin will deliver key messages for the quarter. Dylan will share updates for Recurrent Energy. Xinbo will go through the financial results, and Shawn will discuss sustainability and technology highlights. Colin will conclude the prepared remarks with the business outlook, after which we will have time for questions. Before we begin, I would like to remind listeners that management's prepared remarks today as well as their answers to questions will contain certain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. The company claims protection under the safe harbor for forward-looking statements that is contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ from management's current expectations. Any projections of the company's future performance represent management's estimates as of today. Canadian Solar assumes no obligation to update these projections in the future unless otherwise required by applicable law. A more detailed discussion of risks and uncertainties can be found in the company's annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Management's prepared remarks will be presented within the requirements of SEC Regulation G regarding generally accepted accounting principles or GAAP. Some financial information presented during the call will be provided on both a GAAP and non-GAAP basis. By disclosing certain non-GAAP information, management intends to provide investors with additional information to enable further analysis of the company's performance and underlying trends. Management uses non-GAAP measures to better assess operating performance and to establish operational goals. Non-GAAP information should not be viewed by investors as a substitute for data provided in accordance with GAAP. And now I would like to turn the call over to Canadian Solar's CEO, Colin Parkin. Colin, please go ahead.

Thank you, Wina, and thank you all for joining our second quarter earnings call. Beginning on Slide 3, we recognized revenue on 3.1 gigawatts of solar modules within guidance. We exceeded our storage guidance shipping 3.7 gigawatt hours and recognizing revenue on 3.3 gigawatt hours within the quarter. Revenue totaled $1.2 billion at the high end of guidance. Gross margin was in line with guidance at 13.9%. Profitability was impacted by elevated freight costs from ongoing geopolitical uncertainties. We also faced near-term ramp-up costs for our solar cell manufacturing facility in Jeffersonville. These factors led to a net loss attributable to shareholders of $77 million or $1.40 per share. Turning now to Slide 4. Our Manufacturing segment remains the key driver of our financial performance today. It is also where our strategic priorities lie. In our solar business, we continue to prioritize high-margin regions. We ship nearly half of our quarterly module volumes to our North America home base. In our energy storage business, we are scaling rapidly and executing well globally. In a single quarter, we delivered to utility scale projects across North America, EMEA, Asia Pacific and Latin America. We outperformed guidance due to accelerated deliveries for 2 projects in the U.S. and Canada. Higher unit shipping costs and ramp-up expenses led to an operating loss of $49 million. As we finish ramping Phase 1 of our solar cell facility and expand through Phase 2, these costs will normalize. We expect overall module margins to improve as a result. Now turning to Slide 5. A major highlight this quarter was the official opening of our state-of-the-art HJT solar cell facility. This marks a historic milestone. Canadian Solar is now the first commercially operational HJT manufacturer in the United States. We are also proud of the facility's meaningful impact and contribution to the local economy and community. We are currently ramping up Phase 1 capacity to 2.1 gigawatt peak. Phase 1 is set to enter full-scale production on October 1. Before the end of the year, we will begin installing equipment for Phase 2, which will bring our Jeffersonville total nameplate cell capacity to 6.3 gigawatt peak in 2027. This facility will be the largest crystalline silicon cell manufacturing plant in North America. Paired with our 10-gigawatt peak module facility in Texas, CS PowerTech solidifies its place as one of North America's largest and premier integrated photovoltaic manufacturers. These expansions are backed up by strong customer demand for our high-performance U.S. solar products, which offer valuable domestic content benefits. Turning please to Slide 6. CS PowerTech has secured over 13 gigawatt peak in contracted backlog for our domestically manufactured HJT and TOPCon, N-type bifacial modules. Deliveries are scheduled through 2029. This backlog includes multiple long-term master service agreements with leading U.S. utilities, IPPs, developers and EPCs. These commitments continue to grow daily and already represent north of $4.5 billion in value. On the policy front, President Trump released a new Section 232 announcement this month, which is focused on imported polysilicon and its derivative products. We view this new policy structure as supportive of our long-term investment in domestic manufacturing. Key details include minimum import pricing, tariff provisions and potential manufacturing offsets for companies investing in domestic manufacturing capacity. The Department of Commerce will work to approve U.S. investment plans. We will continue to be active, constructive ongoing dialogue with Department of Commerce and we will continue to participate throughout the 120-day implementation period. Our current evaluation indicates that these measures will reinforce U.S. solar pricing, and we are actively working with our customers to navigate this period of uncertainty. Overall, we view this policy direction as net positive for Canadian Solar, and we welcome the administration's support for American industrial growth. Now turning to Slide 7. For e-STORAGE, we shipped 3.7 gigawatt hours of energy storage solutions this quarter and recognized revenue on 3.3 gigawatt hours after accounting for the more than 400 megawatt hours to internal projects under execution. At the end of this quarter, our contracted backlog stood at $3.5 billion. This includes long-term service agreements covering 34 gigawatt hours of contracted projects. We see demand from data centers transitioning from conversations to contracted opportunities. Earlier this year, e-STORAGE secured a contract with a major U.S. utility for a 500-megawatt 2.5-gigawatt hour DC project designed to support data center grid infrastructure and resiliency. Energy-intensive data centers and their stakeholders face 2 primary hurdles: securing power and maintaining grid stability. Interconnection approvals and transmission builds require years to complete. Battery energy storage unlocks the higher throughput from existing infrastructure, responds dynamically to load swings, fortifies grid resilience and protects mission-critical computing hardware from power disruptions. For on-site behind-the-meter facilities, energy storage integrates seamlessly with other energy generation technology, including natural gas and renewable power generation. We are actively engaging with data center hyperscalers, developers and utility customers to deliver solutions that help overcome these challenges. Our market value extends well beyond supplying battery containers. We produce our own battery cells, design the SolBank platform, integrate the power conversion and proprietary energy management controls and deliver full EPC and commissioning services and provide ongoing support through long-term service agreements. This end-to-end full stack model offers customers a single accountable partner while supplying us with real-world operating data to refine future solutions. Now let me hand the call over to Dylan to review updates for Recurrent Energy, Canadian Solar's global project development business. Dylan, please go ahead.

