Aeluma, Inc. (ALMU) Q3 2026 Earnings Report, Transcript and Summary

Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to Aeluma's Third Quarter Fiscal Year 2026 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference call is being recorded. At this time, I would like to turn the call over to Alex Villalta, Aeluma Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Good afternoon, and welcome to Aeluma's Third Quarter Fiscal 2026 Earnings Call. I'm here today with Founder and CEO, Dr. Jonathan Klamkin; and CFO, Christopher Stewart. Today's discussions and responses to questions may include forward-looking statements, which are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from these statements. These risks and uncertainties are detailed in the earnings press release issued today, along with the reports filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. These reports, along with today's earnings release can be found under the Investors section of our website. Aeluma assumes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that may arise after the date of this call. Throughout the discussion, the company will refer to non-GAAP financial measures, including EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA. A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures is included in our earnings press release and SEC filings. Now, I'll turn the call over to Aeluma's CEO, Jonathan Klamkin.

Thank you, Alex, and thank you all for joining today's call. Today, I'll begin with a recap of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference, or OFC, which took place this March in Los Angeles and how Aeluma's engagements in the AI datacom market have accelerated. OFC is the premier optical networking and communication conference. And this year, there was a notable emphasis on the massive build-out of data centers for AI. Data center CapEx investments continue to surge. This has placed a historic demand on high-performance photonics for interconnects and the supply chain wasn't prepared. In response, NVIDIA made 3 investments each of $2 billion in Lumentum, Coherent and Marvell to secure supply of key components, especially lasers and $3.2 billion in Corning for components and packaging. Major laser suppliers are sold out. Therefore, investments are being made to scale indium phosphide fab capacity. However, some major hurdles stand in the way. First, adding fab capacity may require several years. Second, although efforts are being made to transition to 6-inch indium phosphide, many claim this won't provide sufficient supply to meet market demand. And last, there is a major shortage of indium phosphide substrates of all sizes. Suppliers are sold out for years, with only limited increase in capacity expected in the near term and geopolitics adding a degree of uncertainty. When we commenced operations in 2021, we shared foresight with the investment community. We stated that indium was in short supply, that indium phosphide substrates were too small, expensive and fragile and that indium phosphide manufacturing doesn't scale to large volumes. We suggested a different path to address the future needs of datacom and consumer electronics. Don't use indium phosphide substrates, put the detector and laser materials on lower cost, larger diameter substrates and leverage volume microelectronics manufacturing. GaN-on-silicon became a mainstream technology for power electronics. Why not work toward indium phosphide on silicon? So, we put our heads down to mature our technology. We instilled a philosophy of setting and then beating milestones. We attracted strategic government and commercial partners, and we grew our talented team to continue building traction across AI, mobile, defense and aerospace and other key markets. This laid the groundwork for the high degree of interest in our technology at the recent OFC Conference. The industry is hungry for a solution to address near-term demand and supply chain constraints and to enable future generation integrated microsystems such as co-packaged optics or CPO. Encouragingly, the industry is thinking long term. They are taking measures to address near-term needs while also anticipating massive future growth opportunities. The growing demand for 200G per-lane transceivers and the transition to 400G per-lane provide opportunities for Aeluma's high-speed InGaAs photodiodes. By not using indium phosphide substrates, we can overcome supply constraints and win on cost. The so-called slow and wide architectures driven by microLEDs, micro VCSELs and other technologies require new high-speed photodiode array formats. Aeluma has been developing such photodiodes on non-indium phosphide substrates for a defense customer, anticipating the dual-use applicability of the technology for commercial markets. Right now, high-power lasers for transceivers are a bottleneck in commercial applications. Customers want more power and better reliability to withstand the stringent requirements for data centers. Lasers are failing at high power and high temperature. The interest in quantum dot lasers has surged for their potential to improve power handling, increase reliability and eliminate optical isolators. Aeluma is the first company to offer MOCVD quantum dot lasers. Compared to MBE, a technique used by others, MOCVD has much higher throughput and is the industry standard for volume production. For example, MOCVD is used exclusively for large volume VCSEL manufacturing for facial recognition in mobile phones. Given all the moving pieces in the supply chain, a common question is, where does Aeluma fit in the ecosystem? We sit at the intersection of semiconductor materials, photonic component design and manufacturing, and this is a rarefied and strategic position. Our proprietary platform combines the advantages of compound semiconductors with scalable microelectronics manufacturing. We can produce photonics at large volumes with an outsourced supply chain, or we can partner with customers that have their own manufacturing infrastructure. And for very large markets such as mobile, we may license our intellectual property as a go-to-market strategy. Allow me to go into more detail on the tailwinds driving our target markets, which are illustrated in Slide 2, AI infrastructure and data centers. AI is driving a major build-out of data centers. As mentioned in our last call, the top 4 hyperscalers invested more than $300 billion in data center CapEx in 2025. This number will approach $700 billion in 2026, and is expected to surpass $1 trillion in 2029. Optical networking will be approximately 15% of this investment. This is the huge opportunity for photonics and it's fueling a breadth of activity in this space. While photonic components were developed in the 1990s for telecom networks to connect people, today, they are needed for AI to connect machines at scale. This market is propelling Aeluma's photonics product road map forward. Customers are considering our technology to address current supply gaps and for long-term growth opportunities. This provides us with an ideal combination of near-term revenue paths to drive production ramp and qualification plans and to develop longer-term strategic partnership opportunities. This is an exciting time for the photonics industry because higher performance requirements are accelerating innovation. Existing technologies are being pushed to their limits and new technologies are being evaluated for adoption. Photonic components of all shapes and sizes are needed across