Greetings, and welcome to the Chegg Inc. First Quarter 2019 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Tracey Ford, Vice President of Investor Relations for Chegg. Thank you, Ms. Ford. You may begin.

Good afternoon. Thank you for joining Chegg's first quarter 2019 conference call. On today's call are Dan Rosensweig, Co-Chairperson and CEO; and Andy Brown, Chief Financial Officer. A copy of our earnings press release along with our investor presentation is available on our Investor Relations website investor.chegg.com. A replay of this call will also be available on our website. We routinely post information on our website and intend to make important announcements on our media center website at chegg.com/mediacenter. We encourage you to make use of these resources. Before we begin, I would like to point out that during the course of this call we will make forward-looking statements regarding future events, including the future financial and operating performance of the company. These forward-looking statements are subject to material risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. We caution you to consider the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. In particular, we refer you to cautionary language included in today's earnings release and the risk factors described in Chegg's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2019, as well as our other filings with the SEC. Any forward-looking statements that we make today are based on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable as of this date. We undertake no obligation to update these statements as a result of new information or future events. During this call, we will present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. Our GAAP results and GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliations can be found in our earnings press release in the investor slide deck found on our IR website investor.chegg.com. We also recommend you review the Investor datasheet, which is also posted on our IR website. Now I will turn the call over to Dan.

Thank you, Tracey, and welcome, everyone. Chegg is off to another great start to the year and we couldn't be more excited for the future. In Q1, we had 27% year-over-year revenue growth, driven by 31% year-over-year subscriber growth, leading to 34% year-over-year revenue growth for Chegg services. As a result, we exceeded our profit expectations, given the increased leverage we see in our model. Given our financial performance, we feel confident once again in raising our guidance for both revenue and adjusted EBITDA. We remain focused on executing our top three priorities for 2019. One, to deliver on our financial goals and to continue to provide overwhelming value for our learners. Two, to expand our TAM by expanding the subjects we cover and the modalities and formats of content we offer, including coverage of other countries. Three, to continue investing in opportunities that leverage the strength of our brand, reach, and customer base, and provide opportunities for meaningful growth in future years. We believe our growth rates reflect the strength of our brand and the quality of our execution. We are proud that Chegg has become a trusted resource to help students navigate the difficult journey from learning to earnings. The goal of any platform company is to become the verb. The first thought for the user in the category. With 87% brand awareness and 85% organic traffic, Chegg is rapidly becoming the go to destination for learners. The more content, modalities, and services we offer, the more we strengthen our position in a very big market. The education industry is undergoing dramatic, long-term restructuring. As in other industries, there is a chance for a platform company to distance themselves from others in their space. We feel Chegg has become this leader. We own the relationship with our customer,…

Thanks Dan, and good afternoon, everyone. We had a great Q1, with all key metrics and financials ahead of our expectations. The strong results and continued momentum into Q2, give us the confidence to raise our full year guidance again for 2019. In addition, late in the quarter, we strengthened our balance sheet by raising $700 million via a convertible debt offering on very favorable terms, which we believe puts us in a position of increased strength for future growth and extends our position as a leader in the direct to student market. For the first quarter, total revenue was $97.4 million, a 27% increase year-over-year, with both Chegg Services and Required Materials exceeding our expectations. Chegg Services revenue grew 34% year-over-year as we continued to achieve robust growth rates off a large base for our subscription services and all indications suggest we gained share in Required Materials during the spring semester. We continue to offer Required Materials because we solve a significant pain point for students, and it also increases our reach, provides data, and builds brand on campus. And as you would expect, with that performance, gross margin exceeded our expectations at 76%. Our strong performance in both revenue and gross margin drove adjusted EBITDA of $23.9 million, a 43% increase from Q1 of 2018, demonstrating the power of the model and the leverage of our subscription-based offerings. Looking at the balance sheet, we ended the quarter with cash and investments of $997 million, which includes the $700 million capital raise. We are pleased to notify you that in early Q2, the banks exercised the over-allotment option of $100 million, bringing the aggregate raise to $800 million. We believe our balance sheet, along with a strong business model that generates cash, puts us in a position to accelerate…

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Brian Essex with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed with your question.

Just a question on the services revenue. So, second quarter in a row where you've posted service revenue per subscriber growth. Maybe could you unpack what's underlying that number a little bit, if you have the enrollment business now out of that. What are the noise can we expect in that number? And how much visibility do you have in terms of your ability to grow that number for the rest of the year and then I have a quick follow-up.