Thank you, Colin. Starting on Slide 8. We generated $117 million of revenue in the second quarter. Revenue declined sequentially primarily because several project sales moved into the second half of the year. Electricity sales revenue rose quarter-over-quarter, supported by the commercial operation of a large solar asset in Spain. With muted project sales during the quarter and a $24 million impairment charge related to an upcoming project sale in Latin America, operating expenses rose quarter-over-quarter. As a result, we recorded an operating loss of $19 million. Despite the lower financial performance, we continue to hit key operational milestones throughout the second quarter. Earlier in the quarter, we brought a 426-megawatt solar asset in Spain into commercial operation, which began contributing recurring energy. Our partnerships with leading global technology companies further validate our development platform. In Australia, we recently connected the 150-megawatt Carwarp project, which is backed by a long-term power purchase agreement with Microsoft. We also continue to secure competitive large-scale project financing. Recently, we closed a $695 million construction financing tax equity package for our 330-megawatt Cobalt Solar facility in California. MUFG and NORD/LB provided the construction loans, while Wells Fargo provided the tax equity. Turning to Slide 9 for our portfolio pipeline update. As of June 30, 2026, we have secured grid interconnections for approximately 6 gigawatts of solar and 13 gigawatt hours of energy storage globally, excluding projects already in operation. Our total development pipeline stands at nearly 22 gigawatts of solar and 84 gigawatt hours of energy storage. Our strategy for this pipeline remains focused on high-quality, high-margin opportunities that drive real value. We are actively pruning lower-margin assets. For instance, we scaled back our EMEA pipeline following detailed evaluations of permitting, technical and commercial viability. At the same time, we are moving decisively where we see attractive upside. Our team is actively positioning us to compete in Brazil's upcoming energy storage auction, which expanded our early-stage pipeline in Latin America. For the second half of the year, our priority remains the selective monetization of certain operating assets under construction and development assets. These transactions are intended to support our capital recycling strategy, improve financial flexibility and address leverage levels over time while preserving our ability to invest in high-return growth opportunities. Now let me hand the call over to Xinbo, who will go through our financial results in more detail. Xinbo, please go ahead.

