Thank you for standing by. This is the conference operator. Welcome to the Cameco Corporation Second Quarter 2024 Results Conference Call. As a reminder, all participants are in listen-only mode and the conference is being recorded. Following the introductory remarks, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to turn the conference over to Cory Kos, Vice President, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, operator. Good morning, everyone. Welcome to Cameco's second quarter conference call. I would like to acknowledge that we are speaking from our corporate office, which is on Treaty 6 territory, the traditional territory of Cree people and the homeland of the Métis. With us today are Tim Gitzel, President and CEO, Grant Isaac, Executive VP and CFO; Heidi Shockey, Senior VP and Deputy CFO; Rachelle Girard, Senior VP and Chief Corporate Officer; Brian Reilly, Senior VP and Chief Operating Officer, and Sean Quinn, Senior VP, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary. I'm going to hand it over to Tim in just a moment to briefly reinforce the double [ph] demand story for nuclear energy and discuss the execution of our strategy in the current market which is positioning us to benefit from the tail winds. After we will open it up to your questions. Today's call will be approximately 1 hour, concluding at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time. As always, our goal is to be open and transparent with our communications. However, we do want to respect everyone's time and conclude the call on time. Therefore, should we not have time to get to your questions during this call or if you have detailed questions about our quarterly financial results. We will be happy to follow up with you after the call. There are a few ways you can contact us with additional questions. You can reach out to the contacts provided in our news release. You can submit a question through the contact tab on our website or you can use the Ask a Question form at the bottom of the webcast screen, and we will be happy to follow up after this call. If you join the conference call through our website event page, there are slides available, which will be displayed during the call. In addition, for your reference, our quarterly investor handout is available for download in a PDF file on our website at cameco.com. Today's conference call is open to all members of the investment community, including the media. During the Q&A session, please limit yourself to two questions and then return to the queue. Please note that this conference call will include forward-looking information, which is based on a number of assumptions and that actual results could differ materially. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements, and we do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements we make today, except as required by law. Please refer to our most recent annual information form and MD&A for more information about the factors that could cause these different results and the assumptions we have made. With that, I will turn it over to Tim.

Well, thank you, Cory, and good morning, everyone. We appreciate you joining us on our call today. Hope everyone is doing well and that you are able to enjoy some time this summer with friends and family. Here in Saskatchewan, we're in a bit of a heat wave, something that has become more and more common in many parts of Canada and around the world. Last year in July, for instance, the planet recorded its hottest day on record, and last week we saw a global average temperature that beat that record. Then again, last week, the very next day, we saw it again, a record high global temperature two days in a row. As you can imagine, if you're fortunate enough to have it, demand for air conditioning increases during these times significantly, and countries need safe, reliable, affordable, and secure energy sources to support that demand. Sources that provide base load power that won't make the problem of rising temperatures worse by releasing carbon into the atmosphere. Sources like nuclear. To help avoid some of the worst consequences of climate change, carbon-free nuclear power continues to be highlighted as a central part of the solution, driving durable demand, which we believe is unlike anything we've seen before in this industry. And that's a key theme of today's call, continued demand durability. The support for nuclear energy continues to emerge across governments of all stripes, energy intensive industries, and within the general public. And that strong support for nuclear energy is generating durable, full cycle demand throughout the fuel cycle. By that I mean opportunities in the near, mid, and long-term. However, as we have seen over the past few weeks, capital markets tend to be much more shortsighted. We've seen equities in the uranium and nuclear sector being…

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our first question is from Alexander Pearce with BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Good morning, Tim and Grant and everyone on the line. It was a very strong performance from the McArthur River this quarter. It looks like you produced more than 60% of your annual guidance, but you've kept guidance essentially unchanged overall, so we know that the McArthur River has done more than £18 million for the whole year in the past. Is there a chance that you can beat this guidance? Do you think that this better quarter through Q2 could mean a new kind of higher level going forward even without having to spend on the expansion, as you move towards the £25 million per annum level?

Thank you. Well, hi, Alex. Thanks for the question. Nice to hear your voice. Well, obviously we're delighted with the performance of both MacArthur and of course the Key Lake Mill. Last year we were still in a ramp up phase and didn't quite get to where we wanted to. This year, we're really, really seeing the benefits now of some of the changes we made over the last couple of years, the robotics digitization, things like that, really paying dividends now. So yes, we're on track, in fact, even ahead at mid-year on our production targets. We'll see. We don't like to get too far out in front of the game. We know how things can go, but I would just say right now it is performing, both of those facilities are performing exceptionally well. And we'll see what our numbers look like. We'll continue to update you and the market going forward. But right now we're well on track.

