Good day and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Adaptive Biotechnologies Second Quarter 2024 Earnings Call. At this time all participants are in listen-only mode. After the speakers’ presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today’s conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your first speaker today, Karina Calzadilla, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thanks, Anton, and good afternoon, everyone. I would like to welcome you to Adaptive Biotechnologies second quarter 2024 earnings conference call. Earlier today, we issued a press release reporting Adaptive financial results for the second quarter of 2024. The press release is available at www.adaptivebiotech.com. We are conducting a live webcast of this call and we’ll be referencing to a slide presentation that has been posted to the Investors section in our corporate website. During the call, management will be making projections and other forward-looking statements within the meanings of federal securities laws regarding future events and the future financial performance of the Company. These statements reflect management’s current perspective of the business as of today. Actual results may differ materially from today’s forward-looking statements, depending on a number of factors, which are set forth in our public filings with the SEC and listed in this presentation. In addition, non-GAAP financial measures will be discussed during the call, and a reconciliation from non-GAAP to GAAP metrics can be found in our earnings release. Joining the call today are Chad Robins, our CEO and Co-Founder; and Kyle Piskel, our Chief Financial Officer. Additional members from management will be available for Q&A. With that, I will turn the call over to Chad Robins. Chad?

Thanks, Karina. Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for joining us on our second quarter earnings call. It is Seafair Weekend here in Seattle, so if the Blue Angels are flying overhead, we are live and I may pause for a couple of seconds. Let’s jump in. Our second quarter results are extremely encouraging. We are laser focused on fueling growth on the top-line, reducing spend, and managing our capital, and this is exactly what we achieved this quarter as you can see on Slide 3. MRD revenue grew 36% versus prior year and 8% versus prior quarter with growth coming from both clinical and pharma. Total operating spend, less one-time costs, had a significant decline of 15% versus prior year and 8% sequentially with reductions observed across all segments. Sequencing gross margin increased 5 percentage points compared to last quarter and cash ended at approximately $292 million. This reflects a cash burn reduction of 32% in the first half of this year versus a year ago. As a result of this strong performance, we are updating our full year guidance. We are raising our MRD revenue range, decreasing our operating spend and reducing our annual cash burn. Kyle will provide further details in his prepared remarks. Now let’s take a closer look at the MRD business on Slide 4. clonoSEQ clinical revenue grew 43% versus prior year, driven by both volume and ASP. Test delivered had another record quarter growing 36% versus prior year and 9% versus prior quarter to over 18,500 tests. We observed double digit growth sequentially in all marketed indications. Multi-myeloma continues to be the largest contributor representing 42% of volume. Importantly, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma now contributes 11% of clonoSEQ tests with DLBCL growing at 25% quarter-over-quarter. Blood-based testing continues to be a focal point of our…

Thanks, Chad. Let’s start with revenue for the second quarter on Slide 7. Total revenue in the second quarter was $43.2 million with 82% from MRD and 18% from immune medicine. MRD revenue grew to $35.3 million, up 36% from a year ago, with clonoSEQ clinical testing and MRD pharma partnerships each driving approximately 66% and 34% of the growth, respectively. Excluding the 3 million in regulatory milestones recognized this quarter, MRD revenue grew 25% from a year ago. Immune medicine revenue was $7.9 million, down 66% from a year ago, driven by an anticipated 82% decrease in Genentech upfront amortization and no related milestone in the quarter versus $7.7 million in milestone revenue recognized in Q2 of 2023. This decrease was partially offset by a 12% increase in immune medicine pharma services. Moving down to P&L, I want to highlight that sequencing margin, which excludes the MRD milestones and Genentech amortization, was 50% for the quarter, an increase of 7 percentage points versus prior year and 5 percentage points sequentially. The sequencing margin increase was mainly attributed to lower overhead costs from improvements in the production lab, driving lower cost per sample. Excluding one-time costs from asset impairment and severance related to restructuring initiatives, post strategic review, total operating spend, inclusive of cost of revenue, was $82.6 million, representing a 15% decrease from last year. This decrease was mainly driven by the continued emphasis on driving leverage across functions with R&D being the biggest contributor of such decline, driven by more targeted investments in immune medicines. As you can see from the segment reporting table on the right side of the slide, MRD adjusted EBITDA was a loss of $11.3 million this quarter, a deficit that was reduced by 35% from the first quarter, driven by both higher revenue…

Thanks, Kyle. I am encouraged by the team’s execution in the first half of the year. We will continue to drive revenue growth in our MRD business and advance our focused programs in immune medicine. We will do this with disciplined spend and targeted investments to enhance long-term value. With that, I’d like to turn the call back over to the operator and open up the call for questions.

Thank you. At this time we will conduct the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] The first question comes from Mark Massaro from BTIG. Please go ahead.

