Greetings. Welcome to Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc. Third Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen only mode. A question-and-answer session will follow the formal presentation [Operator Instructions]. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce A.B. Mendez, Senior Vice President and Director of Investor Relations. Thank you. You may begin.

Thanks, Jerry. This afternoon's conference call will be led by Phil Green, Chairman and CEO; Jerry Salinas, Group Executive Vice President and CFO; and Dan Geddes, our incoming CFO. Before I turn the call over to Phil, Jerry and Dan, I need to take a moment to address the safe harbor provisions. Some of the remarks made today will constitute forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 as amended. We intend such statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 as amended. Please see the last page of text in this morning's earnings release for additional information about the risk factors associated with these forward-looking statements. If needed, a copy of the release is available on our Web site or by calling the Investor Relations department at (210) 220-5234. At this time, I'll turn the call over to Phil.

Thanks, A.B. Good afternoon, everyone. Thanks for joining us. Today, I'll review third quarter results for Cullen/Frost, and I'm accompanied on the call by Jerry Salinas and Dan Geddes, who have been working together in anticipation of Jerry's upcoming retirement as CFO, and they'll provide additional commentary. In the third quarter, Cullen/Frost earned $144.8 million or $2.24 a share compared with earnings of a $154 million or $2.38 a share reported in the same quarter last year. Our return on average assets and average common equity in the third quarter were 1.16%, 15.48%, respectively, and that compares with a 1.25% and 18.93% for the same period last year. Average deposits in the third quarter were $40.7 billion, down just 20 basis points from $40.8 billion in the third quarter of last year. Average loans grew by 11.8% to $20.1 billion in the third quarter compared with $18 billion in the third quarter of last year. We continue to see solid results resulting from the hard work of our Frost bankers and the extension of our organic growth strategy. As was the case in previous quarters, Cullen/Frost didn't utilize any FHLB advances, broker deposits or reciprocal deposit arrangements to build insured deposit percentages or to fund liquidity. So again, as you look at our balance sheet, what you see is what you get. We continue to see excellent results in our organic growth program. For our Houston expansion, on a combined basis, what we call a Houston 1.0 and 2.0, we stand at 99% of our deposit goal, 139% of our loan goal and 118% of our new household goal. For the Dallas market expansion, we stand at 119% of deposit goal, 196% of loan goal and 170% of our new household goal. We have the first three of our new…

Thank you, Phil. I would like to first thank Jerry for being gracious with his time during the transition process. I wish him the best in this next chapter and will enjoy these next two months working with him until his retirement at year end. He has truly set a high bar in this role for me to strive for. Regarding net interest margin. Our net interest margin percentage for the third quarter was 3.56%, up 2 basis points from the 3.54% reported last quarter. The increase was primarily driven by both higher volumes and yields on loans. Looking at our investment portfolio. The total investment portfolio averaged $18.9 billion during the third quarter, up $269 million from the second quarter, primarily due to an increase in fair value of our available for sale portfolio. During the third quarter, investment purchases totaled just $51 million with $49 million of the total being municipals with a taxable equivalent yield of 5.42%. The net unrealized loss on available for sale portfolio at the end of the quarter was $1.13 billion, a decrease of $498 million from the $1.63 billion reported at the end of the second quarter. The taxable equivalent yield on the total investment portfolio in the third quarter was 3.40%, up 2 basis points from the second quarter. The taxable portfolio, which averaged $12.3 billion, up approximately $258 million from the prior quarter at a yield of 2.94%, up 2 basis points from the prior quarter. Our tax exempt municipal portfolio averaged $6.6 billion during the third quarter, flat with the second quarter and had a taxable equivalent yield of 4.32%, up 2 basis points from the prior quarter. At the end of the third quarter, approximately 70% of the municipal portfolio was pre-refunded or PSF insured. The duration of…