Can I just follow up on the same question, essentially just ask what part of the asset is currently the bottleneck that probably needs a little bit more work for you to be more confident of consistency through the year?

Do you mean to increase production higher than the 18, Alex?

Yes, exactly, to kind of keep the run rate that you've achieved through this quarter.

I think we have cleared more. I don't think there are any real bottlenecks at the moment. I think we're pushing the facilities to see what we can do. And right now, as I say, we're ahead of schedule, but we've seen in past years where something can happen and we can go down for a period of time. So, so far that's not been the case. It's been very good. So we are looking in the longer term to see whether we can, on a sustainable basis, increase our production in MacArthur and Key Lake. We have licensing approvals to go to £25 million at both of those facilities. And should the market call for those pounds, those are the best pounds on the planet let's be clear about that. And so right now we're you just we're just evaluating the mill and the mine what it would take to de-risk and de-bottleneck so that we are ready when the market calls for it and we will have notice of course any new contracts that grants team our marketing team signs always give us several years notice and so we will that would give us the time then if we did need to do some debottlenecking de-risking to give us the time to do it. So clearly, we're looking at it right now. Alex it's in our pocket and it's -- as far as Cameco is concerned it's a like you say those are the best pounds to bring on you want to talk to tier one pounds from an established facility with established workforce and government support public support we got it all. They're stable tax regime it's all here in Saskatchewan so we're really proud to have that facility those facilities.

Right, Thanks Tim.

The next question is from Neil Mehta with Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.

Good morning Tim, Grant and team. The one to build on your comments on Kazakhstan has been in focus for investors given the ongoing sulfuric acid shortage along with the MET commentary that you reference how should we be thinking about that Inkai business in the near term in terms of both volumes and margins. And can you just expand on your latest thoughts about operating in that region.

Let me be clear from the outset that we've had a long-standing and positive relationship with Kazakhstan and Kazatomprom over many many years decades in fact. So that's I mean that's the foundation. I'd say, as I said on the call, we’re increasingly concerned about what we're seeing now. I mean, that that MET or that mineral extraction tax change that kind of got sprung on us for sure and everybody else no notice, no consultation and it's significant, it really makes us gives us great concern I would say and where that's going to go. So we haven't had a chance to talk to our partners about it yet to see what their views are. I mean that just adds to some other things we've been seeing over the last while Kazakhstan's in a bit of a tough neighborhood there as we know. And so there's been the sulfuric acid issues that we've been dealing with and trying to get to get a grip on. You'll probably hear more from Kazatomprom in a couple weeks on where that's going. The transportation, the Trans-Caspian route that we've had to move to that's new from when we started. We're still discussing production levels allocations Sean Quinn and his team with the Kazakh. So it's just becoming a bit more complicated than we then we like and so that's causing us some concern.

Thank you for that. And then the follow-up is just around Westinghouse, a very solid quarter after a little bit of a softer Q1. Can you just talk about how that the business is being folded and you are referencing additional opportunities relative to which base case when you when you announce the deal and how do you think about the 2H in 2025 set up for Westinghouse?

So I would just open and I'll turn over to Grant, who's on the rep on the board there, but saying that we're even happier with the Westinghouse deal it's looking even better than the day we made the deal or closed the deal. It's really looking positive there's so many opportunities going forward, but Grant you wanted to talk to them.

Yes happy to. Thanks Neil for your question, obviously no change to our outlook for Westinghouse for 2024. And you also referenced kind of going forward where are the positives and what we should be looking for and just a reminder that we like to characterize Westinghouse is having kind of two main components. One, you might want to call the core we think of that as the nuclear fuel and the operating plant systems business very stable, highly recurring and enjoying the tailwinds that we're seeing across the Western nuclear fuel cycle for sure. So that's the expansion of new markets, Central and Eastern Europe with their VVER fuel manufacturing capability. It's the reactors being saved, reactors going through life extensions as well as new builds that create additional opportunities for Westinghouse among their traditional customer base. It's new product offerings, the expansion more into the BWR market away from just the PWR market for Westinghouse is an exciting opportunity. Of course, fuels like LEU Plus, accident tolerant, higher burn-up fuels, all creating additional opportunity. And don't forget, the core of the business would also include the Springfields plant in the U.K., which is a very important industrial complex to achieve not just the U.Ks nuclear ambition but also its participation in the Sapporo 5 Western group of companies looking to secure the fuel cycle. So lots going on in the core to watch for. We're very excited about, and of course, energy systems. Energy systems is enjoying the tailwinds of a world that realizes it needs new power. It needs power that's reliable, power that's clean, power that is dispatchable, and increasingly the demand is so significant that conversations have restarted in earnest in most jurisdictions about gigawatt scale, new build, and of course that AP1000 offering is the best performing gigawatt scale reactor on the planet. So it's a very exciting outlook for Westinghouse, one we continue to be watching very closely, and their participation in both the fuel and reactor cycle is very, very strong.

