Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. My name is Krista, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome you to the Circle Group -- Circle Internet Group Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to turn the conference over to John Andrews, Vice President of Capital Markets and Investor Relations. John, you may begin.

Thank you, operator, and good morning. I'd like to welcome you to Circle's Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Call. I'm joined by Jeremy Allaire, our Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, and Jeremy Fox-Geen, our Chief Financial Officer. Earlier this morning, we posted our earnings press release and earnings presentation on the Circle Investor Relations website, investor.circle.com. A transcript of this call will be posted on that website once available. I do need to remind everyone that our earnings press release, presentation and this call contain statements that are forward looking. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Information concerning risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause these results to differ is included in our SEC filings. We will also disclose non-GAAP financial measures on this call today. Definitions of those non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures can be found in the earnings press release and earnings presentation, which are posted on Circle's Investor Relations website, investor.circle.com. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for GAAP measures. Now, I'd like to turn the call over to Jeremy Allaire.

Thank you, John. I'm excited to talk with all of you today about our quarterly results and general outlook. But before I do, I want to talk about our broader vision for what is taking place in this market, a vision of an internet financial system that guides what we're building towards at Circle. Our vision from the beginning has been that a new set of open Internet infrastructure and open software infrastructure would collide with the global financial system and ultimately transform it. We are moving more and more towards that world and realizing that vision. What we are seeing emerge is the opportunity to build a full-stack Internet financial platform company with several platform layers. The first layer, blockchain networks are becoming foundational operating systems for economic activity on the Internet, what we call economic OSs for the Internet. These infrastructure layers will be part of migrating coordination, governance, value storage, financial contracts and other forms of economic intermediation into a software-powered and agentic economic system. This is an enormous platform and infrastructure opportunity that we believe is even larger than any past Internet platform technology. On top of these economic OSs is the second platform layer of digital assets. This includes stablecoins, Internet native digital assets based on protocols and applications and broader tokenization, including the tokenization of traditional assets and many other types of economic contracts. All of these digital assets will be built on the first layer of blockchain networks, the economic OSs for the Internet. This digital asset layer is fundamental to how economic value will be stored, transformed, transmitted and exchanged all around the world. On top of the blockchain and digital asset layers is the third layer, new application utilities that are built for the Internet economy, application utilities for payments, commerce,…

Thank you, Jeremy, and good morning, everyone. 2025 continues to be a year defined by growth, and I'm pleased to report we continued this momentum in the third quarter, delivering strong financial results. I'll start by briefly recapping the fundamentals of our business and financial model. Stablecoins are a network business and successful networks are enduring and valuable. Our strategy remains to grow and deepen our network. We earn reserve income on the assets backing our stablecoins, and we incentivize strategic partners to grow distribution and our network. Over the last year, we have expanded our revenue lines and now earn other revenue from certain of our transaction flows and network infrastructure. And as an Internet platform business, we have a highly scalable model with strong inherent operating leverage. Let me now review the quarter. USDC in circulation was $73.7 billion at quarter end, more than doubling year-on-year and growing faster than the overall market. USDC held within Circle's platform infrastructure grew nearly 14x year-on-year to $10.2 billion at quarter end, representing 14% of total circulation as increasingly, we are seeing leading institutions build upon our platform. Reserve return rate was 4.15% for the third quarter, down 96 basis points year-on-year, reflecting the decline in SOFR during this period. Total revenue and reserve income increased 66% year-on-year to $740 million for the quarter as growth in USDC circulation was partly offset by that lower reserve return rate. Total distribution and transaction and other costs increased 74% year-on-year to $448 million. The increase was driven primarily by higher average USDC balances held on Coinbase's platform and other distribution incentives as we continue to build partnerships to drive growth and adoption. RLDC margin was 39.5% in the quarter, down 270 basis points year-on-year, but strengthening 133 basis points sequentially from the second…

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from Pete Christiansen with Citi.