Yes. So, Brian, good question and I think you've kind of asked the question appropriately. The noise that had been in the system for some period of time really for a couple of years. For the past several years, we've seen our overall ARPU increased for our subscription services, but there were some noise around some of the services that weren't subscription base. Some of those have gone away like the enrollment marketing business that we wind down over the last couple of years, but more importantly is, like I said, we have seen that base grow and as we move beyond 2019 and we start to offer more robust offerings things like the bundle, we would anticipate that ARPU would continue to increase as like I said we've seen it for a period of time.

But to your last question, we have excellent visibility.

Yes. Thank you, Dan.

Right. And I guess as we look to the guidance of the year of 30% growth at the midpoint for services revenue, I guess, could you maybe speak to the balance of how much of that you expect to come from subscriber growth versus pricing growth and maybe should we be looking at subscriber growth on a year-on-year number of subscribers added as opposed to growth rate?

Yes. So, first thing is that the answer is, yes. And the primary growth of our growth, it really is the subscriber growth. We mentioned that in the prepared remarks. We said that subscriber growth and revenue growth are going to be closely aligned that may change if once we start deploying the bundle, which is more likely 2020, 2021 event or at some point we raise prices, but the vast majority of our growth today is, and will continue to be in 2019, the fact that our subscriber base is growing as rapidly as it is.

Got it. That's helpful. Thank you very much.

And just to put that in perspective, it's an astonishing number when you think about how much we have grown and how much we can grow, which is we had in this quarter, the same number of subscribers as we had for all of 2017. So, just to put in perspective, we don't take for granted this level of growth and this level of profitability and the increase in margins. Chegg has become a very powerful brand on college campuses. It's got 87% name recognition and we just see so many opportunities to add value to the existing product, to have a product on top of that, that we referred to on these calls is the bundle to offer new services. I mean, you're seeing a lot of movement in our space and we believe we are in the best position. And now thanks to Andy and Tracey incredibly well financed. We'll able to take advantage of those opportunities. So, we're super excited about the future.

Our next question comes from the line of Alex Fuhrman from Craig-Hallum. Please proceed with your question.

I'd love to ask a little bit more about the writing service that you have. Dan, I was surprised to hear you say that, that's actually the second largest service in your portfolio right now and I guess I'd just be curious first to get a little bit more clarification. Is that the second largest service you have in terms of paid revenue or is that maybe more just in terms of the number of students that interact with that product and then would just be curious to hear a little bit more of your thoughts about how you use writing as part of the funnel to get people into the Chegg brand, I mean, most of the people coming into writing then becoming converted to paid subscribers elsewhere, certainly seems like a huge opportunity, just curious on kind of how you view student sort of walking through that writing product and interacting with the other Chegg products?

Yes, so let me answer the first question first and then sort of go into the bigger vision, which we think is pretty enormous, which is writing is actually the largest used service that we have, which we believe depending, if you look at external numbers, our numbers are, of course, higher as most companies are, would be 30 million users or so on an annualized basis, use our Chegg writing products. So, that is by far the most used, but it's also free and that was by design. As a revenue business, yes, it is, we have said for the last couple of years, it's been an extraordinary grower. We've added a new revenue stream to it, which is the subscription service. We acquired the company to help add to that by investing in AI, which is going from being a paper where 30 million users can use it for free to cite their papers to a real service that can help them learn to actually write a paper. So, it's not a service where you can just download someone's paper, it's a service where you have to write your own, and then we help you understand, do you know how to write or at what level you're writing at, and that's what technology can do at scale. So, we think we're helping 100s of 1000s of people learn how to write in addition to millions of people that we're helping cite and that's. So, it's an amazing service that we've now had for a couple of years, which is significantly larger in the last three years than it was in the first 15 years of its life. And that's what Chegg does. We take products, we reinvest in them, we accelerate their growth, we accelerate their profitability. And,…

Our next question comes from the line of Doug Anmuth with JPMorgan. Please proceed with your question.

This is Dylan Haber on for Doug. Just wanted to ask first about the international business. Can you talk about the investments you're making there? Any updates on the rollout and localization efforts? And then in terms of the study bundling offerings, can you provide any update on the timing of its launch or any results you're seeing from the experimentation you've been doing so far? Thank you.