Thanks, Grant.

The next question is from Ralph Profiti with Eight Capital. Please go ahead.

Thanks, operator. Good morning to Cameco and the team. Tim, when it comes time to open a dialogue with the Kazakhstan government, just wondering if that's going to take the form of Cameco acting alone with its joint venture partners, or will there be more sort of an industry lobby at sort of dictating or at least addressing the concerns and how it may impact future capital allocations decisions?

Yes, Ralph, I don't know the answer to that. Obviously, we know our Orano friends have a big joint venture over there with the Kazakhs, and there's some Japanese players as well. So I mean, our interest, we know the Kazakhs well enough, both at the government level and at the Kazatomprom level. We'll be meeting with them to talk about what's going on, and especially this mineral extraction tax piece, and put our positions forward. And I'm certain that the other companies will be doing the same. And no doubt we'll run into them first week of September in London at the big World Nuclear Association meeting that everybody shows up to. So there'll be lots of discussion about it there.

Okay, thank you.

Grant, do you want to add to that?

No, Ralph, I just want to jump in here and just remind everybody that there are broader industry implications by the events that we're seeing in Kazakhstan that we shouldn't lose sight on. Of course, as Tim referenced in the outset, when you see the kind of moves like we've seen with the Mineral Extraction Tax and the complications around some of the supply chain challenges, this just all suggests that the global cost curve for uranium has gone up, which then means that we need to see more sustainable, higher pricing to incent new supply, in particular new supply from elsewhere. So there is a broader industry implication that's actually very constructive. The days of easy, cheap pounds coming out of Central Asia are effectively over. And then I do want to tie it to the Cameco context. Strategically, we have always had a diversified portfolio of production. That has been our strategy. That's not an accident. That is a deliberate portfolio approach we've always had. So yes, costs going up in Kazakhstan and uncertainty going up in Kazakhstan impacts Cameco roughly to about 10% of what we would expect to meet our committed sales. But it's 40% or a little bit more of the global supply of uranium. So the impact on the market is actually more significant than it is for Cameco. And effectively, the value transfer back to our sovereign safe Tier 1 assets, and quite frankly our Tier 2 assets that remain in care and maintenance, is always to the benefit of our investors. So we may spend a bit of time talking about Kazakhstan, but I don't want to lose sight that it actually reinforces this strategic fundamental view that we think is very constructive It's yet more uncertain supply in the face of durable demand. And Cameco's strategy is deliberately resilient to these kind of events.

Great. Thank you. I appreciate that. If I can ask a follow-up question on replacement rate contracting and whether or not it has come as a surprise to you, Grant, on the trajectory of 2024. How much of that is a pause due to HR 1042 or perhaps the Kazakhstan 2025 guidance perhaps causing a pause?

I would remind that we've been working towards replacement rate contracting for some time. If you look past the volatility in the spot market, you see a very strongly performing long-term price of uranium. It's up significantly year-to-date. There is very strong momentum for continued price discovery in term contracts on very small volumes. That's a very interesting fact that very little volume has gone through the market and yet we're still seeing constructive pricing in that term market. Do not lose sight of that. That indicates just how tight and just how thin the market is. And it indicates it really shines a light on why we're very constructive about the price and adding my earlier comments about that global cost curve is just going to cost more than the supplies that we always used to count on. So when you think about the factors that are causing maybe some delay in returning to replacement rate, there is some uncertainty in the market and I think it is giving pause. If you look at the U.S. situation with respect to the Russian ban, of course we now see legislation. That legislation says Russian material is out except for a waiver period between now and 2028. And that waiver period allows for utilities who entered into contracts with the Russians under good faith at a time when they were considered reliable suppliers to appeal to the Department of Energy and say that they should be able to continue to take delivery of material. And we've seen a few waivers granted already. So there's a bit of a pause if you will to try to understand are these waivers going to have teeth or are these waivers going to be very easy. And if the waivers are very easy, then that…

Got you. Yes, those are very helpful answers. Thank you. And congratulations to Alice on her retirement and Rachelle and Cory on their new appointments.