Really great trends here, pretty impressive, particularly with CPN. I want to double-click into some of the CPN results. How do you -- how should investors think about the pipeline developing here? You have 55 new partners in review, a huge pipeline of 500. How should we think about the conversion into full users? And then as a follow-up, if you can give us a sense of how Circle intends to monetize CPN whether directly or indirectly.

Yes. Thanks for the question, Pete. This is Jeremy Allaire. Yes. We're very pleased with how CPN is progressing. Obviously, we announced it in the spring, we went online. We've seen really good traction. A couple of things I'd say. I think the first is we've really been focused on making sure that we've got great product and operations that we are confident in that can scale membership and activations. And so we've made a lot of progress there, and you're sort of seeing that in the results and some of the other data points that I shared. For us, this isn't all about total size of the number of members on the network, although we do expect to continue to grow the total size of the members on the network. But we're focused on adding markets, not just adding markets for the sake of saying, "Hey, we can flow money here and there." But adding quality participants, participants that have meaningful flows, participants that want the benefit of a multilateral framework like this, participants that have good reach into businesses, enterprises, consumer retail, et cetera. So sort of quality, not quantity, I would say. And ultimately, we want to make sure and this is part of the -- when we talk about eligibility and the eligibility reviews, we're looking at a lot of things. We're looking at how strong is their local liquidity against kind of local banking systems and currencies and their ability to meet the SLAs of the network and things like that. So we're underwriting for quality, operational capabilities and the like. And I think we're, again, very pleased with the progression and the progression of TPV, both the kind of monthly TPV and the annualized TPV run rate that we shared.

On monetization, just for the follow-up, I might add a couple of points. The first is to say we're focused now on growing the network. We're not focused on monetizing the network or extracting value. We want the network to grow so that it's creating value for all participants in an increasing way, and that's how networks grow and become valuable. Over time, there are many opportunities for very small fees, which benefit these new, more efficient Internet scale architectures. You want to charge much lower fees than traditional models and build businesses at much higher scale.

I would just add very quickly, the members on their network can make money. This is -- these are flows where they have fees for their users and for the businesses that use this and for -- and obviously for ultimately the kind of currency flows that happen as well. And so this is, I think, an attractive platform that adds value to these members' products, services and offerings where they can certainly generate value, and we want to scale that up. So more to come there. I think we're excited about integrating Arc into CPN and kind of new infrastructure that can support these mainstream payment flows on the network.

Your next question comes from the line of Jeff Cantwell with Seaport Research.

I wanted to ask you on -- in October, Chris Waller from the Fed spoke at Payments Innovation Conference. And he said that this is a new era for the Federal Reserve and payments and that DeFi/crypto world is no longer on the fringes of the financial system and that the Fed intends to be an active part of that revolution. Curious what your reaction was to that. And do you think Circle has a seat at that table as the Fed starts -- likely starts to look more closely at crypto here?

Yes. Thanks for the question, Jeff. So we're 100% in alignment with Governor Waller. And today, Circle's infrastructure, whether it be our stablecoin network infrastructure, USDC itself, our cross-chain infrastructure are actually fundamental to this onchain and DeFi based financial system that's emerging. And in fact, we maintain a very strong leadership position in the DeFi based onchain world. And I think our competitive strength there has grown over time. I think the bigger idea, which I think Governor Waller is getting at is that the ability to kind of take what we think of as the building blocks of the financial system and move those into code and smart contracts and tokenized assets that run on the Internet is like a wholesale architecture shift, and it represents a major change in the actual underlying design of the global financial system from digital cash instruments like stablecoin money to financial contracts and financial market primitives, all expressed in code and that is at the very heart of the thesis of Circle. We keep talking about building the Internet financial system. We believe there is a large-scale change and there will be this large Internet financial system. We see it already sort of forming today. And Circle intends to be the leading Internet platform company for this new Internet financial system age. So I think it's very encouraging that the leaders of central banks, that the leaders of global institutions are seeing this as well and are affecting policy, but also technology and business practices that are really aimed in this direction.

Great. Appreciate that. And then a follow-up I had for you is you had 29% market share this quarter. Last quarter, you had 28% so share stepping up there. Do you mind just talking more about where the share gains are materializing for you guys? I'm curious if you're seeing any notable change in the U.S. demand for USDC in particular, post the passing of the GENIUS Act and whether that clarity has been helping out in any way with the share gains you're seeing here.