Hey guys. Congrats on a strong beat and raise quarter. I guess my first question which I find quite interesting is the number of new studies that are moving to primary endpoints. You talked about two new studies I believe in Q2, you advanced in three more. I think in the past I’ve heard you say that the level of economics can be roughly two times greater for a primary versus a secondary endpoint. Can you maybe just clarify that in terms of just the unit economics?

Yes, I think what you’re referring to is the milestone revenue that we could realize from those studies. And I think that is where you see that delta as it relates to the economics, I think as it relates to these studies and the bookings of these studies, I just think we continue to expect that that will be a 2025 tailwind and in 2024 we’re really focused on executing the bookings and growing the backlog as we exit the year. So I think as it relates to unit economics I think that primarily escalate the milestones, but it may catalyze some sequencing revenue faster than we anticipated through…

Okay, that’s helpful. And then I found it interesting that there’s a group working with the FDA in additional disease states. I think you called up CLL and DLBCL. Do you have any sense for timing there? And give us a sense for – are you involved in this discussion or this group? Maybe just walk us through some of the stakeholders and how you think about this playing out over the coming months?

Yes. First Mark, thanks for the question and the compliments on the quarter. Appreciate it. We, a lot of our investigators, our principal investigators that we work with, are involved in those conversations, and they’re asking us to provide clonoSEQ data to help support them in those discussions, very much like we did in multi-myeloma with the International Myeloma Working Group and others as they presented to the ODAC committee. We honestly don’t have a sense of timing. It did take some time for multi-myeloma to be accepted as a primary endpoint. However, I think once the first domino has fallen, we would at least be hopeful that the next disease states will be faster moving forward. The other thing I will mention, and it’s not immediate, although it has catalyzed new discussions with investigators who were initially reluctant. There’s just a lot more noise and chatter around MRD being used in multiple myeloma now that the ODAC decision has been made in the clinic as well, which is great to see.

Excellent. Maybe last one for me. I don’t know if this was in your deck or not, but I think you’ve talked about approximately 60 clinical studies for multiple myeloma. And if I have it right, you had six as primary, looks like that number now is eight, three are in advanced discussions, that could be eleven. I think as we think about this longer term, where could that 10 or 11, where do you think that might go, looking out, say, two to three years from today?

It’s hard to put a number on that. Obviously, we believe that number is going to go up and hopefully up significantly. But I’d be hard pressed to start making those projections. Once we get a little bit farther into this, maybe kind of a year down the road, we could have better visibility into making those projections Mark.

Okay, that’s it for me. Thanks, guys.

Thank you.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from David Westenberg from Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.

Hi. Thank you for taking the question. And congrats you on the big cost reduction burn and the MRD beat. So, Chad, I hate to ask this question because we should be celebrating your achievements in reducing the OpEx. Is there any risk here that you maybe went too lean and that this could hurt the top line growth, particularly on that MRD business? I don’t know. Maybe I would ask, in addition to that, do you actually think you could accelerate the revenue if you did add reps to that business? Or do you – anyway, I’ll stop there.

Yes. No, I think the sales and marketing, just so you know, David, were untouched, relatively untouched, except for where we always manage our performance. We’re talking about a lot within the business with kind of G&A overhead and just looking at every nook and cranny to be able to kind of reduce our expenses. So the answer is no. And where we are adding is in kind of our market access team. If you look at coverage and collections, these are particular areas of focus to us, which we continue to make investments in, where we believe that we can up the ASP and essentially kind of the cash coming into the business. But we will continue to kind of monitor reps and add reps as needed, and look at territory alignments as we do consistently. So the final point is we’re looking across the board at ways that we can continue to first and foremost, make sure that we’re hitting our numbers and said another way that we’re de risking the numbers. But it’s all about operating efficiencies without hurting the top line. And we feel, we feel very comfortable that we’re making the right investments and the right moves.

Really, really, really appreciate that. I want to just talk about some of the potential for both operating leverage and cost reduction in clonoSEQ. I know you’ve made efforts in the past to kind of get some kind of cog reductions there. Where are we at in terms of progress there? And then just in terms of, are you getting some of that naturally, just via more volume through that product? And how should we think about gross margins over the kind of a three-year, four-year period or three- to five-year period as this business becomes a lot more clinical MRD? And I’ll stop there. I know there’s a lot of analysts that want to ask questions. Thank you.

Yes, I mean, I think as it relates to our progress, I think, as you’ve seen in the quarter and first half of the year, we’re continuing to gain leverage through some of the efficiency initiatives we’ve put in place, flattening out the org. And yes, we are getting some of that naturally through increased volumes and increased revenue. And we’ll continue to see that in the back half of the year. I think we’re going to gain additional leverage back half of the year. I think I would say 3% to 5% improvement on that sequencing margin line. Over the long-term, we have some initiatives going on, one of which is the NovaSeq, which we expect to launch the back half of 2025. And that can drive a lot of efficiencies. And then again, as the last point, we’ve got to continue to do some work and continue to execute on the ASP line, and that’s going to drive a large amount of improvement to get us to that 70% target margin range that we see over three- to five-year outlook.