Very kind of you. Thanks, Ralph.

The next question is from Andrew Wong with RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning. With respect to contracting, it's great to see some volumes being added for the next five years, but I imagine a lot of the activity taking place happens beyond 2028. So can you just talk about some of the contracted volumes into the late 2020s and into the 2030s?

Grant?

Yes, I just mentioned on my previous answer that we still see a very constructive market. Remember, in the term space, it's quite common for a lot of the demand to come off market, meaning not through RFPs that are easy to track, but bilaterally where utilities come directly to suppliers. In this type of market, where the underlying trend is strong, that the term price continues to go up on low volumes, and we haven't seen that big rush of demand. These are exactly the conditions that we've talked about before, Andrew, that lead themselves to an incumbent’s recovery. That off-market demand comes to those who have licensed, permitted existing production with brownfield leverage opportunities, and now with that sovereign, safe, Western platform of production, Cameco is the primary beneficiary of that kind of demand that comes to the market. So it continues to build, term price continues to go up. We're seeing, if you look at the reporting from TradeTech, for example, $70-plus escalated floors, $135 escalated ceilings, and of course Cameco, with our position, tends to be able to even outperform those markers as we move forward. So we are really happy with our position in the market, and we are being somewhat fussy about the terms and conditions that we would settle for as this market evolves for the reasons I spoke about. Demand is durable, supply is increasingly uncertain, not just Kazakhstan, but look at what's going on in Niger and elsewhere. That supply cost curve, that supply risk has gone up in just the past few months. That puts us in an extremely strong position.

Okay, great. And maybe just switching to Westinghouse a bit here, is there anything you can talk about with regard to the IP dispute between Westinghouse and KHNP, and is there a path for Westinghouse to participate in KHNP bills like the one in the Czech Republic?

Yes, we're certainly happy to make a few comments on it, recognizing of course that it is a legal dispute between KHNP and Westinghouse. But that Westinghouse technology, the instrumentation and control and the fundamental reactor technology is pretty strong. It's the best performing reactor on the planet, so no surprise, it's kind of the baseline for best in class pressurized water reactors. Over the years, as partnerships developed between Westinghouse and others, the sharing of technology was common, and now what we see is a dispute based upon a belief at Westinghouse, and shared certainly by Cameco and Brookfield, that there are really critical elements of the Korean technology that are effectively Westinghouse's. And so the dispute is really the ability of Korea to use that technology in foreign jurisdictions. That dispute is going through a relatively normal dispute resolution, with of course the opportunity that maybe at some point Westinghouse and Korea can come together and recognize that there might be an industrial partnership that makes sense to deliver gigawatt scale reactors globally. So we'll see how that works out. But we believe in Westinghouse's position on this dispute, we stand behind it, and we think that they're taking the right approach, and that countries that are choosing the Korean technology without adequately engaging Westinghouse may find themselves on the wrong side of a technology transfer law in the U.S. So it's got a ways to go, but I wouldn't rule out Westinghouse in markets like Czechia at this point.

Okay, and just on that, I'm assuming that means none of that business is included in your guidance for Westinghouse?

Oh yeah, sorry Andrew. So remember we have a 6% to 10% CAGR growth rate on Westinghouse's EBITDA over the next five years. And that 10%, that upside was really only reflecting the very beginning of some of the energy system new builds. So in Poland where 6 AP1000s have been awarded, there's an assumption made that the first three of those six are in the very early stages of the front-end engineering and design contracts. And in Bulgaria where 2 AP1000s are awarded, there's only an assumption about the first of the two in the front-end engineering and design. So additional announcements are only going to add upside to that energy systems profile. So obviously a very exciting opportunity, but these are big binary decisions and right now it's a very conservative view on energy systems in that Westinghouse outlook.

Okay, thank you very much.

Thanks Andrew.

Thank you. Our next question is from Orest Wowkodaw with Scotiabank. Please go ahead.