Thank you, Dan, and thank you for those nice words. Regarding our guidance for full year 2024. Our current projections include two 25 basis point cuts for the Fed funds rate over the remainder of 2024 with a cut in November and December. For net interest income, we continue to expect net interest income growth for the full year in the range of 2% to 3%. Looking at loans on a year-to-date average basis, loans are up 11.1% compared to last year-to-date. We expect full year average loan growth in the low double digits, slightly better than our previous guidance of high single digits to low double digits growth. Looking at deposits, the current year-to-date average is down 2.1% compared to last year-to-date. We expect full year average deposits to be down between 1% and 2%. That represents a decrease from our previous guidance of flat to down 2%. Based on year-to-date growth and current projections, we are projecting growth in noninterest income in the range of 4% to 5%, up from our previous guidance of growth of 2% to 3%. Based on our year-to-date results and current projections, we are projecting full year noninterest expense growth in the range of 6% to 6.5% on a reported basis that is down from the 6% to 7% previous guidance. Regarding net charge-offs, on a year-to-date basis, they represent an annualized 18 basis points of average loans. We expect the full year to be in the range of 18 to 22 basis points of average loans. That is down from our previous guidance of 25 to 30 basis points of average loans. And regarding taxes, our effective tax rate for the year-to-date of 2024 was 16.5% and we currently expect the full year to come in at that level or slightly lower. That's in line with previous guidance. With that, I'll now turn the call back over to Phil for questions.

Well, thank you. We'll open it up for questions now.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question is from Peter Winter with D.A. Davidson.

I was wondering, could you just talk about maybe the trajectory of the margin as the Fed forward curve is suggesting additional rate cuts? And I would assume less rate cuts and/or more gradual rate cuts and a steeper yield curve is kind of an ideal environment for you?

Peter, I think you're right that what we're seeing is some push and pulls here is we feel like there's going to be opportunity to reprice our investment portfolio and our fixed rate portfolio. The unknown is going to be as rates go down what will deposits do. And we're hopeful we'll see continued growth in deposits. And so we think there's some opportunity there. But with such a -- we do have a asset sensitive balance sheet. So as rates go down, we will see that lowering of our yield on our floating rate portfolio, and we're holding that to Fed. So yes, I mean, I think you can see really for the fourth quarter, I think you can see just probably some steadiness. I don't see it moving around much of that fourth quarter.

And do you think -- I mean, I'm not asking for specific items, but can you see the -- even with the Fed cutting rates into next year that the margin could increase just with the repricing benefit on the earning assets and ability to lower deposit costs?

I think there is that opportunity, because we do have quite a bit of our securities portfolio maturing or repaying into next year. And we have about $1 billion of our fixed rate loan portfolio in terms of expected payoffs, in terms of amortizations and maturities. So there will be opportunities. If you look at -- if you do look at our kind of back book of both our investment portfolio and our fixed rate portfolio, we're going to be able to pick up some yield there.

And just one more question, just on loan growth. The loan growth has been better than peers. You moved the guidance to the upper end of the range. Obviously, the branch expansion build out new client growth is contributing. Do you think that there's this pent up loan demand also as we get past the election and rates move lower, that it could lead to even stronger loan growth next year?

Peter, I honestly think there is some pent-up demand. As we've canvassed our people as we do every quarter, as I visited branches and talked to our relationship managers, as I do every year, look over every location. I think that's the most consistent theme that I have heard is there is a hesitancy for people to move forward on some fronts, not on every front. But it's the single most repeated area of why are we seeing things maybe be a little bit slower, why might somebody be hesitating. I think it's definitely the election. I think regardless of which way it goes, I think the fact that it's over, we'll just clear up uncertainty and people will be moving forward. But as I looked at the current quarter, I looked at new commitments were up from last year about -- it was about 3%, but they were down a little bit from the second quarter. Now second quarter was really strong. But looked at new relationships is up 8%, it's a little flattish compared to the previous quarter, the pipeline for 90 days was, in my view, a little flattish compared to the previous quarter and even new opportunities were a little flattish. And another thing that we saw was that if you look at advances under revolving lines of credit, they went from like 37.2%, I think, the last quarter to 36%. So it's just the sort of eerie pause, I think. I think once we get past the election that you're going to see underlying fundamentals continue to kick in. And as I read comments from people who talked to customers and these were notes about them, pretty much in all the cases when they said, well, things are slowing because of the election. It was like, well, they expected once we got past that that that it will return to good levels. So I think you're right. There is some pent up demand. I can't tell you how much. But I just think it's absorbing way too much of everybody's bandwidth right now.