the data center for slow and wide and fast and narrow transceiver formats. Many of these traditionally depend on indium phosphide technology, which has become a critical bottleneck. Aeluma's product offerings manufactured with non-indium phosphide substrates are illustrated in Slide 3. For slow and wide applications, candidates being considered on the transmit side are microLEDs, micro VCSELs and silicon micro-ring modulators. Aeluma's non-indium phosphide high-speed InGaAs photodiode arrays compare with any of these transmitter technologies. For fast and narrow transmitters, indium phosphide EMLs are being pushed to 400G per-lane performance as our thin-film lithium niobate modulators and silicon Mach-Zehnder modulators. Aeluma's non- indium phosphide high-speed InGaAs photodiode can also pair with any of these transmitter technologies. For silicon photonics CPO transceivers, indium phosphide lasers are a bottleneck due to supply constraints, performance requirements and packaging complexity. Alternative gallium arsenide quantum dot lasers are being considered to address these challenges. Aeluma's MOCVD quantum dot lasers offer high-power handling, scalability and the potential for better reliability. As customers continue to evaluate our photodiode and laser technologies for AI data centers and we navigate this highly active market, we have gained increasing confidence in our manufacturing approach and go-to-market strategy. Mobile and consumer electronics. Mobile OEMs are gearing up to adopt shortwave infrared or SWIR for image sensors and smartphones. SWIR sensors improve eye safety, achieve high-resolution imaging and can be positioned behind the OLED display, thereby preserving important screen real estate. InGaAs is the gold standard for SWIR, but it is manufactured on indium phosphide substrates and therefore, is expensive and doesn't scale. Alternative SWIR technologies were evaluated but showed subpar performance. Early in Aeluma's history, we explained that the winning approach for broad market adoption is to combine the best-in-class SWIR material InGaAs with scalable manufacturing. Our InGaAs photodiode arrays on non-indium phosphide substrates are optimized for performance and scale, and deliver on key technical metrics such as dark current and sensitivity. We have been engaged across the supply chain from the OEMs to the Tier 1 and Tier 2 suppliers. To execute our capital-light model, we are partnering with established manufacturers and where appropriate, we can license our technology for this high-volume application. While qualification and production will require a multi-year effort, our engagements in this target market are progressing steadily through evaluation and feasibility. At the same time, we continue to mature our technology with foundry partners. The sheer scale of this market is massive and one that will drive to silicon substrate sizes. This is an exciting growth opportunity for Aeluma, and we are carefully positioning our company and technology to capitalize. Defense and aerospace. Aeluma's technology is truly dual use. It is high-performance technology engineered for the rigors of defense systems, but also applicable to commercial markets. We successfully attracted strategic non-dilutive funding from government agencies for development. These programs were leveraged to mature our technology and to gain traction with the government, prime contractors, private defense tech companies and commercial customers. In several cases, these contracts have progressed to later-stage programs focused on technology transition that will benefit both defense and commercial sectors. We recently announced new contracts to advance quantum dot lasers and quantum non-linear materials, along with partnerships with Tower Semiconductor and Sumitomo Chemical Advanced Technologies. The stated strategic priority for fiscal year '26 was to win 3 to 7 new development contracts for non-dilutive funding for R&D and growth of partnership opportunities. We have met this goal, having secured 6 contracts to date totaling well over $5 million in value. Supply chain and scaling. On supply chain, we have been working with fabrication foundries, materials companies, integration and packaging partners for several years. A disruptive semiconductor company supply chain is proprietary information. As an example, in the public domain, earlier this year, quantum company, IonQ, announced its intention to acquire SkyWater, a pure-play U.S. semiconductor foundry. IonQ was presumably early working with SkyWater as a foundry partner, yet I don't believe this information was disclosed prior to the acquisition announcement. Aeluma works with several supply chain partners. These include fabrication foundries, some of which are compound semiconductor fabs and others silicon fabs. Some are capable of 100-millimeter wafer fabrication, some 200-millimeter and some up to 300-millimeter. For many of our target markets, 150-millimeter wafers are sufficient. Even so, Aeluma's use of non-indium phosphide substrates at this size provides a path to scale and meet demand while overcoming supply chain constraints and winning on cost. Aeluma produces starting wafers in-house, but also works with partners such as Sumitomo Chemical Advanced Technologies to enable scaling. For some next-generation datacom microsystems as well as quantum, integration on silicon is desirable. This is where partnerships with foundries like Tower Semiconductor are key. And lastly, for large volume consumer markets, 200 and even 300-millimeter silicon manufacturing are foreseeable. In summary, we have been working strategically with a variety of supply chain partners to match the technology to market opportunity to manufacturing approach, all the while increasing manufacturing readiness to ensure we are positioned to intersect market adoption time lines. To support our strategic priorities, which include operations and go-to-market execution, our team also continues to expand. In early March, we welcomed Dr. Christiane Poblenz as VP of Materials Operations. Christiane brings 25 years of experience commercializing semiconductor wafers and laser products for consumer markets, including next-generation displays and automotive. She is now leading efforts to scale production of Aeluma's large-diameter epitaxial wafers and expand operations. We also recently welcomed Dr. Willy Rachmady as VP of Strategic Partnerships and Ecosystem. Willy was a technical and strategic leader at Intel, driving product road maps, intellectual property development, strategic investments and ecosystem partnerships. At Aeluma, Willy will lead foundry and ecosystem partnerships, customer engineering and technology commercialization strategy. Lastly, on the commercial pipeline and commercial sales. Looking forward, our enthusiasm continues to grow. We described the wealth of activity across AI datacom, mobile and consumer and defense and aerospace. There is also a noticeable uptick in engagements from prospective quantum customers. Overall, the quality and precision of our engagements have increased, and this is driving our product road map execution and discussions with strategic partners. We are prioritizing the most impactful and clearly defined opportunities while qualifying products to meet industry standards and customer specifications. It is highly motivating to see Aeluma's vision come to life as we move toward broad commercialization. Now, I'll turn the call over to our CFO, Chris Stewart, to discuss the financials.