Sure. I'm happy to take that. So we -- as noted, we saw very strong growth in Q3. I think that growth has come from, yes, the regulatory clarity, but also I think the overall just advancements in the technology and all of that combined is leading towards more market activity, more major financial institutions, payments firms, neobanks, large enterprises who are implementing stablecoin in their products and services. We mentioned a number of major firms that we saw in the quarter. And that -- so that is effectively a very strong set of tailwinds. And I think in a world where not just in the U.S. but in Europe, in Asia, in places like Hong Kong, UAE, where stablecoins are being regulated, the mainstream players who are coming in want to work with an infrastructure that has the trust, transparency, liquidity and compliance that a firm like Circle has. And so I think we've long held that kind of infrastructure approach as this becomes a mainstream phenomenon, not just because of regulation but because of the technology advantages that it would advantage Circle. And I think as you look at our share gains year-over-year and then the absolute growth in recent periods, I think it reflects that.

Your next question comes from the line of Joseph Vafi with Canaccord Genuity.

Congrats on all the terrific progress. I was wondering if we could kind of drill down a little bit on Arc here. Number one, Jeremy, I'm pretty excited in your exploration of a native token here. Can you just double-click on that, what you're looking at, what would be some of the reasons you would move forward with it versus not and implications both ways? And then I have a quick follow-up.

Yes, no problem. A couple of things. I think the first, and I mentioned this briefly in my comments as well, which is Arc Network is being designed and built in collaboration with a lot of major institutions. And you'll note, if you go and look at the actual Arc announcement, the range of financial infrastructure companies, global banks, firms in capital markets, asset issuers, asset managers but from all around the world, from Asia to the Middle East, to Europe, to the United States, to Latin America. And so one of the fundamental principles is we want a network that is distributed, that has operators from around the world, from different geographies and geoeconomic systems, and we want to create ways for those participants including the developers that build applications on Arc and the end users that are driving and growing the usage of Arc. We want to create stakeholder incentives, and we want to create governance methods for the evolution of the network. Now this is, I think, relatively common in the blockchain network space. But I think at this moment in time, when we're trying to bring together these mainstream companies and leading firms in the digital asset ecosystem as well, we really see the potential benefit of a native token for Arc that can provide utility for users of the network that can align incentives around the growth of the network, and that provides a concrete way for stakeholders to participate in governance around choices in terms of the technology and its upgrades, choices in terms of the expansion of the operators on the network as well. And so we're actively evaluating a token for Arc, and we'll share more about that as that comes together. But I think based on the Arc public testnet launch and the engagement we're seeing from developers already, we're really excited about this. We think it can be a critical infrastructure for Circle, but also a critical infrastructure for the entire global ecosystem that are trying to build mainstream scale applications on these networks and operating systems.

That's great. Really exciting. And then just what does the intersection -- I know it's early days, the intersection of CPN and Arc look like at this point or in the near future?

Yes. So a couple of things. I think the first is that we have -- with Arc now in testnet, we are activating the Arc as an infrastructure in testnet across all of Circle's products and services. And so during testnet, we'll continue to make sure that everything is available. We just, I think, announced in the last day, our tokenized money market fund product USYC went live on Arc testnet. And so we want to make sure that, that full suite is there. And then secondly, directly to your question, we think that Arc Network can be a very important infrastructure for CPN, providing a best-in-class infrastructure with low cost, with settlement finality and ultimately with great FX infrastructure as well. You'll note in the Arc testnet announcement, there were a large number of non-dollar currency issuers launching on Arc testnet, and a number of those are already up and running on the testnet. And so whether these are yen or real or peso or Australian currencies, other currencies, we want to grow the number of local currencies, and that's important because if we can establish a seamless, real-time, atomically swappable currency exchange and embed that as a primitive that can be used by members on CPN, that could be a very powerful capability. And so Arc as a platform for stablecoin finance and Arc as a sort of enterprise-grade and regulatory-ready infrastructure for FIs aligns very well with the ultimate goals for CPN. So we -- at the application -- in other words, the application layer CPN is building on our stablecoin and digital asset network with USDC and EURC and USYC, and they're all able to build on and take advantage of our operating system with Arc.