Thank you, Dylan. Beginning on Slide 10. In the second quarter, we recognized revenue on 3.1 gigawatt of modules and 3.3 gigawatt hours of energy storage solutions, both sequentially higher. Module performance was bolstered by strong U.S. volumes, while storage beat guidance due to accelerated project deliveries in North America. Despite light contributions from Recurrent due to deferred project sales, solid execution in the manufacturing segment lifted total revenue to $1.2 billion, reaching the high end of our guidance. Gross margin was 13.9%, in line with guidance. The sequential and year-over-year margin drops reflect nonrecurring items. First, the tariff refund benefits recognized last quarter; and second, the release of unrealized profit upon sales completion of a U.S. project in the prior year period. Operating expenses rose 21% sequentially. This was driven by a combination of elevated freight rates and non-logistic ramp-up costs at our Jeffersonville solar cell plant. Net interest expense rose to $43 million from $36 million in the first quarter, primarily due to lower capitalized interest. We recorded a net foreign exchange loss of $9 million, primarily driven by strong appreciation in the Chinese yuan. CSI Solar recorded a $41 million mark-to-market gain in investment income from its equity investment in a battery equipment company, helping buffer our bottom line. As a result, Canadian Solar recorded total net loss attributable to shareholders of $77 million or $1.40 per share. Now let's turn to cash flow and the balance sheet on Slide 11. Net cash flow used in operating activities during the second quarter of 2026 was $181 million, driven primarily by change in working capital. Total assets grew to $16.1 billion. This increase primarily reflects ongoing construction of U.S. solar and storage projects, along with inventory expansion to support our U.S. manufacturing strategy. Total debt increased to $7.1 billion, mainly from nonrecourse construction financing for solar and storage projects under Recurrent Energy in the U.S. As we monetize operating under construction and the development assets, we expect to deleverage the project's development business. At the same time, our manufacturing segment will take on incremental debt to fund strategic U.S. manufacturing investments, which we expect to expand profitability and cash flow in 2027 and beyond. Capital expenditures in the second quarter were $172 million, primarily directed towards our U.S. manufacturing initiatives. We anticipate full year 2026 CapEx to total around $1.3 billion. This implies higher capital outlays in the second half as we begin Phase 2 equipment installation at Jeffersonville, double capacity at our Mesquite module plant and scale up our energy storage facility in Southeast Asia. We closed the quarter with a cash balance of $1.9 billion, providing us with solid liquidity to execute on our strategic priorities. Now let me turn the call to Shawn, who will discuss our sustainability achievements and the technology road map. Shawn, please go ahead.