Yes, so I'll answer the second question first and Sallie [Chegg] this is for you, not today, which means that we are, as we've said, we're investing in all of the necessary product reconfiguration, testing and messaging around the bundle and for those that are sort of new to the Chegg's story. We believe that we are very confident based on significant price testing over the last several years that we have great pricing power in Chegg study in the Chegg businesses. However, we want to continue to grow at a higher rate as we can to build market share to increase the mode, make it more difficult for others to compete. That's why our balance sheet is so strong. Now, keeps people out of the market and so we like the strategy that we're executing on. But we do know that there are more services that can be bundled in together that students will pay more for at least a large enough percentage to make it worthwhile and as Andy articulated earlier we'll increase not only our subscriber growth, but our ARPU over time. So, we are not uncertain about our ability to execute on a bundle plan. What we're doing though is we're focusing on making sure that the messaging is right, the configuration is right, what goes in the base unit. And so we said about a year ago that this - we will be doing is all through this year that none of our revenue reflects any bundle rollout and won't really be reflected, and we'll tell you sort of when in November when you can expect it, because we'll be putting out our '20 guidance back then, but we're very excited about that and the test seem to reflect that we should be. And then…

Our next question comes from the line of Brent Thill with Jefferies. Please proceed with your question.

I'm curious if you give us an update on the career product as well as you're now fortunate to have close to $1 billion of cash position. I think historically, the largest deal you've done is 60 million and this is signal a new cycle for you in terms of how you think about transactions or maybe if you could just talk through how you think about what you see from an inorganic perspective at a high level would be helpful.

Yes, let me first have Andy sort of address that why we did it, why we did it now, why we did at the sale. And then I will answer the second part of the question, which is, so what does this mean as we look forward.

Yes, so Brent yes so when we did the transaction in a few weeks ago, I guess it was about a month ago now. The reason we did the transaction was because it was very favorable terms like I had mentioned earlier and we truly believe that there are going to be opportunities that we can take it - the current capital structure, not just the cash, but the overall capital structure will allow us to do transactions that we just couldn't have done just even two or three years ago. And you're absolutely right. It was actually three years ago, I think in May when we did the deal for the IES transaction. So it does open up, bigger opportunities for us, but it doesn't change how we evaluate the opportunities. That's the most important thing and one of the things that we focused on, ever since I got here every transaction we done right, does it leverage some of our core assets, our brand, our reach, our platform, our data, you name it. And then, one of the big things is, is it affordable, does it make sense from a financial standpoint and everyone that we have done has done that. And so that's once again built - same evaluation just gives us a bigger opportunities. And Dan you’re going to hit...

Yes, so just I'll close on that and then answer, the career product update question that you asked. So I think we have demonstrated to those that have that provided capital in the last few rounds that we will remain very disciplined and very patient. The good news is Chegg’s core business is outstanding, we see great momentum, you can see it in our results, you can see that we continue to grow very fast. You continue to see that even with new things that we do and things that we buy that don't make money that we're actually increasing our EBITDA margins and our ratio of EBITDA or the free cash flow. It's sort of core business is a very good position. So we're not in a position to have to take an action for any reason other than we think it's the right one at the right time, at the right price. We do believe and we said in our prepared remarks that the industry is going through a significant sort of disruption now where and that will free up a lot of interesting assets that Chegg will potentially be interested in, but if they don't leverage our brand and leverage our reach. And we don't think we can grow it faster and be more profitable than they've been in a reasonable period of time than we not likely to do it because there is nothing we have to do to be successful in our direct to student model that we have today, we think there's plenty of things that we want to do that students would benefit from. So, we're fortunate to have a very strong balance sheet, but the best balance sheets that’s one built when you don't need to build them and that's what Andy…

Our next question comes from the line of Jeff Silber with BMO Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.

Got to follow-up from the last question, Dan, you had mentioned that the company's remaining discipline and patient regarding acquisitions, are you seeing multiples creep up, given the amount of activity that we've seen in the space?