Our next question is from Dave Rochester with Compass Point.

I appreciate the update on the outlook. I was wondering for the NII guide. What are you seeing in terms of your early experience on the down rate deposit beta following the September cut? And can you just remind us what your expectation is on that front as we go through the cycle?

So our overall expectations is we were one of the first to go up when rates went up. And so we're going to be mindful of the competition but our expectations is that you'll see a similar beta going down. Right now, the beta going up is around 45 basis points and I think you'd expect to see it on the way down. But it may take a little bit of time to work through just because our mix this time around has a little bit more CDs and the 80% of our CDs are in 90 days. So it's just going to take a quarter for that to work its way through to lower yielding CD rates. So I think you can expect it to be similar but it's just due to the mix of our interest bearing deposits.

And then just given your comments about the NIM for next year, if you're thinking about maybe the potential for NIM stability or expansion next year with cuts, I would think that would mean some decent NII growth with growth in the balance sheet. Is that how you're seeing it?

We're not going to give guidance until next quarter, that's the tradition that Jerry has held and so we'll maintain that. I will just kind of give you -- just a little bit of -- for the remainder of this year, we do have $714 million of our investment portfolio expected to either mature or -- with prepay. And those are yielding 1.77% right now. So that's an opportunity. Whether that we'll use that to stay at the Fed or go into our loan portfolio, we'll just have to see. Again, I mentioned about $2.1 billion in 2025. Those are yielding [320] approximately, so maybe not as much of a pickup in '25.

And then just switching to expenses. You mentioned you tightened that expense guide to that 6% to 6.5% range, which is a bit better. As you look out into the fourth quarter, and just you've given some preliminary thoughts on how you thought about next year. Is there any reason why that growth rate would accelerate? And do you see any opportunities for that growth to actually decelerate into next year just given your plans on the expansion strategy?

I don't see it decelerating. But what I would say is, again, we're not going to give guidance for next year, but we're going to continue to invest in our people, our technology and with the customer experience. So I think that's how I would answer that question. I don't know if anyone -- any comments there…

Our expansion is still going to be strong. We're going to finish up Dallas, got to lean hard into Austin next year. So you'll have that. Technology is an area that everyone is seeing increases in. I don't think we are going to see a lot of back off from that. And we're growing, we're in great markets. So we're going to be continuing to lean into that. As we said over the years and as you followed us, we're pretty tight on expenses. I mean you've got to -- the three people in this room, we got to sign off on something before you hire anybody or have much of a capital expenditure. So we're pretty requiring but we also know that we're investing right now, it's paying off. I think this organic growth that we've had is just remarkable. And now is not the time for us to do that. But at the same time, we're mindful of what we're spending, we're trying to be as careful as we can. But I think right now, I'm not expecting that we're going to be slowing down in terms of our investment into our business with expenses. But I promise you, we're not being lazy with it and we're not being -- we're not going overboard with anything. It's stuff that we think works for us and that's a really important reason.

Maybe one last one on credit. You mentioned the big improvement in problem loans this quarter. I was just wondering what the driver was for the bump up in the reserve ratio given that if those were just specific reserves on NPAs, and you talked about the growth you had there or is it something in the economic outlook worsened a bit for you?

It wasn't an economic outlook,it was primarily that one loan that Phil had mentioned drove that and just our -- we did have strong loan growth.