Thank you, Xinbo. Turning to Slide 12. In June, we published our 2025 corporate sustainability report. This highlights our commitment to driving the global clean energy transition through sustainable and responsible business practices. The report tracks our focus on value-driven growth, notably the Science Based Targets initiative then validated our net zero greenhouse gas target. We also advanced our resource efficiency, achieving significant energy and water savings alongside two zero-carbon factory certifications. Furthermore, we reinforced our supply chain transparency and ethical labor standards. These efforts are backed by independent audits and certifications across our manufacturing footprint and key suppliers. Overall, this report demonstrates that environmental stewardship, social responsibility and strong governance are fundamental to how we build long-term stakeholder value. At the core of everything we do is technological innovation. Turning to Slide 13. We continue to execute on a multi-generation technology road map across both solar PV and energy storage solutions. Starting with solar PV. Our near-term priority through 2028 is the mass production and optimization of our next-generation HJT, or heterojunction, and TOPCon architectures. Across our core utility, C&I and residential market, we are scaling module efficiency from 23.2% up to 24.4% with aggressively reducing -- while aggressively reducing silver consumption from 6.5 milligram per watt down to 3 milligram per watt to drive down this key input costs. Looking slightly further ahead, we expect mass production of our premium TBC architecture by 2028, designed primarily for the premium residential market. TBC aims to deliver efficiency between 24.8% and 25.2% with ultra-low silver usage of just 1 to 2 milligrams per watt. Beyond terrestrial single junction silicon, we approach physical limit at around 25% to 26% module efficiency. We are expanding into frontier applications and multi-junction technologies. We have already begun collaborating on space PV opportunities using our HJT cell technology with planned shipment in 2029 for extreme space environment where radiation tolerance and thermal cycling resilience are critical. For long-term utility scale expansion, our ultimate efficiency frontier lies in tandem cells targeted for commercial shipment in 2030 to break through the 30% module efficiency area. Given that perovskite reliability will require another 5 to 10 years of validation before large-scale ground deployment space applications may well serve as the initial commercial stepping stones to these next-generation tandem structures. Turning to our energy storage and power electronics road map on Slide 14. We are building a foundation for sustainable high-density and long-duration storage assets. We are currently mass producing SolBank 3.0, which delivers 5-megawatt hours in a standard 20-foot enclosure using 314-megawatt hours LFP cells. We will soon begin shipping the next iteration SolBank 4.0 starting 2027. This solution increases energy density by 25%, delivering 6.25 megawatt hours in the same 20-foot footprint, utilizing high capacity 588 megawatt hours LFP cells. To complement these larger battery systems, our power electronics hardware is scaling in tandem. We are transitioning from our air-cooled mid-voltage Skid 1.0 to our liquid cooled mid-voltage Skid 2.0, which integrates 32 of 450-kilowatt inverters to achieve 14.4 megawatts in a 40-foot layout. Further out on our 2030 road map, we're exploring solid-state transformers at 2.5 megawatt, 34.5 kilovolt AC to 800 volt DC solution, achieving over 98.5% conversion efficiency that has the potential to replace traditional PCS units and integrate directly into BESS platform as cost and reliability mature to address long duration storage and harsh environment requirements at a potentially lower levelized cost of storage or LCOS. We are actively validating our containerized sodium-ion platform. This will eventually deliver an exceptional cycle time of over 15,000 cycles. Sodium-ion technology offers compelling structural advantages, abundant raw materials free from geopolitical restraints, superior performance in extreme cold temperature and simplified cooling requirements that could meaningfully reduce long-term operational expenditures. It also delivers important safety advantages such as significantly reduced thermal runaway risk. We are also developing a high-capacity energy storage product designed for deployment inside AI DC server room to deliver millisecond-scale energy management solutions. Ultimately, unifying these solar and storage development advances our vision of Canadian Solar as a total energy technologies provider. By pairing these technology road maps with robust end-to-end capability and full visibility across our supply chain, we are uniquely positioned to deliver the mission-critical clean energy infrastructure of tomorrow to our global customers. We will unveil more cutting-edge energy technologies in the future. So stay tuned. Now let me turn the call back to Colin, who will conclude our guidance and business -- who will conclude with our guidance and business outlook. Colin, please go ahead.

Thank you, Shawn. Turning now to Slide 15. For the third quarter of 2026, we expect to recognize revenue from 3.5 to 3.8 gigawatts of solar modules. We expect energy storage deliveries to range between 3.4 and 3.8 gigawatt hours. Driven by sequentially higher manufacturing volumes, we project third quarter revenue to be between $1.3 billion and $1.5 billion, with gross margin expected to range between 13.5% and 15.5%. We anticipate U.S. solar and storage shipments to accelerate in the second half with each remaining quarter delivering higher volumes than the last. At Recurrent, we expect to finalize the project sales delayed from the second quarter. This will drive a sequentially stronger third quarter. For the full year of 2026, we reiterate our U.S. volume guidance of 6.5 to 7 gigawatts of module shipments and 4.5 to 5.5 gigawatt hours of energy storage shipments. With that, I would now like to open the floor for questions. Operator, please go ahead.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Colin Rusch with Oppenheimer & Company.