Well, it's like everything else, just when you think that people are getting rational, people make investments in minority investments in non-profitable companies. And so I can't really tell you that I know when you live out here that things will ever settle down. I think it's like the NFL draft, which is if there's a run on a position. So, if there's a run on a company or a category, people will do it, but we can just play through that noise. I mean one of the great things about having both the stock and cash and cash at such a low cost is. If we see the best player in the draft and we want it we can't afford to do it. So we start going down and we got a couple of really incredible assets at very reasonable prices, StudyBlue being one of them and WriteLab. So on those, where we saw unbelievable team, great vision, great assets just under funded, we were able to do those transactions. But on the bigger ones, whose names you know where you see, with cash multiples for e-commerce companies. We're not likely to participate in those things until they calm down.

Just shifting gears a bit, about a month or so ago, I guess there was a report out there with some accusations about some of your products, potentially being illegal in a number of states. And I just wondered if you’re going to address that publicly? Thanks.

Yes, there's not much to say, believe it or not, it was the report that came out and talked about other people's products and used our name. So I don't really have much to say on it because it really wasn't about us, we don't let people download papers that's not one of Chegg's businesses. That's actually business that's owned by a competitor of ours, that's another public company. We don't let people upload or download quizzes or tests that's not what Chegg does. We are actually a learning tool if you look at the number of pages that has been consumed in a quarter, anybody can get an answer anywhere. That is what we've built for it that isn’t why we spent $35 million or $40 million a year on content, and that's not why people come to us and that's not why they pay us. They pay us to help them teach them, because many of these people are 25 years old. They are at work, they have children, they can’t make every class, they can't make after hours if there are anything at all or teachers' hours. There is no tutoring services for them on campus, so they can't get through it. And they depend on Chegg to help them really master this subject. And one of the statistics that we've often talked about is 77% of students say they master the subject as a result of using Chegg. So short-sellers will do what they want, when they want to do it and they have a whole opportunity unto themselves. We just play through that because we know the facts. We are absolutely confident in what we do, we love what we do. There has been no pickup from any school, anything as a result of its. So I think most people thought for what it is.

Our next question comes from the line of Aaron Kessler from Raymond James. Please proceed with your question.

First, maybe just on Required Materials saw some decent growth they repositories about 7% year-over-year. Just your thoughts, maybe on the kind of growth outlook for the remainder of the year and Required Materials and kind of what's driving the, maybe the better than expected growth. And two, with the writing product having so much about such a big user base, how are you thinking about potentially crossing - potentially from rather solutions into Chegg writing or the EasyBib Solution? Thank you.

So on Required Materials it's one of those things, it's the gift that keeps on giving, which is we invented the model. Everybody copied us, most people failed miserably and either went out of business or lost a lot of money because they didn't understand what it took to be successful in that business. And because we have no other choice, we had to become successful in that business early on, and we were able to do it. Then with the partnership with Ingram, which was done almost five years ago, which has been a real benefit to our shareholders, students to Ingram into to us. That really transformed our ability to expand the catalog, to keep prices low and that put us in a different relationship with the publishers. When the publisher realized that what we had done was transformational in the mind of students and really helped democratized, a little bit more of the cost of education. After some changes at their companies, the current leadership which most of them are really terrific, have focused on how to partner with Chegg. And what I mean by that is we now do consignment. So, the Ingram deal, which was absolutely critical back several years ago is increasingly unimportant or less important to us going forward. Because, so many of the textbooks and print that we still use now come directly from the publishers to us at no cost, because they do it on consignment which benefits the student, the publisher and Chegg, it's just not something that Ingram participates in except the 3PL business just pick pack and ship. So, as a result of that, we are just able to execute in a way that's most have been able to. And I think when Amazon realize they weren't going…

Our next question comes from the line of Mike Grondahl from Northland Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.

Could you just talk a little bit kind of an update on Chegg tutors kind of what you're thinking there. And what we should be watching for in 2019?