Thank you, Jonathan. Moving on to our financial results. For the fiscal third quarter, revenue was $1.2 million compared to $1.3 million in the third quarter of last year and $1.3 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2026. Government R&D contracts were the principal source of revenue for the quarter and continue to provide non-dilutive capital to advance our technology and expand our strategic relationships. GAAP net loss for the fiscal third quarter was $1.8 million, or $0.10 per basic and diluted share compared to net income of $1.5 million, or $0.12 per share in the prior year period and a net loss of $1.9 million, or $0.11 per share in the prior quarter. Non-GAAP net loss for the quarter was $701,000, or $0.04 per share compared to breakeven in the third quarter last year and a loss of $797,000, also $0.04 per share last quarter. The year-over-year change in GAAP net income was primarily due to a one-time $2.3 million gain in the fair value of derivative liabilities that we recorded in the third quarter of 2025. Employee-related costs and R&D spending have increased year-over-year as we have added key positions to expand our capabilities and scale our operations. Adjusted EBITDA loss for the third quarter was $911,000 compared to a gain of $109,000 in the same period last year and in line with our prior quarter. We closed the quarter with a strong balance sheet, including $37.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and no long-term debt. Cash decreased $792,000 from the close of the December quarter, reflecting increased spending on new hires and investments in R&D. Going forward, we expect to increase spending as we continue to add additional resources and increase our R&D investments to capitalize on the opportunities in our commercial pipeline. In March, we established an ATM facility to provide us with the flexibility to raise capital when market conditions warrant and when we believe it is in the best interest of the company and our shareholders. In establishing the ATM, we did not register any additional shares. We simply allocated $50 million of our existing shelf capacity to an ATM. To date, we have not sold any shares through this facility. As an early-stage growth company, we believe having an ATM in place is a prudent financial measure that positions us for strategic growth and can serve as a way to attract targeted institutional investors through reverse inquiries. We remain committed to operating in a disciplined, capital-efficient manner while ensuring that we are sufficiently capitalized for execution on the value creation opportunities for our shareholders. Turning to guidance. We are updating our full-year revenue guidance to $4.2 million to $4.6 million, narrowed from the previous range of $4 million to $6 million. The updated range is primarily the result of delays in the execution of several government contracts and the subsequent start of work for these new programs. Government shutdowns and other factors led to these delays. As we have stated, our government contracts are a great source of non-dilutive funding for development, but they do come with a degree of uncertainty in quarter-to-quarter and even year-to-year revenue. These contracts have enabled our technology development and directly led to commercial traction. As shared in previous earnings calls this year, our focus is on commercializing our technology to capitalize on several high-growth market opportunities, including AI datacom. Therefore, any future government bids will emphasize later-stage development and transition opportunities versus fundamental development and feasibility. To echo Jonathan's sentiment, we are very excited about the momentum that is building across our target markets and the progress we are making with customers and supply chain partners. Interest in Aeluma's technology has never been higher, and our strong value proposition is being amplified by the explosive growth in the data center market, which is putting a spotlight on the shortcomings of traditional indium phosphide-based photonics. With that, I'll turn the call back over to Jonathan for his closing remarks before we open the call to your questions.