Shawn, as you look at the road map that you just articulated from the technology perspective, it's pretty robust. There's a lot of activity. So I want to understand 2 dynamics. One, just trend lines on overall spending on the R&D line to bring all of this to fruition. And then secondarily, where -- from a regionalization perspective, where is that work going to happen? And where is the IP going to sit as you bring looks like 5 or 6 pretty significant technology evolutions to market?

Yes, Colin, thank you. Because our revenue base is big, so although the R&D spending is significant, but usually, typically is around 1% to 2% of the total revenue. So we are controlling it well.

And from an IP perspective, where -- is that going to sit in the U.S.? Is it going to sit outside the U.S.? Is that not a concern? Is it more around just know-how and understanding how to manufacture these things where you guys feel like you have an advantage?

Yes. Colin, this is a good question. Yes, we develop more and more of the manufacturing and also process R&D capabilities in U.S., we will see more and more IP sit with the -- in U.S. But meanwhile, we also develop a lot of good technology in Canada, but I also see more and more IP in Canada, especially the IP related to the power electronics and either from inverter PCS half or the energy storage system.

Excellent. And then just the follow-up here is really around shipping expense and kind of practical ways that you guys can manage that or start passing that on in a more material way to customers here over the next 6 to 12 months?

Yes. Colin, thanks for the question, Colin here. Regarding the shipping expense, yes, we do build that into our contracts and pass that along. But of course, the dynamic of the shipping cost, logistics costs start to change when we look at us continuing to scale in North America. Obviously, we don't have the significant overseas freight. So we'll start to see that shipping cost start to decrease just as primarily due to the onshoring in the U.S.

Our next question comes from the line of Maheep Mandloi with Mizuho Securities.

Hey, thanks for taking the questions and color on the new bookings. And one question on that. You talked about the 13 gigawatts of bookings through '29. The pricing seems to be mid-$0.30 per watt. Could you clarify if that already includes any impact of the new Section 232 on polysilicon? And if not, then what prices are you seeing? And is there any flexibility to go to the existing customers and on higher prices if the spot prices move up on Section 232?

Thanks for the question, Colin here. And we have Thomas on the line as well, but I'll start. Our contracts are structured with change in law and adjustment mechanisms with all this anticipated. So what we see is this is all very new. I think, as you know, this is only fresh in the last couple of weeks with the new Poly 232. But we already see the market adjusting. We think it will definitely drive for accelerated deliveries in the second half of this year in advance of the proclamation implementation, I think, on December 4. So we're going to see a rush. And with that, we -- it's driving increase in price and demand and correlating demand. So we are seeing that start to adjust. We are seeing the market start to adjust, but it is a relatively new change to the market. But I think overall, from Canadian Solar standpoint, with the backlog that we mentioned, the 13 gigawatts backlog, it shows a strong demand for our U.S. based products, and our customers are certainly willing to work with us as they have to adjust as well. So Thomas, would you add anything to that, if you have anything to add on top of that?

Colin is spot on. The only comment I would make is that this backlog and the respective revenue value does not include the 232 adjustment yet. So this is going to increase and grow further as we are adjusting contracts and agreements with customers. But it includes, of course, a certain portion of down payments, certain shipment costs. Some are further away, some are closer away. So you can take that all into account. But the 232 announcement will push the respective value upwards as we discuss and readjust and renegotiate with customers. Hope this answers your question.

That's it. Thanks for the color. And maybe just like a different follow-up on the tariff or the duty exemption in view with domestic CapEx I just want to understand like how much do you -- could we expect on that for you guys for CapEx? I think there's some language on the exemption is only applicable for new CapEx. So if the R&D CapEx could be used for that or the set CapEx.

Well, the Poly 232 that allows the U.S. manufacturing project to offset the tariff duties. So as Colin said, we will actively engage with the Department of Commerce. I think we are in a good standing, and we'll try to go through this process. And yes, we will apply for the tariff and MIP exemptions related to our U.S. manufacturing plant.