Yes, it's well what you'll be able to see sort of now, I think we said on the last call that the last week in April, you would, if you wanted to look closely start to see if you were in one of our cells start to see Chegg tutors being tested, so that took a lot of technology, it takes and so there is two sides, there's still sets three sides, there's two sets for tutor themselves, which allow them to tutor more than one student, there's the matching to make sure that they are not distracted by students in different subjects that you really want to get the matching down right, then there's the students themselves, which is learning to do Chegg based tutoring rather than oral or video based tutoring and then you want to make sure that it all works, you want to make sure that you know how many students the average tutor can take on, so you don't book them more. And then, you want to figure out the pricing and that's the stage where we're just starting that and that is right on time of what we expected and we're now sort of at the mid-term stage in the final stage, which is when tutors really does boost up, but we are, that we are not uncertain about the impact of what Chegg based expert help will be, we build all this technology to make sure that we're actually teaching and not letting students use it for anything else, students get booted off, students get booted off. So we are building those things, but most importantly what we realize is very, is when students bail, when they bail on a class or when they bail on school is because they're stuck in, they don't have any help and obviously, money is a big part of it, but if they can fight through it. And so when you can imagine being able to at any time at any hour, be able to get that just a little bit of coaching that little bit of understanding that little bit of confidence that you need. We think it's just going to be enormous and whether that is it likely as a standalone, as well as embedded into a future bundle that we do. We just see these kinds of things being absolutely necessary, which is we don't see a world where human health, human professors, human educators, human expert won't be essential, we're just building the technology to be able to do it and you could start to see the testing probably this week on the site and we will test it throughout the year and make sure that we have a right, be prepared for later on this year, in 2020.

Our next question comes from the line of Eric Martinuzzi from Lake Street Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.

I have a question about content views, those were up 27% year-on-year, I'm curious to know, if you do analysis to sort of gauge the age of the content that's being accessed and if you could give me some insights on the views that you saw in Q1 for half versus the constant license in 2018?

Yes, so let me see if I will give you the answers. And let me see if I can interpret it, which is how valuable is the content that we pay to build, whether we do it through Q&A or whether we build it through our team in India or whether we even license for questions from the publishers, which is a reminder is all we get from the publishers, is the question. We own a 100% of all the answers. Now, what we see in particularly interestingly enough because the publishers are under tremendous economic change right now. Is that they're not changing the content as much, which is the value of the content actually extended. So, we depreciate it over however many years, five years but it can last far longer than that. We still have content that we've been doing for years depending on what the subject matter is. And I think that's part of the reason that you see that even CapEx as a percentage of our overall revenue is not really rising even though we're able to spend more because we don't have to replace existing content nearly as much as we are able to expand the categories that we're in, because there are basic mathematical formulas and chemistry formulas and physics formulas and accounting formulas, they don't change unless the United States government on accounting but the length of time that it last is much more significant than we originally had anticipated. Now to your question about why the views, well, views grow because users grow. Views grow because users use more subjects than they've been using before and sometimes views grow because there are new subject that we've talked about few calls ago, which were like nursing or business or more professional categories. So I think you're going to see us investing more in professional categories, which are - you call them vocational if you want, you call them career passing if you want. For us, we work with a substantial number of nurses in the academic side of the business and then they started asking Q&A on the nursing side of the business. So as we respond to the needs of our student, which is one of the great things about being directed, the student owning the customer, owning the data, being able to watch what they do, we’re just expanding into categories, we don't have to guess about. So I don't see a scenario where there is not going to be continued growth in subjects or in categories or even in global over the next many years because they are all very large growth opportunities.

So if we were to look at it from kind of a bond duration perspective, the duration over time of content being accessed continues to extend. You know what I'm saying?

I do. I would say that content that we have already created last longer than originally had anticipated and some of it I think you could argue will be evergreen. The new content that we do is deliberate based on two things, which is actually answering to Q&A, which is what we do that's the easiest and most valuable and most profitable, fastest and the rest is when we keep adding ISBNs and subjects in categories, which we do based on what we know the demand is likely to already be and we expect all of that to last way more than the five years that we put it out.

Our next question comes from the line of Brett Knoblauch with Berenberg Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.

Just starting to touch on international. I think one of your big reasons for your credit advantage in the U.S., just that brand recognition brand and awareness. How is that in the international countries that you're currently making investments as I think the key target you're trying to achieve is to build that brand awareness?