Thanks guys.

And as I said obviously while the milestones will also continue to drive and support the business at the end of the day, even absent the clinical performance along with the pharma business, which I think ODAC only accelerates or makes that more durable growth over the longer term.

Thank you so much. And again, congrats on the big cost reduction curve – and reduction and beat.

Thanks, Dave.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Tejas Savant from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.

Hey, guys. Good evening. Thanks for the time here. Chad, I want to follow-up on Mark’s question related to the ODAC guidance, and so on. So first of all, when do you expect the FDA to finalize that in MM? And does that finalization have any sort of impact in terms of accelerating MRD endpoint adoption beyond what you’re seeing today in terms of that cadence in penetrating those potential trials? And then on a related note, I think in the past you’ve talked about a little bit of a halo effect, if you will, on the clinician side as well in terms of adopting clonoSEQ. So any color on that would be helpful.

Sure. I’ll cover the first part, and then I’ll pass it over to Susan Bobulsky, the Chief Commercial Officer of the MRD Business, to talk about kind of the impact and maybe give you some anecdotes as to what’s going on from a clinical perspective. As far as the ODAC vote, remember, the advisory council is a little bit different than it is kind of for a drug approval. And we’ve gotten some kind of messaging around kind of the format that they’re going to kind of cement this decision as to whether it’s going to be kind of a formal white paper or come out as a kind of formal decision. There is a little bit of debate as exactly how the FDA is going to. Obviously, it was a 12 to 0, overwhelmingly positive vote. So we don’t have a direct line as to exactly the timing of the format. But I will say this had no impact. Well, it’s had only a positive impact. Our pharma partners aren’t waiting in any way, shape or form. They know that the FDA, for every drug approval that’s coming forward, they now have the opportunity to look at it as a primary endpoint based on this decision. The FDA is not waiting and neither are our pharma partners. So that’s a – that’s why we’re already seeing the good trajectory that we have. I do want to caution a little bit, and Kyle mentioned this, but I’ll just, it’s a great leading indicator, but it doesn’t necessarily impact 2024 revenue. It’s more, we’re seeing bookings that essentially, I would say, solidify the long-term kind of health of the pharma business going out into the future as those bookings convert into revenue opportunities, as those milestones are achieved, and as more trials sign up, we get more sequencing revenue from those additional trials. Susan, can you provide perhaps some anecdotes of how you are seeing those discussions in the clinic?

Sure. Thanks, Chad. Since the ODAC vote in April, we’ve increasingly seen clinicians are aware of that ODAC vote, and they bring it up and view it favorably in the context of clinical conversations we’re having with them about MRD. The way that we’ve been framing it, and I think this seems to resonate, is that by seeing the FDA’s vote of confidence behind MRD as a means to assess response, to bring a drug into the market, that’s really an incredible amount of credibility that it lends to MRD as a marker for your individual patient. If we can predict the efficacy of that drug, and approve it for marketing, then we can also predict the efficacy of that drug in your individual patient, and you can use that to in firm conversations and dialogues with your patient. So, I think that’s really resonating. Interestingly, another area where we see a lot of interest is in what we call the ID of patients. In other words, the first step of clonoSEQ is to evaluate a high disease load sample and to identify the sequences that we will track for that patient’s MRD. And most physicians order ID tests when they decide they need their first MRD test. But in the context of pharma increasingly anticipating use of MRD as an endpoint, there is an interesting synergy for our two businesses. The pharma companies would love to see more and more patients being IV-ed for clonoSEQ testing at the time of diagnosis so that they are eligible for any trial that might come along, and there is no delays or hurdles in finding an appropriate specimen to get them IV tested. Calibration rates, the rate of patients for whom we find viable sequences, are also higher when we test fresh samples at diagnosis. And so pharma companies are essentially saying to us, it would be great if more and more accounts can do this ID testing upfront at the time of diagnosis. And correspondingly, our accounts, particularly community accounts, where they are very eager to bring new groups of trials on board, are saying to us, hey, do you think that pharma companies would be more interested in working with us if we ID our patients upfront? And this is the strategy we’ve been pushing for a bit of time and we’re starting to see good traction. But I think the ODAC is actually going to provide a tailwind to that strategy to bring more and more patients to be tested for a clonoSEQ ID at the time of diagnosis. And essentially that means they are MRD enabled from day one, and they can get MRD testing whenever they need it in a trial in the clinic. So it seems like it’s a win-win-win for us, for pharma, for the clinic and the patient. And that’s something we’ve been talking very actively about and again, seeing resonate.