Our next question comes from the line of Philip Shen with ROTH Capital Partners.

As a follow-up to Maheep's second question on the tariff rebate program. Shawn, you just mentioned that you have good standing with the Commerce Department. So I was wondering if you might be able to elaborate on that? And specifically, do you expect to qualify for the tariff rebate program? And if so, can you give us some color on why and how?

Well, we do expect we are qualified. We qualify for the tariff relief program because we are the one who invest and really invested into U.S. manufacturing through our solar module factory in Mesquite and also the solar cell factory in Jeffersonville plus the energy storage factory in Shelbyville. So we are putting real dollars into onshoring the U.S. manufacturing. So we believe we are qualified. However, as I mentioned, we will go through the process. So I guess I shouldn't comment too much before I finish -- before we finish the dialogue and the process with the Department of Commerce.

Okay. And then earlier, Colin and Thomas talked about pricing already moving. And so I was wondering if you guys might be able to quantify the magnitude of the price increase that you've seen thus far and then where you expect things to change. So if your existing bookings are at x, do you think we see a $0.05 move in pricing to the upside? Or do you think it's $0.10 or maybe more?

Philip, I think we're -- just like everybody else, we're monitoring the market and seeing what the opportunity looks like. I think it might be a little premature for us to speculate how fast those changes and how -- and the magnitude. So I think we're only a week or 2 into this new proclamation, and we're still waiting for, as a matter of fact, expecting new guidance to come. So that could also shape things as well. So I'd hesitate to give a specific amount, but I can tell you that we do feel it's going to be accretive to CS PowerTech overall.

Okay. One last follow-up. As it relates to -- back to the tariff rebates program based on U.S. CapEx, what happens and what do you guys do if you cannot qualify for that tariff rebate program?

Well, it's a good question. I think the MIP requirements will help to strengthen the U.S. manufacturers' advantages. The overall price will go up. If the overall solar module price go up, it will help us even in the case that we don't fully receive the rebate related to our CapEx. So overall, without rebate, we think that this decision will be accretive to CSI, to CS PowerTech and any real meaningful manufacturers investing into U.S.

Our next question comes from the line of Alan Lau with Jefferies.

I would like to... Ask management about the recent policy coming out from the White House last night on the bulk power system. So I would like to know because Canadian Solar actually have battery cell and pack plant in the U.S. So what's your view on complying to that U.S. manufacturing requirement, especially in relation to energy storage?

Alan, I would like to just hold off responding on that because it's something very new, and we haven't had a chance to fully study that. I would just generally say that in all respects, our ability to comply to U.S. requirements is strong generally because of our supply chain has already evolved to supporting the domestic content requirements. And our U.S. manufacturing plans have been structured around that. I don't want to comment on such a recent policy change, but I would only say that at the moment, I expect we'll be able to address any changes.

Understood. So regarding to another previous FCC investigation. I think there were clarification, I think, in 20th of August on basically for inverters that were produced in the U.S. and is eligible for 45X would not be classified as foreignly produced. So I recall the company previously was having third-party supplier for inverters, but also the company is also starting to do PCS as well. So I wonder if management has any comment in regards to previous restrictions on this front?

Yes. Alan, a good question. First of all, for our inverters are not currently being moved into the U.S. So it's not an issue for us in terms of our current supply chain. But as you mentioned, we do procure significant amounts of third-party inverters, PCS, for example. And we are actively involved with our supply chain to ensure that they meet all the FCC requirements. And/or have the path to have those FCC requirements in place. We don't see any issues with any of our business activities at this time related to the recent changes. I know they just -- there's just recent clarification provided with respect to the communication protocols, which we're looking at very carefully. But we don't see any impact to our business at the moment with respect to the new FCC requirements.