Our next question is from Ebrahim Poonawala with Bank of America.

I wanted to follow up, Phil, I think in your opening remarks, you talked about deposit growth and that was coming without having to do promotional strategies and the upfront marketing dollars to bring in deposits. Just if you don't mind, spend some time in terms of what are the big avenues in terms of deposit acquisition today? Is this tied to lending or just pure checking account opening? Means I'm assuming it's a function of the branches and the investments you made. But give us a sense of what's driving the client acquisition that's translating into core deposit growth?

Well, Ebrahim, I think it's a lot of things. We mentioned -- I think I mentioned in my comments that, first of all, the expansion is making a big difference for us. Just look at deposit growth, I think of the percentage growth, we had I think 2% of that growth was for expansion. And if you look at -- let's look at client acquisition in the channels. We're still -- we're now -- we're 55% of our client acquisition of those household acquisitions is coming through the physical plant, coming through to the fiscal locations as opposed to online. We still got great online throughput for new customers. So the expansion is very solid, that's -- no doubt about it if that's helping with this outsized growth rate. The other thing though is our customer service is world class. I mean, it just is. And so word of mouth is a big reason driving growth. As we look at the factors, we rank order, gosh, I think it's at least 10 factors for why customers have come to us and we'll do our best to get that information as they sign up. Interestingly, this is on the consumer side, the number one factor still is convenient location. But the second factor, as I recall, is fairly soon after -- fairly close to that is a recommendation from somebody, family or friends. And that speaks to the customer service focus that we've got. And I'll add two other things to that. Our app, last time I looked was the highest rated financial app in the App Store, for Apple. And so you've got to have great technology. And one thing that we did I think you might remember us talking about the last few years is we really hadn't leaned hard into the marketing dollars. We've done pretty much everything else. But marketing was an area that we really needed to build our infrastructure and our expertise really. And we've made a lot of investment in that as part of some of this expense growth you see. And I think we've gotten better and better at targeting customers at the right time and that's really helping our growth. So it's not any one thing. It really is all those things together. And then I'll also say that we're in great markets. And we picked the best submarkets we can come up with in these like Houston and Dallas and Austin, these are really growing markets. And so it's just -- it's hitting on all cylinders. And I think we're getting better at it as we continue to learn from our previous expansion efforts. And I'm really optimistic for it. It's not any one thing. It's just disciplined hard work and our people are doing a great job.

And I guess, Phil, on the lending side, give us -- I mean, it's been a good year in terms of loan growth. It sounds like you're relatively upbeat even as we come out of, I guess, elections next week, but give us a sense of the competitive landscape. Some of the regional banks have had a time to repair their balance sheets, great markets, but intense competition, I believe. So what are you seeing from the regional banks or the big banks in terms of just the nature of competition? And in any of your lending, are you coming across direct lenders, private credit that one prevalent three, four, five years ago and your bankers are now having to compete against?

I will say the competition is heating up. We're seeing more proposals on deals. I think that as we just look at CRE, I think you've got more players there, some of the structures that we're seeing are they're just -- there's not ones that will do. I mean it's the same old stuff, right? We've seen this movie so many times before. But it's not as bad as it was, I would say, pre-covid but it's loosening up and there are more players that are willing to play now. I think a year ago, too, there was a lot of people who are kind of running out of money, were on the sidelines for some of these deals, particularly commercial real estate. And so now as you see quality deals in particular, you see some structures that we just don't think makes sense. As far as other players, we are seeing private equity be a part of the market. I would say the places that I see it anecdotally are more people considering it on, let's say, a multifamily loan is coming up to maturity. It's not a stabilization yet in terms of its occupancy number. So it really can't do permanent financing, it really can't sell very efficiently. But all you got to do is get to that point and people are leasing, it's just taking longer. And so private equity might be a good solution for that person to get to that point. And once they get there, there's a lot of liquidity available for these stabilized projects. So I'm seeing that a little bit. And I guess that's sort of the lay of the land. I don't think that the consumer side -- I don't think competition there is kind of out of whack. I mean we are -- we've had great growth. At Cullen/Frost Bankers when I say we've grown 20% in any one category for nine consecutive quarters, it otherwise make me nervous but that's just a product this time. It's the right place at the right time. We've got people who will not give up the 3% or 2% mortgages. And if they're going to get excess capital in their house or expand their house, they're going to do it through a home equity or home improvement or something like that. And like I said, I think I said in my comments, if I didn't [indiscernible] that our average credit score is there like [754]. So credit still good, that just happens to be the right place at the right time with that product. And then mortgage is new but it's being successful and it's only just around $200 million now but it's going to continue to grow and so it will be good. I hope that helped general comments on the market.