Thank you, Chris. To summarize, this quarter further reinforced that Aeluma is gaining traction and momentum. We continue to execute our strategic priorities, strengthen our technical foundation, accelerate our go-to-market plan and expand operations to scale. Building on the momentum from the OFC Conference, our customer engagements are strengthening and driving our transition to commercialization. As always, I want to thank our incredible team for their hard work and dedication, and I want to thank all of you for your unwavering support and enthusiasm. Operator, you can now open the call to questions.

[Operator Instructions] The first question today comes from Richard Shannon with Craig-Hallum.

Jonathan, your commentary on AI data center is very interesting. Not surprised at all about the interest in your road maps in the long term, but filling near-term gaps is really interesting. Would love to understand kind of the dynamics around that. And that statement kind of implies that your maturity is getting to the point where you could see some sort of contract and a win here in the fairly short term. So, I want to get a sense of to what degree that conclusion is fair or correct.

Thanks for the question, Richard. So, I think we're very well positioned because of that balance that's coming, especially from that market. And as I mentioned, there are some supply constraints and certain components are just not being provided by incumbent suppliers at scale. As you know, some laser suppliers are sold out for some time. Indium phosphide substrate suppliers are sold out. And so that's an opportunity for Aeluma because we can build some of those components that are traditionally supplied on indium phosphide substrates with our non-indium phosphide substrate technology. So, we can overcome supply chain constraints. In the near term, we can scale to larger volumes. There is very strong demand in that market. And ultimately, we believe we would win on cost because of the lower substrate technology. So, there are opportunities to build components that already exist. In some cases, the industry is asking for even better performance, like more power out of lasers. But many of these components already exist, already deploy in things like pluggable optics packages. They just need more of them, and there are supply constraints right now. So, that's a good opportunity for us in terms of near term. And then just very briefly, longer term, as you know, new technologies are required. Technologies need to be really pushed to their limits in terms of things like power handling for lasers, in terms of speed for modulator and detector technologies. And in some cases, the end customer would like to package and integrate these technologies in a different way than how they're traditionally integrated and packaged in pluggable optics modules. And there, because there is a long-term commitment to continue to build out these AI data centers, customers are interested in making investments in technology development. So, I think we're positioned to address some near-term needs for components that may go into pluggable optics modules as well as sort of long-term growth opportunities where things are going to be carried out in a different way than they have been traditionally.

Okay. Jonathan, that's helpful. My second question is in the mobile space here. So last quarter, you had mentioned that conversations have been shifting from product-oriented questions more to pricing and delivery. I didn't hear an update on that, but love to hear any progress along those lines here. And tying that into your comment today, where you're saying the industry has kind of settled on moving to SWIR. I'd love to get a sense of whether you have specific confidence in any particular time frame for those transitions taking place.