I would like to add a little color comment on top of what Colin just said. We also noticed that the new guidance is anything qualified for the 45X, which means qualified for the local manufacturing and eligible for 45X will be considered domestic. Therefore, will not require FCC approval. I think this is a very interesting policy clarification. As you mentioned, we do have our own PCS. We have that technology center in Canada. So we have started actively looking to the feasibility of manufacturing that PCS and inverter in U.S. utilizing the advantage that Canadian Solar already have PowerTech, which is qualified structure in U.S. So yes, we are actively reviewing the visibility of that.

I recall the company actually got a strong record in U.S. manufacturing and has already secured 45X credits for other products like module already. So that might actually be a positive opportunity for the company to take share. So that's why the question is coming from. So switching gear to the technology path because I noticed that Shawn has spent quite a lot of time. I think this is quite new, I think, in this quarterly results briefing. I would like to know because Shawn has mentioned about space PV. So I suspect if this has already been some form of discussion with major clients in the aerospace industry or it's more a product development stage or there's actually already some early-stage navigation already?

Yes. Space PV is a very interesting direction, although I don't expect it to contribute meaningfully this next year. But in the long run, space is what everybody is looking at, including Canadian Solar and I myself. And you realize that Canadian Solar is a strong participant in the so-called HJT or heterojunction solar architecture. And this is what the industry consider very favorable for silicon-based space PV applications. And the research so far shows that the so-called P-type heterojunction will have better tolerance to the high energy particle radiation environment in the space. Therefore, P-type heterojunction, especially the thin-type heterojunction is considered to be a leading candidate for silicon-based solar cell application in the space. So we do manufacture the P-type. As you know, our Jeffersonville solar cell factory adopted the heterojunction, the HJT solar cell structure. And so far, we use N-type for the terrestrial applications. However, it's very easy for us to convert that into P-type. And we are -- we already use very thin wafers and the wafer to be processed in our Jeffersonville factory averaged at 110 micron thickness, which is one of the thinnest wafer used for commercial production. Now also on the R&D side, we have designed and processed even thinner to 50-micron wafer thickness with P-type heterojunction, and very successful so we can supply that. So we are the leading front of space PV. Now we are talking to other space and especially the satellite companies about this application, we are collaborating. Now I can't disclose the customer name. But yes, we have close collaboration with like space-related partners.

Understood. So it's also interesting that your view on the space PV is on p-HJT. Having mentioned about HJTs, there are some market views that TOPCon might have some issues in relation to the Section 337 patent investigation. Is it one of the reasons that you are selecting HJT technology in the U.S. because it is not the mainstream technology outside of the U.S. Or is it really other reasons like labor or shorter production process?

Yes, we choose HJT, heterojunction, for the U.S. factory for several reasons, not one reason. So number one, yes, our strong R&D effort already into its HJT solar cell. As a matter of fact, we have studied the HJT structures as early as 2018 -- 2017 and 2018, and we have been doing pilot line HJT development for 6, 7 years already. So we have very strong knowledge. By the way, that also explains why our ramp-up of the Jeffersonville solar cell line was so far successful, and I would say pretty smooth. Any ramp-up will have some issues. That's the point of the ramp-up, right, which is to discover and resolve and solve an issue. But our ramp-up in Jeffersonville was very successful. So that's a technical side. And second, our HJT process is very neat. It's more like equipment dependent than human dependent. It does require much less operators than the TOPCon. And we think this is a very unique advantage for the U.S. manufacturing. And IP is also an issue, no question about it. On one hand, we are very confident that our TOPCon technology stand-alone on its own feet and does not have any conflict with other companies' TOPCon IPs. However, less IP conflict is also is even better. So the HJT IP is much cleaner than TOPCon. That's also one reason for our decision to select HJT for the U.S. cell manufacturing. Those are multiple -- there are quite a few factors. And all in all, we believe that HJT is. Also, as I mentioned, HJT is a leading candidate for the space application. We also consider this factor when we make this decision to around 2 years ago.

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes our question-and-answer session. I'll turn the floor back to Mr. Parkin for final comments.

Thank you for joining us today and for your continued support. If you have any questions or would like to set up a call, please contact our Investor Relations team. Take care, everybody, and have a great day. Thank you.

Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.