Our next question is from Catherine Mealor with KBW.

I wanted just to first circle back on expenses. I know that the fourth quarter typically has some higher expenses just related to the restricted stock awards. Just wondered if you could remind us on typically what that looks like. And so maybe what a better kind of run rate is to go into as we start next year's growth rate?

I guess I would answer and start that and let Dan add any color. I would almost send you back to the trend in last year's third to fourth quarter. I kind of look at that. I think that gives you some good perspective. As you noted in your comments, we do have some awards by their nature get expensed immediately. So I think if you look at that, that kind of give you a feel for kind of what those sort of best things due to our expense run rate.

I don't have anything else to add. I think that's…

And then maybe one other follow-up on the margin. Just the securities maturities you talked about you've got $1 billion in fixed rate loan repricing and amortization. On the securities piece, what -- remind us your annual securities maturities that we should see next year?

And let me just go to that. It was around $2.1 billion next year and again, that had a yield, it’s mid 3s…

And you've mentioned that your purchases slowed a little bit this quarter. Would it be your intention to see that kind of similar pace over the next couple of quarters or how are you thinking about the balance of maybe the size of the bond book?

I think it's just going to depend. What we've been doing is building optionality into the balance sheet. Really for the last few quarters, I think it's paid off for us. I mean, I don't think anyone knows exactly how things are going to go. I kind of like my customers now, let's get past the election, let's see how the markets respond. And I think that we'll have some optionality and decide where the value is in the market, and we might decide to begin utilizing some of that.

I think we're all excited to get past next week. And then maybe one last one just on fees. Fees were really strong this quarter and your guide moved up a little bit. Can you just give us some color around what you're seeing there? And then I know you're not giving guidance for next year. But it feels like there's probably some fee momentum just given in your expansion markets and just any kind of discussion around opportunities you're seeing there that may improve as we move into '25 and '26?

I think it's really driven by our organic growth. So I think you're seeing that our fee growth is really a function of volume. Looking into next year, there could be interchange regulation that comes down that could be a factor to the downside. So just something to keep in mind that we will as well. But again, I think it's primarily a volume for the fourth quarter. And just to give you clarity into that yield, it was around 3.2%.

So $2.1 billion next year maturing at 3.2%.

Our next question is from Ben Gerlinger with Citi.

I know you’re not going to give guidance for '25. But when you think of just kind of the bigger picture here of the investment spend, I know that you have done Houston one, two, Dallas, you have on, Austin, you are also focusing on technology. I think earlier this year or maybe it was late last year, you said kind of the 5%-ish is kind of table stakes for -- I don't know it was Texas franchise or when that kind of leans into innovation. But when you think about the -- I hate to say non-core because expansion is core. But when you think about after Austin, is there more branch build-out pencil in or just kind of thinking for a '26 longer term strategy [indiscernible]?