Hi, good morning. Perhaps another question about just contracting philosophy here. I’m not sure, a bit surprised to see that the average, the five-year contract books crept up. Is the implication of that, that you are receiving very favorable terms from utilities, cause it certainly seems like you guys were stepping back to be more discerning with what customers and what terms are embedded in those contracts. So the right way to think about that increase?

Yes, that's the right way to think about it. As we, with each year that rolls off, we are able to move away from contracts that are older to contracts that are newer. I mean, the magic of the nuclear fuel cycle is that you contract on a long-term forward basis. Now, that also creates a situation where the contracts that you're negotiating in the market today may or may not be reflective of the market at time of delivery. So if you take a slice through our 2024 deliveries, you'll see contracts that were entered into many years ago, and this might be the last year or two of delivery. And then you just roll back and say what were terms and conditions like back then. And, part of those contracts were caught, might be in the middle of a contract signed a few years ago. And then now we're starting to see the early stages of those first contract signed as the market has really gone through a transition. As we roll forward, we just continue to capture that value. So we like to say, while we don't get spikes the day they arrive in the spot market, our contracting strategy takes those spikes and knocks them sideways and buries them into long-term cashflow and earnings. And so now we're seeing those improving terms and conditions in those outer years of the table. But remember that table only reflects what we're committed to sell. What's missing from that analysis is all the pounds we haven't yet contracted in that window, which of course is by definition market levered to a market that we're finding very constructive. So this is how it works in a long-term contracting business. You capture the demand that's for you before you. You're very disciplined and selective in the terms and conditions that work. And you like to be in a position with a contract orientation in an up market, not a down market, and that's where we find ourselves.

Okay. Just as a quick follow-up, I mean, you're up to £29 million average committed for the next five years. Should we anticipate that potentially continuing to creep up towards your sort of sales volume target of 32 to 34? Is that kind of the end game here?

Well, I would say we respond to the quality of the demand that's come to the market. Instead of saying we have an absolute hard sales target that we're pursuing on a volume basis, think of it as we are capturing the demand that's coming. And we'd already talked about earlier in the call, we're not even at replacement rate yet. So we're in a market that has not yet found enough demand to even replace what's consumed on an annual basis, let alone beyond. So think about it as we would prefer to be a bit more disciplined right now, which we are. We could probably place more volumes if we wanted to. But the issue is making sure they're at acceptable terms and conditions, meaning giving us acceptable upward leverage in the market. So when you think about that five year portfolio, we always like to be covered in year because there's no in-year demand. We've talked about that before. It's why we're not a spot exposed producer. We like to be covered next year because there's not a lot of next year sales that are fundamental and high quality. But then as we roll out into years three, four, and five, we like those commitments to come off because we want to be positioning a new supply into a market that we think is constructive. That's always been our strategy, continues to be our strategy. So I would say watch more for the demand numbers that are coming in order to think about how we're responding, but don't think of us as having a hard volume sales target because then we would just be chasing the market and probably not discovering the terms and conditions that we would want.

Thanks, Grant.

Thank you, Orest.

The next question is from Lawson Winder with Bank of America Securities. Please go ahead.

Thanks very much, Operator. Good morning, everyone, and on that extent, congratulations as well to Rachelle, Cory, and Alice. I wanted to ask about the conversion market and just get your views on conversion spot pricing versus long-term pricing. So we haven't seen the spot, the long-term conversion price move to the spot price the way that we've seen in the spot U308 market. Do you have a view on why that might be and what might cause that gap to close?

The conversion market is very, very tight for the simple reason that existing facilities are in care and maintenance. So we have four Western facilities, obviously. Camecos, Port Hope, conversion facility. You've seen our guidance on that. We've pulled it back a little bit relative to what our 2024 initial target was. Got a facility in the U.S. that looks to be holding at 7,000 tons of conversion, but it's run at more in the past. You've got a French plant not running at its original design capacity and an idle plant at Springfields. That's what's keeping real tightness in the conversion market. The conversion market is also one where, if you need a conversion today, there just isn't any kicking around. Uranium has a bit more option. There's more producers. There's producers in the uranium space that tend to be less disciplined, less focused on the long-term market. Conversion doesn't really suffer from that. It really only has actors in it who sell on a term basis. So the conversion that you might say would be spot is just incredibly hard to come by. But it's not where the vast majority of the work is being done. But let's not forget that the term price in conversion is at historic levels. And we expect that tail to continue because of the delays in getting all of the conversion producing centers up to full production in the Western world. So conversion has a very good tail of strength for the next little while for sure until more capacity comes on. But it's not really a spot market, so I wouldn't get too focused on thinking conversion's going to close with spots, but where conversion is sitting at right now on a term basis is historic and expected to continue.