Yes, but I'll - let me flip it around, which is you're absolutely right. We have 87% brand recognition, 85% organic traffic, an incredible word of mouth that didn't come overnight and it also didn't come because we spent oodles of money on marketing or branding efforts. This happens to be one of the category, one of the business is one of the giant subject categories where you build it based on being the best at what you do making yourself incredibly easy to find in the environment that students are likely to look for you. And that is search for us And having proprietary new relevant content, all the time. And because of the Q&A that's happening. We see an increase in that, because we have now recognized that we see significant upside outside the U.S. and because students have been finding us, despite the fact that we weren't looking for them, we are making the experience to easier. We are making it more relevant. We are acknowledging if you come in from Australia or Canada or in other countries. We are adding content that makes it more local even though overwhelmingly the content, certainly the English-speaking countries is identical. There are things that will make it feel more Canadian or more Australian or more whatever the country that there is. We also will be able to do things that we haven't been doing like take local currency, right and take local credit cards, despite the fact that we didn't offer all that we kept seeing incredible increased demand. And so my point is, I don't see scenarios where we're going to spend lots of branding money to build the brand. What ends up happening with Chegg is we build a brilliant service, that's incredibly affordable that students are grateful exists that helps them learn with high integrity and high certainty that they can learn in a format, which they do best. So, whether it's by an expert answer or whether it's by step by step solution or whether it's by watching one of our, what will be at the end of this year to more than 20,000 videos or reaching a tutor, what ends up happening as you start to get a student then he penetrates into a school - a subject in a school. Then, the school itself and then they tell their friends when they go home. And then what happens is we grow that way and that's the way Chegg is always grown and that's why we expect and we are already seeing Chegg growing internationally. Students find out. I realize parents don't, for adults don't, but we're not built for them.

Okay. And then just a question on the bundles. You say, you're expecting that to be at 2020, 2021 stores, can you clarify that?

What we're seeing now is we don't know the actual date, we'll make the final decision in the launch date, which we've always said that we were going to use all of 2019 to learn that. One of the great things about our business and one of the challenging things about our business when you build new things is we actually work in semester. And so the real semester for Chegg is third week of August, through the middle of May. So, during those times, we need to deliver well over $5 million textbooks. We need to deliver millions and millions and millions of as closely we can get to five nines or four nines of cloud-based services that are all personalized around education. We also need to test pricing messaging, new products and new services without affecting the business within the quarter. And so the decision we made years ago was, we are going to do these things on our own schedule. We're going to build the business that doesn't require us to rush things to make a particular number or quarter and so everything we do is designed to get to the right conclusion in a right period of time without putting unnecessary pressure on the business. And so I only say that because we had a really good testing period in the first half of the year, now we're going to build a lot over the summer because this is when you can build without affecting all the other things you need to deliver. Then we will be testing again in August and September and October and in November, we think we'll have enough information to really provide for you what the bundle will be, what the bundled pricing might be, when we're likely to roll it out, are we going to grandfather in existing, there's so many good questions to be answered, but we are increasingly confident that we'll know the answers to those questions. And we are very positive about students response to wanting things in one place under our brand, which they can trust that are accessible and high integrity that helps them. And so the test results we're seeing all point to, we've been right about our thinking. But, we won't know until we finish the test. That will, by the way, the definition of success for us is we'll continue to see similar growth rate and a large enough percentage of those taking bundle, which will mean we'll see increase, not only in subs but increase in ARPU and increase in profitability and yield in all of those things, but most importantly to Chegg and our brand, overwhelming value for students that they're grateful that they can get at such a low price.

Okay. And then do you think the bundle will help, I guess, lengthened the average subscription length. Is that a possibility or have you seen, I guess, anything there?

I think, we'll know that when we know that. I don't think that is its primary purpose. Its primary purpose is to create a overwhelming value for students at a price that they're comfortable paying and the result for you as shareholders or analysts or project is that we'll have as many people are subscribing but paying more per month on average than they were for as many months, they would be paid and that will almost all drop to the bottom line. So it's a big win for everybody involved big.

There are no further questions in the queue. I'd like to hand the call back to Dan Rosensweig for the closing comments.

Well, thank you everybody. Thank you to the Chegg team for now, I think our 13th consecutive quarter of really magnificent execution, what seems to be true about the education space is getting bigger, the opportunities are increasing and as we said in our prepared remarks, the company that builds the platform that becomes the verb in the space. The one that people expect to continue to add more services that provide overwhelming value for them and do so in a way that really helps them move from learning to earnings, which is really what education is got to increasingly become, we think we'll disproportionally outperform anybody else in the space. And I think in the last couple of years, you're seeing Chegg at the beginning of that journey and so as we look to the future of that not only the rest of this year, but the longer-term, Chegg is in the best position it's ever been in to provide incredible value to students, and incredible value to shareholders. We thank you all for joining the journey and we'll talk to you on the next call. Thanks.

Ladies and gentlemen, this does conclude today's teleconference. Thank you for your participation. You may disconnect your lines at this time and have a wonderful day.