Your next question comes from the line of Devin Ryan with Citizens.

A couple of follow-ups here. First, on the Circle Payments Network, obviously, great to see the momentum in the pipeline there up pretty materially from the last update. Just love to get a sense of kind of the catalyst to convert that pipeline kind of on the time line. If you can give us anything there, what may close over the next quarter or 2 versus what is kind of more initial exploratory phase? And then anything on partnership economics? And then as you do scale the pipeline, do you have the capacity? Or should we expect to see some more costs come in?

I'll take the first part of that and have Jeremy Fox-Geen take the second part of it. Just in terms of the catalysts, I think building these kind of member-based payment networks is obviously always a classic chicken and egg, right? You want to make sure that you've got flows on both sides, and so a lot of our focus, as we have gotten this started is get those quality flows from originators in major markets to destinations around the world. And we're starting to see that. And I think that's showing up in some of the numbers that we've also shared. I think per my earlier comments, more and more firms who are involved in money movement, who are involved in cross-border money movement, whether they be banks or cross-border payments firms or even large enterprises that just deal with the complexity of how they collect and remit and move money for whether it's a creator or a supplier, all of those want to take advantage of the speed and capital efficiency and cost efficiency of stablecoin infrastructure. And so that's where we're seeing the catalyst. We're seeing the catalyst from established firms that are seeing that if they can internalize how they move money, it actually frees up capital, reduces the amount of collateral that they have to have. It creates more capital efficiency, and it can deliver a faster, better product user experience as well. So those are the kind of business motivators that people have, and I think, obviously, for us, we're very focused on making sure that we've got high-quality participants across the network so that by kind of to Metcalfe's Law, every new node on the network exponentially increases the value of the network. We want these FIs who are becoming members to immediately feel the benefits and the uplift that they get bidirectionally as well in using this network. So those are catalysts from a -- what are the business drivers for people who are coming on and the things -- the kinds of things that we're focused on as we evaluate onboarding new members. In terms of the kind of outlook for growth on that and/or partnership models and investments, I'll turn that over to Jeremy Fox-Geen.

Yes. Thanks, Jeremy. And first, just addressing the cost piece of your question. Obviously, as the network grows and accelerates its growth, so too are the cost inherent, for example, in onboarding those FIs through the risk and compliance reviews and ongoing monitoring and things like that. So yes, there will be more costs associated with that. It's kind of within our overall cost envelope. And as a technology company, obviously, we're building this in a very scalable infrastructure-driven way with sort of AI technologies built in wherever possible to ensure that as we scale and grow, we're not doing so by adding people, we're doing so in a very cost-effective, cost-efficient manner, which is very congruent to our sort of overall strong operating leverage inherent in every part of our model.

Excellent. And then as a follow-up, obviously, as you're having more conversations with potential partners and customers and those are scaling pretty materially here, are you learning anything about kind of on the demand side, anything that could influence kind of the product road map from here? And then kind of tied to that, there's been a lot of M&A headlines in the space right now. So just if you can touch on kind of M&A conversations or interest at the moment or even kind of what [ surprises ] you.