Okay, great. Thanks for the comments, Grant. Also wanted to get a sense of your views on M&A. And so just in light of recent activity in the Athabasca basin as well as a view from Investment Canada that they will be approaching foreign acquirers with an increased rigor, does this maybe open up a window for Cameco to look at potentially consolidating in the Athabasca basin? And I might front-run your answer and acknowledge that obviously Cameco doesn't need to do that, but there's always opportunities and chances to be opportunistic. And I would just like to get your views on that in particular.

Well, we always appreciate when analysts answer their own questions, so we appreciate that Lawson. So you're right, what I'm going to say. You heard me earlier say that the best pounds on the planet are already in our portfolio, the MacArthur River. If we took it up to full speed, it would be a £7 million increase. There's not another £7 million producing facilities sitting out there waiting to go anywhere. And so, I mean, that would be our first run. And then we'd look at our tier two assets that we have. Rabbit Lake is sitting there. We've got Wyoming, we've got Nebraska that are on care and maintenance that we could bring on if the market calls for those pounds. And then we have our own Greenfields projects as well. And I don't want to miss out to GLE that we're working very hard on as well. That project down in the United States is very attractive to the U.S. utilities and U.S. government. And that goes back to Grant's last answer on conversion. If we get that going and start to re-enriching those depleted tails, I mean, that brings uranium and conversion back to the market. And so that's another option for us. I don't say we're made any decisions on that, but we're working on that project as well. And so we've got a stable or a suite of projects that we'd love to get after our own. So we're not looking for anybody else's. We're focused on our own assets.

Thanks very much.

Yes, thanks, Lawson.

The next question is from Gordon Johnson with GLJ Research. Please go ahead.

Hey guys, thanks for taking the question. I guess just taking a step back, a lot of the question I have been asked but just looking at some of the positive news that's come out, you've had the China lost the construction of a new, 1250 megawatt reactor you had Biden signed the Advanced Act. You had an SMR announced in Canada, and Saskatchewan, a number of positive news stories out of Europe with respect to advancing nuclear yet prices seem to be stuck. So I just wanted to get your thoughts on why that may be and what your outlook is near term. Thank you.

Yes, I think we touched on it a bit already, Gordon on the price situation with the Russian Act in the U.S. and looking at waivers and it's the doldrums of summer a few things like that. Let me go back to the exciting part. I mean, we've never seen so much interest from utilities and governments and policymakers and the general public for nuclear that we're seeing today. And I was we were just listing before the call the different countries that have committed to building new nuclear. Grant and I were at Cop 28 in December of last year when I think it was 30 countries came together and said they're going to triple, triple nuclear power, and that theme has continued through about four other conferences. We've been to since then and you're just seeing countries whether it's Canada, Ontario 18 new gigawatts of nuclear. We were down at the Vogel opening Couple months ago, Secretary, Granholm [ph] said okay nice. We're opening two new reactors. We need a 198 more in the U.S. I mean that's the themes of what we're seeing around the world. So clearly a lot of good news on the demand side. The new, I mean old reactors coming back on Duane Arnold in Iowa. I think of Palisades TMI, [Indiscernible] Canyon those ones are ready to go? I mean they take a few years to bring them back, but they're not new build, new starts. And so lots on that front. On the uranium and the fuel supply side as Grant mentioned, boy lots of instability We mentioned a few of the players [Indiscernible] a place that I spent a lot of time at a bit chaotic I would say for a rano, and global and Gloviax [ph] and some of the companies that are in there really having a tough time in there. So yes, I don't think it's anything that's long-lasting. I think the supply demand fundamentals are outstanding. I think there's something like £2 billion or £2.2 billion to be contracted between now and 2040, I think it is like that's a lot. That's an average of a £150 million to £160 million every year and growing. So no, we're not concerned at all about the fundamentals or about a short-term depression in the price. I mean we're still at historic prices and the term price which is the price we watch is very strong. So we're we're excited about the future.

One last one if I could. Some of the some of the naysayers [ph] out there bears has argued that if slash when prices fall we could see on some of the financial buyers step in and begin the sell product. Do you guys address that and give us your time to kind of what that means?