Okay. Thanks for the question. So the mobile opportunity, as we know, this is a very large volume opportunity. And that industry has wanted to adopt SWIR for quite some time and several technologies have been developed. I mean, the InGaAs SWIR, traditional SWIR technology has been around for some time, but the industry looked at other technologies that could potentially enable scaling like colloidal quantum dots or germanium detectors. And what we've seen in direct feedback from our customers is that the performance is just not quite there. It doesn't compete with traditional InGaAs and doesn't compete with our InGaAs that's manufactured on a different type of substrate. So, I can say with some confidence that the industry very much wants to adopt InGaAs SWIR. That doesn't mean that more than one technology won't be adopted or deployed in mobile and consumer electronics. But I think the industry believes and understands and accepts that InGaAs gives you the best performance. So, now can it scale? I can't comment on specifics in terms of time line, but there are activities happening in the market, meaning the end customers are, no pun intended, sort of mobilizing the supply chain to propose the right solution to this technology deploying in mobile and consumer electronics.

Okay. That's helpful, Jonathan. My last quick question is just on the announcement last month about partnerships with Tower and Sumitomo on wafer fabrication or wafer production and fabrication. Curious, do we think of those 2 specific partners in working with you in certain specific markets? And if so, can you kind of elaborate on those?

Yes. Also a great question. Thanks, Richard. So, we've disclosed information about those 2 partners. As I mentioned in the past and on the call today, we've been working with several foundries for several years. And in some cases, we're doing manufacturing on smaller substrates for development and small volume, and that might be 100 or 150-millimeter substrate sizes. For some markets, the 150-millimeter substrate size is sufficient, maybe for defense and aerospace and for AI datacom in some cases. For very large volume markets, switching or shifting to 200 and even 300-millimeter does help quite a bit. At the end of the day, some of the chips that might deploy in these large volume markets like an image sensor in consumer electronics, it's not a small chip. And so the sheer number of wafers that would be required to meet the volumes of that market is large. And you see the economics in moving from, say, 150-millimeter instead to 200 or even 300 millimeter. So, those specific partners, Sumitomo Chemical Advanced Technologies primarily for wafer production. As you know, we produce epi wafers in-house. We have taken some steps to increase capacity internally. But we've always said that eventually, we might be fabless or very fab light that if an opportunity comes that requires multiple of the MOCVD tools that we have, we're probably not going to make that CapEx investment ourselves. We're not going to install a few or 5 or 10 MOCVD systems in our headquarters in Santa Barbara, California. We would do that with partners, whereby we might transfer technology. We might leverage the tools at a partner site. And Sumitomo Chemical Advanced Technologies is an example there to scale wafer production capacity. Tower Semiconductor, as you know, is a pure-play fab. And they have several fabs around the world. They have 200-millimeter fab in California. And that foundry partnership actually enables manufacturing for us for more than one market, AI datacom, potentially mobile and consumer electronics and also quantum and defense.

The next question comes from Danial Yermakhan with Freedom Broker.

My first question is about the fiscal 2026 guidance that was narrowed down. So basically, how much of it of that cap is just timing pushing into the next year and how much is permanent? And out of 6 new contracts you signed this year, how much of them is going to contribute in the Q4? Or is that all in next year?

Yes. I'd say the vast majority, if not all of it is timing related, and it has to do with a number of contracts that we have been working on with the government for quite a while and really just getting through the contracting process and getting these programs kicked off, which allows us to kind of start the work and obviously start the invoicing and revenue just got delayed over the course of this year. Of course, that means that those programs are going to continue longer, and we'll see that revenue come through next year. So really, I'd say none of it is permanent loss, and it's all just a result of delays in getting these things across the line.

And I think your other question, Danial, was on how much of the new contracts might impact the Q4 revenue? Probably not all that much if you look at revenue to date and the range that we narrowed to. We're 1.5 months away from the end of our fiscal year. So as Chris mentioned, several of these contracts started work a bit late, in some cases, very recently. In some cases, haven't even started yet. So, some of that revenue is just going to get pushed into fiscal '27.

Yes. I think that makes sense a lot. The second question that you mentioned over 20 active engagements last quarter. And could you just provide more color how many of them have moved into qualification? And how does the new appointments help to that? And is there any production decision that could be made over the next 12 months?