Yes, sure. So I would say a couple of kind of things thematically. I think a critical need that firms that are looking to build on stablecoin payments, they're looking for strong direct liquidity between the stablecoin and the stablecoin network and local markets. And so that's been a key focus for us basically ensuring that our liquidity network is as strong as possible. We mint and redeem at scale through major financial market centers around the world. We're increasing the number of significant banks that are kind of plugged into our infrastructure in these major markets. And sort of if you think about that, that sort of like the width and the efficiency of the pipes, how efficient and cost efficient is it to be able to move capital through those pipes. And so that's been a big differentiator for us. And I think we're now able to build on top of that these other abstractions, whether they be FX abstractions, settlement credit abstractions, the CPN orchestration coordination capabilities, and then obviously, for many of the firms who are -- this is new to them. This is -- there's the digital asset native ecosystem who are leaning in. And then there's all these firms that are new to this. This is really where technologies like Arc come in and a big motivator for us with Arc is we've looked for years at what does it take for a traditional FI or traditional enterprise to build an application, deploy it to use these networks and to do that in a simple, safe and well assured process as possible. So with Arc, for example, deterministic settlement finality in subsecond transaction costs of around $0.01. The fees paid on the network are actually in USDC and other stablecoins over time. And so confidentiality features, these are critical features that people need to make this work for them. And this is really the classic evolution from an earlier adopter set of technology infrastructure, an early adopter mentality, which has largely been focused on speculating and a mainstream scaling phase where the infrastructure needs to map to the mainstream needs. And I think those are the things that we're doing up and down the entire product stack, not just in CPN, but the entire product stack that we're building for all of these mainstream institutions around the world who are looking to build on this infrastructure.

And then just taking the M&A part of your question. When we've talked about M&A and our internal M&A strategy, right, we see M&A as -- and its use as accelerative to our core offerings. So we have offerings in the blockchain space, in the digital asset space and then in the application space on top of all of those with the Circle Payments Network. We've done 3 deals, closed 3 deals so far this year, and we would expect to continue to do M&A to accelerate within each of those spaces. We do not anticipate using M&A to diversify for diversification's sake.

One last comment there is we've been building infrastructure in this whole space for a very long time. And so -- and there are other firms who want to be in the space but need to catch up. And so naturally, you're sort of seeing people who are trying to find teams and technology and other things out there. We've built everything that we do historically, more or less organically. As Jeremy noted, we've acquired IP and teams and others, and we'll continue to look at opportunities as noted. But we feel very good about our kind of innovation curve itself and our direct IP generation. We actually recently noted that we had 25 patents generated from the novel engineering and research and development of Circle.

Your next question comes from the line of John Todaro with Needham.

Congrats on the results here. I guess I have one and a follow-up. First, on the on-platform performance, I think we've been continuously pretty pleasantly surprised with the USDC on Circle platform here up to $10.2 billion. I'm just trying to frame this up. I would think most of this is for payments, cross-border money movement versus kind of crypto native. Any kind of maybe percentages or just framing that up and give us a little bit more color. Is that the right way to think about it that, that moves more towards some of the payment verticals versus some of the crypto-native stuff? And then I have a follow-up on Arc.

Sure. So John, we don't break out the on-platform by, say, use case directly. But what I can say is for Circle, what we've been focused on is building partnerships with firms that want to build on top of our technology stack ideally end-to-end on our technology stack, taking advantage of our wallets, our Circle Mint, our core liquidity and increasingly these other developer services and infrastructure like CPN. So we've very much focused on firms that want to build on our infrastructure. And we focus on building partnerships with firms that are going to be growth oriented, meaning we want to have -- we want to do deals with and build strong economic relationships with firms who have a credible path to driving growth. And so those have been the focuses. And I think when we look at the partnerships that have helped us grow on platform, they all fit that criteria overall. And I think in some cases -- just to give you a little bit more color, in some cases, these are partnerships with firms that have tens or hundreds of millions of users, and those users are oftentimes in what I'll kind of call like financial super apps, where they offer wallets, they offer payments, they offer trading, investing and other things. And so we don't see through into the -- all of the behavior of their users and how much of it is for peer-to-peer transfers versus investments and other things as well. So -- but the nature of this is we're really going after partnerships with platforms that have good distribution and are growth oriented in what they can do with us.

That's very helpful. And then my follow-up on Arc. As you mentioned, the fees are paid in USDC and other stablecoins and then also just those transaction fees are so de minimis. And I can't imagine a token would be for gas fees or anything of that like. You kind of framed it up as maybe like a governance token. Is that the right way to think about it? And I know it's early, but just maybe some more of the potential like economic accrual or utility outside of -- yes, I guess just what would the other potential utility be if it's not for the gas side?