Yes, I think that this is -- this kind of expansion, I'll put it that way, is going to be a part of our strategy and I call that strategy, it's scalable and it's durable. And what I see as we finish up Dallas and we finish up Austin, and you're probably looking at -- you look just say 24 months for that. I mean, just think about it. I think what we'll be doing is doubling down back into these markets that we've made these investments. I mean, I think about sometimes that let's go a couple of years forward, finishing up Dallas, finishing up Austin. By that time, the Houston expansion -- the original 1.0 will be eight years old in terms of when we first began doing that. Well, Houston has grown a ton in the last eight years. And you can say the same thing about what's been going in Dallas, et cetera. So what I think we'll be doing is we'll be continuing to expand in those great markets, particularly Dallas and Houston. But we're going to be able, instead of filling in large chunks of the market where we just weren't present, I think it's allowing us to go where the puck is going and go to those areas where growth has been, let's take Houston over that eight year period but also go where the growth is currently going. It allow us to be in some of these location markets earlier and I think that will be helpful to us. So I see us continuing to do that for the foreseeable future and I really expect us to be doing in these major markets in Texas.

I mean with Texas being the backdrop of immigration of both people and companies. Is it -- when you think about just kind of loan growth across the United States, Texas has obviously been better on average. So if loan growth just starts to accelerate, do you think pricing competition gets a little bit even more competitive within Texas, because it already has the growth and people want to double down there? I'm thinking just more of like a competitive standpoint. And follow up on Ebrahim's question, but if loan growth accelerates from here, does pricing competition get even more intensified?

I do think that as markets heat up, yes, I think it would get worse around the margins, but we've dealt with that, man, for so long. I mean, through these cycles and new competitors coming in, that I really don't see it really impeding anything that we're doing. We are -- one of the things that -- with regard to price competition, I mean, if you look at our balance sheet and our cost of deposits, I'd really argue that we're one of the low cost producers on input as it relates to funding. So we're able to compete on price very effectively. The thing that we don't like to compete on and we're willing to lose deals on and I guess, two thirds, three quarters deals we lose, is structure. We like to get paid back, right? And so that's where you will probably see a heat up most and that's probably where it will affect us most is because we won't -- there are certain kind of deals that we just won't do. And there are certain people for whatever reason that will do certain deals in a certain way and we've learned over the years there's no money in that long term.

Our next question is from Manan Gosalia with Morgan Stanley.

Sorry if I missed this, but I thought I had the opportunity for securities repricing for this year and next year, the $1 billion of loans this year. But can you talk about what the repricing opportunity is for fixed rate loans next year? And what rate loans are rolling off at and what rates loans are coming on at right now?

Again, I think our back book is around 5%. And so we're able to reprice those fixed rate loans at around 7.25%. And so it's around $250 million for the fourth quarter and then $1 billion into '25. So just to make sure I was clear on that.

And then we've had some banks talk about capital markets opening up and some paydowns coming through on the CRE side. Is that something that you're seeing in your book, too? I know the belly of the curve is back up, but did you see any elevated paydowns while rates were lower?

Well, with regards to CRE, I mean, as long as projects stabilized and on the occupancy side, yes, there's a lot of money available and we've seen really strong cap rates. I'm mainly talking about multifamily right now but we've really strong cap rates. I talked about one last quarter that was a big success for the developer builder. We've seen sub-6% long term rates available in the market. So there's capital available. Once the project reaches utilization that's really a challenge. And when you do see challenges that's the challenge that you've got its lease-up has been slower because just again, I'm talking multifamily mainly because supply has been so strong, but people are taking these units down. It's you're just seeing, in some cases, less rent growth than you underwrote you're seeing more concessions that kind of thing, but you are getting projects leased up. And once you get there, there's -- we're seeing that there's capital available.

And I think that's where private credit has a place. It's kind of serving as, I'll call it, kind of a bridge if a project needs 12, 18, 24 months. And so it's a higher price, higher yielding, maybe less structure, but it's serving its purpose of providing capital in the market.

So it sounds like you're able to get much stronger loan growth despite some of those factors weighing on overall loan growth in the balance sheet. So is the velocity of loans up a little bit more than before now?