Thank you. Yes, a few good questions in there. In terms of engagement, maybe I'll just make one comment. Number of engagements continues to grow. We mentioned 20 customer engagements. That number in our pipeline is probably upwards of 30 engagements now, but that doesn't necessarily mean 20 that we spoke of before and say, 10 new. There's probably more than 15 new engagements, which means some of the earlier engagements may have been deprioritized in favor of others that we see as just being very promising, high quality and have very clear outlooks and time lines. And some of these newer engagements, many of them do stem from AI datacom. You would ask something about qualification. What I would say is that there are 2 aspects to qualification. There's qualifying to industry standards and then qualifying to customer-specific specifications. We've done some of our own internal work to qualify toward industry standards. In terms of customer-specific customer qualifications, we have not been qualified by a customer. Customers are mostly evaluating performance metrics at this stage and providing what the requirements would be should we move into qualification with them. But that said, as I mentioned in the discussion with Richard a moment ago, some of what we're developing addresses near-term needs. And in some cases, we're building components that exist in nature that other suppliers already build, they just can't keep up with demand. And so we took it upon ourselves to start qualification work for products that we expect to be somewhat standard products on the shelf. And that takes a little bit of time, but the initial results look very promising. And then in terms of customer qualification, customers might have different requirements that may or may not be synergistic with industry standards, but we are not fully qualified by a specific customer at this time.

[Operator Instructions] The next question comes from Tim Savageaux with Northland Capital Markets.

Sounds like there's been a lot going on since OFC. And it appears you talked about it a couple of times. Lasers are the big pain point. I think maybe historically, you've described that opportunity, at least for QD lasers is maybe a little further out. And so my question is sort of twofold. Since OFC or recently, is it safe to say maybe that opportunity has pulled in? And it sounds like based on your answer to the last question, you may be thinking about making other types of lasers that are currently in short supply. Would that be fair to say as well?

Good questions. Thanks, Tim. So, I would say that QD laser has probably been pulled in a bit just because leading up to the OFC Conference and since, the customer interest has really grown quite a bit. And that is for a number of reasons that I think you sort of pointed out, very large demand for lasers, stringent requirements for lasers in terms of output power, power handling, high-temperature operation. And it goes across the chain. Like if there's anything you can do to simplify integration and packaging, it's not just the laser chip itself that matters. It's getting the light off the chip and ensuring the performance. So, quantum dots show potential for isolator-free packaging. And so what I would say has happened over the last few months is that the industry has started to seriously evaluate quantum dot laser technology. And now I don't think that they will rush in adopting any technology. I mean, we're hearing a lot about thin-film lithium niobate on the modulator side and other technologies. But it's clear to us that the AI datacom market intends to adopt more than one technology and intends to have, in some cases, more than one supplier for each of those technologies. So right now, we're seeing very strong interest in the quantum dot technology. We've been sharing more and more data with customers. Customers really want to evaluate the quantum dot laser technology. It might take a little bit of time. But because of the strong interest, we at least internally have made efforts to sort of ramp up our maturation of our quantum dot lasers, maybe a little bit earlier than we initially intended. The other components where we are working to address more near-term needs is probably primarily around photodiodes, high-speed photodiodes and even photodiode arrays, which requires some customization for those slow and wide applications. I can't say that we are going to start manufacturing traditional lasers. We see more of an opportunity to intersect the market with some newer technology or newer ways of manufacturing technology like the quantum dot lasers.

Got it. And whether it's on the detector side or on the laser side, I mean, at this point, I guess, how quickly do you feel like you could scale if customer decides to go forward? You've got the Tower relationship. I guess, you've been working on that for a while. That would suggest not too far off, but if customer makes a qualification decision today, how long would it take you to get to scale to volume production?

So, I would say that really depends on the qualification requirements of the customer and how quickly we move. Also depends a little bit on the customer profile because in some cases, our engagements are such that customers just want us to build scale and supply. In some cases, they want to partner with us, like they might want to leverage the supply chain that we've established, but they have some of their own supply chain partners or some of their own internal manufacturing capacity. So, I would say it really depends on the customer profile. But in many cases, we do expect that the partnership with the customers is going to help accelerate things.

This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Dr. Jonathan Klamkin for closing remarks.

Thank you all for joining our call today. We look forward to connecting in the future, and hope you have a great day.

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.