Yes. So a couple of things. I think as I said earlier, we're looking broadly at utility, economic incentives, stakeholder participation and governance across the full ecosystem that will engage with Arc. And we are exploring a token for Arc Network that aligns with trying to accomplish all those things. But there's not a lot more I can say right now. Certainly, as we continue this exploration, we'll be able to share considerably more assuming that, that continues to go well.

Your next question comes from the line of Ken Suchoski with Autonomous Research.

I wanted to ask about the other revenue. I think subscription revenue stepped up nicely quarter-over-quarter. So how much of that is driven by adding the 5 new chains that you talked about versus some of the other recurring revenue sources. And then maybe on the transaction revenue within other revenue, I think that ticked down slightly quarter-over-quarter despite showing really strong growth across the various metrics. So maybe a little more detail on why the decline quarter-over-quarter?

Thank you for the question. There's a lot that goes on in this. So let me try and unpick some of the pieces. Yes, the sort of, as you said, strong growth in subscription and services revenue, primarily that is revenues from our blockchain network partnerships. As I think we said before, that revenue stream has 2 components that are upfront revenues from the various integrations that we do. And then there are ongoing revenues for maintaining those. Now the pace and progress of the upfront can depend upon a whole number of different factors. And so we've historically, and we'll do so, again, describe that business as lumpy. And so we had a very strong quarter, and we had a long pipeline of fees, and we've been working very, very hard to execute upon those. And so the upfront fees is the largest part of that bucket, but we're seeing strong growth in the underlying recurring revenues within subscription services, which we're very happy about. You note the decline in transaction revenues rightly from $5.8 million last quarter to $4.7 million this quarter, and then you comment on the underlying growth of so many other things. There's a wide variety of elements within transaction revenues. And yes, we are seeing strong underlying growth in many of them. The decline quarter-on-quarter is best thought of as a spike in the prior quarter, a spike in redemption revenues associated with our USYC tokenized money market fund product. After we have made that acquisition, we repositioned that product to be used as collateral within the digital asset markets. And through that repositioning, we saw a very large amount of redemptions, leading to a spike in redemption fees in the second quarter which masks the underlying growth trends in the other products and services within that. Notably, USYC itself has returned to growth. It has grown at 200% from the end of last quarter to today and now stands as the second largest tokenized money fund product in the world.

Great. That's helpful, Jeremy. And then for my follow-up, I wanted to ask about the implied 4Q guide just because we're getting a few questions on it. For RLDC, I think there's some assumptions we all have to make there. But I think to reach the full year guide that implies quite a bit of sequential step down in margins, maybe you could talk about what's driving the step down. We would have thought that the performance on Circle, on platform USDC and then some of the other revenue at a high margin that RLDC margins would actually improve over time. But maybe there's some dynamics in the market related to rewards and distribution costs. So any thoughts there? Any help there would be very helpful.

Thank you. And that's a great question. And again, I'm going to say there's a lot of different pieces moving around in the underlying there, which could -- can make it quite difficult to unpick. We're very pleased to have seen strong sequential RLDC revenues against a backdrop over the last few years of that declining. We've long said that networks have network effects, and we see this both in sort of growth of our off-platform USDC and in certain of our economic agreements. There can be some lumpiness within those, which kind of gets to the point on the guidance. On our philosophy to guidance overall, we've consistently said that we want to be as clear and transparent with you as we have line of sight into. So we take a sort of modestly conservative posture. We don't bake in everything we hope is going to happen or everything we're working on, and we're working on an awful lot of things. We bake into sort of our line of sight on what we feel confident that is going to be delivered, and we would always look to meet or outperform.

Your next question comes from the line of Dan Dolev with Mizuho.

So yes, overall, really strong 3Q. Kind of touching on that question from before. I mean, if the [ bull ] case is the TAM is growing and that could have set rate declines, you do seem to -- I mean you're talking about guiding down Q4 other income and expenses are rising. I don't think we've heard like a really good explanation. But maybe my bigger question is what would be the pushback to the skeptics in the industry who are saying, look, this is somewhat of a commoditized thing. I think even the networks are saying there's going to be a lot of stablecoins. Like what would make USDC win in this market long term? So maybe like a shorter-term question on this Q4 guide and then longer-term, more conceptual question would be great.