No. I mean, there are a lot of things at work, okay? So we did a great job building our CRE portfolio with great sponsors and great projects over the last three years. They've been performing well. They've been funding up, because we'll probably last in the capital stack and so those -- a number of those projects are still being built. So you've got some of that and that's true in multifamily limited amount in office and then industrial, that kind of thing, retail been a lot of it. So I think that's one thing that's happening. As I said, our consumer growth has been really strong. It's going to be interesting to see what happens going forward. I mean, the C&I piece, I think, has been a little weaker the last eight weeks, maybe -- and I think I really believe it has a fair amount to do with the election and the uncertainty there. I think that will clear up. I hope to see that continue to grow. I think commercial real estate balances, we'll have some pressure just because we're going to be paying on refinancing, some of these projects are going to be sold. And we haven't built up a lot of pipeline for some of the projects like multifamily, for example, I don't think we've done maybe one over the last year. So there will be a little pressure there as those things fund up and then pay off. But when we've had other successes and that are still under construction still be funding up, so it's going to be interesting to see. But I think overall, our outlook post election is pretty positive.

And just to support that, I think our ability to bring in new relationships sets us apart. And 54% of our year-to-date increase in loan balances coming from new customers that we've acquired in the last 12 months. And I think that's an important differentiator that we're able to, with this organic growth strategy to grow, specifically in our loan portfolio.

Our final question is from Jon Arfstrom with RBC Capital Markets.

You flagged the seasonal deposit change in the fourth quarter and Dan, you gave us some of the numbers, but what's the typical seasonal deposit change? And it feels like the mix is similar to what you have on the balance sheet right now in terms of noninterest bearing and interest bearing. Is that right?

Yes. What we're seeing is similar.

Historically, I guess we probably had bigger increases in the noninterest bearing just because we've got some of the larger customers trying to strengthen their balance sheet. But I'd say that there's almost nothing that I would say at this point that has really been consistent, there's been so much movement. And with rates going down, we think there will be -- we're thinking that deposit growth will be even better. I think we'll be able to compete more against some money market funds given the fact that some of them will have a 100% betas. But I think from a seasonal standpoint, as Dan quoted, we are moving in that direction. So we still feel very strongly that the trend will continue. There's just some uncertainty about how much of it really will happen, but we're feeling good about it at this point.

And the interest bearing costs are going down, the next incremental dollar in interest bearing is generally down?

Yes.

Any changes to how you guys manage the balance sheet in terms of more active hedging if the Fed -- assuming the Fed continues to cut rates?

Not really. I mean, we've got so much cash. I think the most efficient thing for us has been used cash markets when we have conviction. I think that there have been a lot of people who -- a lot of companies that didn't have that kind of liquidity. So the most efficient thing for them is to use noncash markets. But I think -- there's a premium that they're paying. So it doesn't make sense for us to pay the premium others have to when we've got the liquidity when we get conviction on it. So no, we really haven't seen that there's value. I mean they look at it all the time but we really haven't seen that there's value right now in those positions as opposed to using cash markets.

And then on service charge revenue, do you feel like that growth rate is accelerating? It just -- I know you called out a few things in the quarter. But are the new branches starting to generate fee income and is that accelerating? Or am I reading too much into that?

I don't -- I think it is a driver of just us bringing on new customers. And so our growth in number of customers is driving that fee income growth. So we should see, as we grow into Dallas and into Austin, again, just our ability to grow customers will help that, whether that's at a 5% nonannualized pace, that may be high.

With no further questions, at this time, I would like to turn the conference back over to Phil for closing remarks.

All right. We appreciate everybody's participation today. Jerry, we appreciate your 38 years of service here and I congratulate you on your last earnings conference call. Great job.

Thank you, Phil.

All right. With that, we'll be adjourned. Thank you.

Thank you. This does conclude today's conference. You may disconnect at this time, and thank you for your participation.