Yes, it's a phenomenon that we've seen before in the market. If you think about that 06, 07 price run up the -- I would say the last marginal buyers were financial interests and the first marginal sellers were financial interests, it's why we're we never go out of our way to support that. What is different this time though is I think the orientation or commercial strategy of some of the big financial buyers and that is to really look at uranium as a almost like a precious metal as saying there's an intrinsic quality to an energy supply that will hold value. And so we haven't actually seen any evidence that some of the big holds or the big funds have any interest in selling and we haven't seen any leakage out of those funds. Now there are some private holds and that material does make it back into the market. I think maybe you could see a bit of material coming into the spot market as a result of that but that doesn't change the fundamentals in any way. The fundamentals are still that the term demand is growing as evidenced by the uncovered requirements. I would add to that that uncovered requirements don't capture inventory building. We're starting to see very strong evidence of utilities beginning to build new inventory policies, both independent utilities as well as sovereign buyers looking to acquire very significant volumes. Now these are one time, but they're going to hit at a very tight market as well. So if you look at the gap between supply and demand, there really isn't a pocket of uranium that is big enough to affect the fundamentals in any substantial way. It might create a bit of softness if it's all dumped into the spot market, then we'll quickly move through it and we're back on the fundamentals. Because remember, as primary production is underperforming demand, we no longer have the shock absorbers of secondary supply that we used to have. This is a very constructive market and I wouldn't be taking the bet. I wouldn't be taking the bare bet.

Thanks for the question, Grant.

Thank you.

And the last question is from Brian MacArthur with Raymond James. Please go ahead.

Good morning and let me start again by congratulating Alice on her retirement after all those years and also Rachelle and Cory on their new position. Two quick questions in the interest of time. Just on MacArthur River, it obviously had a very good production quarter. Can I read into that, was that grade related or something unique to the ore body or is that actually starting to demonstrate, and there's always been flexibility, the potential of the mine and you talked about being licensed for 2025 and then the bottleneck to get up there, the mill versus the mine. And my second question goes back to the statement saying costs are similar potentially based on a whole bunch of assumptions, I get it, between Kazakhstan and northern Saskatchewan right now. Are we talking when you do that, just out of curiosity, what sort of price are you basing at that because I assume it compares costs in the northern mines including graduated royalties versus royalties in Kazakhstan. Thanks.

Thank you, Brian. So on the operational front, let me turn it over to Brian Reilly, our Chief Operating Officer, and then Grant, maybe you can chip in on the cost comparison. So Brian, just on the operations at MacArthur Key.

Sure. Thanks, Tim. And Brian, great question. Let me just say it's all about the mill, Brian. This is not a great issue in terms of mine production. And Tim alluded to this. For the past, I would say the past two quarters, we have this mill running at steady state, and so those investments we made in digitization, automation, robotics, they're starting to pay dividends now. So we're seeing the results of those investments, Brian. So this is all about the mill operating at a very high level at the moment.

Grant?

Yes, and Brian, like more to come, as Tim mentioned, we're evaluating the proposed tax increase and its implementation, and there are a number of assumptions that need to go into it. But the comment was more of a general comment that if you look on sort of an average unit cost of sales basis that rolls in things like taxes and royalties, that cost advantage in Kazakhstan seems to be gone. And yet it's a higher risk jurisdiction. So the benefit to a MacArthur and a Cigar and a Rabbit and our U.S. assets is clearly in Cameco's favor.

Great. Thanks very much.

Thank you, Brian.

This concludes the question-and-answer session. I'd like to turn the conference back over to Tim Gitzel for any closing remarks.

Thank you very much, Jaylene, and thanks to everyone who joined us today. As Cory noted in the intro, if you have any detailed questions or follow-up you want on the second quarter results or any questions that we didn't get a chance to answer today, please send those in and we will be absolutely happy to address them directly. So we're a responsible commercial supplier with a strong balance sheet, long-lived Tier 1 assets, and a proven operating track record. We're invested across the nuclear fuel and reactor life cycles and believe we have the right strategy to achieve our vision of energizing a clean air world and we'll do so in a manner that reflects our values. Embedded in all our decisions is a commitment to address the risks and opportunities that we believe will make our business sustainable over the long-term. So thank you all again for joining us today. Stay safe and healthy and have a great day. Thank you.

This brings to an end today's conference call. You may disconnect your lines. Thank you for participating and have a pleasant day.