Dan, this is Jeremy. Thanks for the question. I'll actually take the second part first. I think there's a fundamental misunderstanding in the market. And I think that there is a sort of -- there's a view that, hey, anyone can kind of pop out a stablecoin, and therefore, if it's a big company that pops out a stablecoin, that it's automatically going to be successful. We've actually seen the opposite historically. We've seen consortiums of major companies launch stablecoin products that effectively had 0 circulation. We've seen very large players with huge numbers of users, push, push, push on this to get very, very little traction. And I think the misunderstanding is that stablecoin networks are like other Internet platform utilities, meaning they have network effects, and those network effects come from the number of products and services and integrations to the network. And so if I'm building a product and I want to support stablecoin settlements and stablecoin payments, you're at a disadvantage if you don't support USDC because it has so much interoperability around the world. And we see that all the time. We see major B2B firms adding USDC as the payment option without a deal with Circle, without any relationship with Circle, they're doing it because it's got the most reach and interoperability. So there's sort of the network utility, that also ties to what I would describe as developer flywheels, which is developers want to build and integrate to things that are going to help them themselves provide utility directly to their users. And so the reach of the network and the utility of the network compound each other. And then the other piece, which is I think also not as well understood is that these digital currencies live and breathe by the liquidity…

Yes, thank you Jeremy. You hit on all the major points in there. Just one small follow-up on the piece about guidance. We are at the beginning of what can best really only be described as a megatrend, right? The growth and the building of the Internet financial system, bringing Internet capabilities and architectures into the world of money. And as you noted, Dan, right, the addressable markets here are huge. We don't give full year or quarterly financial guidance other than on a few key metrics for that reason. Whenever you see an exponential growth curve and you zoom into the detail, particularly at the early end of that curve, you see a lot of fluctuations and variations. And we think that those shorter-term fluctuations are best described as missing the forest for the trees if one was to overly focus on them.

Really, really appreciate the perspective. I think it was very useful for investors too.

Your next question comes from the line of Andrew Jeffrey with William Blair.

This is Adib Choudhury on for Andrew. Building out some prior questions, it sounds like maybe you're somewhat agnostic to a specific base case around USDC and focus more on distribution. But if you have to pick, I guess, what's the most imminent use case beyond crypto trading in your view? And what's sort of the near-term visibility you have around USDC for non-crypto activity taking off?

Absolutely. Great question. So we are definitely not agnostic to the use cases of USDC. However, what we do often say is stablecoin money is increasingly a general purpose, general architecture form of money that is being used across a very wide range of use cases, everything from small agent to agent payments, to large capital markets transactions between major electronic markets firms, to everything in between. We're -- obviously, we're seeing major consumer retail acceptance platforms like Stripe and Shopify making an out-of-the-box feature for payment acceptance. But very specifically, to get to the heart of your question, [ Andrew, ] I think we are seeing growth in cross-border and international payments with stablecoins, that has been a driver for quite some time, and it continues to drive growth that led to us building out an entire new pillar of our business with CPN, where we're seeing mainstream flows, wanting to use this as a superior money movement system. And so that is very much a driver of activity and growth and partnerships when I look at the partnerships that we're forming around the world, there are many in that space. And we're even seeing some of the biggest systemically important banks leaning into that to actually improve upon the way in which they do their own international money movement. We're seeing large enterprises who are looking at internal treasury management and how they can move money across geographies and deal with collections and disbursements across global markets as a growth driver. And then we've talked in the past as well about sort of digital dollar as store of value. So we continue to see demand for both firms and households who want to hold USDC, and I think that if you look back at the GENIUS Act and…

Your next question comes from the line of James Yaro with Goldman Sachs.

I just wanted to follow up on the prior question. I'd love to just get a sense perhaps quantitatively if there's any ability to contextualize how much USDC is being used in those use cases outside of crypto trading, DeFi and developing market access to dollars, specifically the 2 use cases, which you just talked about are payments and capital markets. So are we seeing -- is there any ability to sort of size how much is being used there and perhaps you can compare it versus the IPO? Or is this all on the comp?

So there is certainly growth happening in these cross-border use cases. And in fact, I think there's some good third-party reporting on this. There's a third-party analyst firm Artemis which has recently published, I think, some of the best data on growth in business-to-business payments, international business-to-business payments and the growth through these periods, I think I don't know what the ending period. The ending period is pretty recent, is very strong. I think it's reflective of what we're seeing in the partnerships that we're forming in the cross-border related payment space. We don't break out across our entire -- the entirety of our transactions that, although almost by definition, CPN flows are that because of the construct of the product. But the uses of USDC in international settlements go well beyond what is happening just inside of CPN. So we don't break it out, but there are, I think, very good third parties who are looking across the entire ecosystem, not just Circle to size that growth and activation.

Okay. I'd just like to touch on the potential that stablecoins could become interest-bearing in Congress' market structure bill. How should we think about the impacts on your business if interest were permitted?

So I think the key issue here is specifically not that stablecoins would become interest-bearing, I don't think there's anyone who's looking at revising the GENIUS Act and the prohibition on stablecoin issuers being able to pay interest. I think what's that -- what's in discussion, I should say, in the market structure legislation is whether or not distributors of stablecoins, exchanges, brokerages, other wallet products have the ability to use rewards as an incentive for people to use stablecoins on their platforms. And that is permitted under the GENIUS Act, and I think there's a real push from other parts of the industry, not the digital asset side of the industry to amend not the GENIUS Act, but to provide provisions in the market structure bill, which would allow these stablecoin distributors to continue this practice of offering rewards. I think -- we think that the language in the GENIUS Act is very good. We think it creates a balanced approach here, and it keeps -- importantly, it keeps stablecoins considered as cash and cash equivalent instruments, which is vital from a financial markets perspective, from prudential supervisory perspective as well. But I think we also believe that there should be business model innovation in these kind of distribution platforms for how they engage with their customers. And so I think we're also supportive of the industry's view on that as well.

Your next question comes from the line of Ken Worthington with JPMorgan.

So you've announced a series of arrangements with high-profile financial institutions to utilize USDC, and I guess the fact that they're choosing USDC shows the power of your brand. What are you seeing in terms of the economics that they're asking of you? Are these new partners sort of getting full fare? Or are you seeing the power of the network, allowing you to negotiate better economics for you in these arrangements than maybe what you had seen in the earlier arrangements?

Yes. It's a very good question, and it relates to something I shared earlier, which is that we have a very powerful global utility that, in some ways, people can't afford not to support and integrate with. If you're building a product that wants to be interoperable in this world, you need to support USDC. And if you need a -- if you want a product that can easily move value in and out, the liquidity of USDC is essential. So we do have, I think, as noted, very strong network effects. And when we think about partnerships, as I said earlier, we're very focused on -- we will invest in, so to speak, growth incentives with partners who can grow distribution. That's where we're focused. And so the fact that someone adds USDC support to their own product or service is not sufficient to get any economics. We need to see a real path, a win-win path where partners are going to lean in, they're going to prefer our platform and network. They're going to advance it. They're going to market it. They're going to drive measurable growth. And only when we see that, are we going to really step in and try and get economic incentives in place. And that's important. We want this to be win-win partnerships that drive value and growth for both of us. And we know today that our network and capabilities is essential for most products that are out there. And -- but at the same time, yes, we are trying to construct win-win partnerships with firms. But a very large number of the major brands that you see supporting USDC, there's not a direct economic incentive at all. These are just people who are choosing us because we are the most trusted, transparent, compliant, liquid, globally available in the world.

Ladies and gentlemen, that does conclude our question-and-answer session. I will now turn the conference back over to John Andrews for closing comments.

Great. Thank you, everyone, for taking the time to listen to us this morning. Obviously, the IR team here at Circle is standing by to engage with you in any follow-ups, and we wish you all a good day.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation, and you may now disconnect.