Got it. That’s super helpful. And then, guys, a couple more on the clinical side of things, maybe for Kyle here, you talked about that $200 ASP increase over the next couple of years, and you’re confident of getting there. You’ve also got that preliminary CLFS rate. I think it gets finalized on January 1 in 2025. So could you just walk us through any color on the cadence of the ASP increases? I’m sure there’s a few moving parts beneath that, including perhaps some help from the biomarker bill, et cetera. Should it be front end loaded? Should it be relatively even keeled between where it is today. And then second, do you think from a commercial or physician education standpoint, you are where you need to be in the community setting today and it’s just a function of time, or are there more investments to come on that front? Thank you.

Yes. Hi, Tejas. I’ll take the question on ASP, and then again I’ll pass it off to Susan to give you some color on the clinical side. Our ASP acceleration plan is really comprised of three key pillars: coverage, contracting and collections. So on the coverage side, we’re seeking Medicare coverage for a broader set of indications. We’re also exploring novel coverage structures, including recurrence monitoring for selected indications. And that’s actually what we’ve already submitted and are in discussions on for our MCL. We’re actively reducing out-of-policy claims and have aligned our business to drive the core indications where we now have that solid coverage in place. And that is – we can further kind of double click on that to look at how we modified our sales force incentive compensation plan. We also have kind of changes in ordering requirements for customers who wish to order the out of criteria test. And then the third component of that is really new operational policies that will increase the percentage of tests that we get paid for. And as a result of that, we’ve seen a really positive shift in our mix towards contracted indications where those have really grown as a percentage of our mix. So that really covers the first pillar of coverage. The second one is contracting. So, in that there is a couple things to talk about on contracting. First, we continue to negotiate agreements with our non-contracted payers. The objective here is obviously to secure pricing at or above the Medicare price. And within that, we’ve already talked about this, but we expect the publication of that preliminary gap bill rate to provide really meaningful leverage as we go out and have those conversations with payers, we can go reference that new rate as a…

Sure. I think you asked about whether or where we need to be in the community setting. Do we need to invest additionally? So over the last several quarters, you’ve seen somewhere between 20% and 25% of our business kind of coming consistently from that community segment, and we believe that over time that contribution can be much higher. We’ve actually seen some really nice acceleration in Q2 in our academic segment in concert with continued study growth in the community. So we have a lot of feeling in both segments, and so we can’t focus only on one at the expense of the other. We have a lot of untapped potential to capture in both. But that said, winning in the community is going to be a long-term critical – success factor for this business. But given the proportion of patients who are treated either entirely or partially in community settings, and our penetration is much lower in the community than it is in academic settings. So there’s a couple of things that we’ve done recently and then a few things that we will be starting to do, and we have plans to do in the coming months. So one of the things we’ve done recently is really reorient our peer-to-peer educational programs and medical education programs and other types of sponsorship dollars that we invest towards physician education to really be focused on connecting thought leaders, both academic and community thought leaders who have mastered the use of MRD in their own practices to bring their playbooks to the community to show, in a variety of ways, both written, verbal, how they are using MRD, because that is the number one question we get in the clinic. And the data will continue to develop with some very nice…

Got it. Super helpful. Appreciate all the color, guys. Thank you.

Hey, Josh, just on the ASP increase, we’ve talked about the $200 increase over the course of the next two years. I think what we’re seeing from these ASP initiatives and what Chad is summarizing is, we’ve got strong confidence. We’ll start to see kind of some of the early evidence from this in the back half of the year. And the gap fill rate effectively gives us confidence heading into 2025 that we can continue to deliver that growth over the next few years.

Thank you, Kyle. Appreciate it.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question comes from Dan Brennan from TD Cowen. Please go ahead.

Thanks. Thanks for taking the questions. Congrats on the quarter. Maybe one just on the burn and the margin improvement. Could you just speak a little bit more towards kind of what went better in the quarter? You’re obviously taking down the guide or, excuse me, improving the guide, just kind of what are you thinking about in the back half of the year from some of the line items about what’s getting better?

Yes, Dan, I would say, we’ve done a number of, initiatives here to get the workforce aligned and spend aligned with where we think business should be. I think we’re going to continue to see leverage in that, in those areas, especially as it relates to the margin profile. We’re continuing to expect increased volumes both in the clinic and increased revenues in the pharma business. So we’re going to continue to see that leverage in the back half of the year. And, I think we’ve got some decent initiatives in place for 2025 that will continue to play out there as it relates to the burn. I mean, again, I don’t want to sound like a broken record, but the restructuring initiatives we put in place over the first half of the year have led us to some increased confidence of the results of the reductions in spend to be confident that we can continue to reduce the burn and focus our investments in IM, which will yield benefits in the longer term. But as it relates to Q2, we had some significant collections across the business, the milestones being one of them, the pharma business and in the clinic. So, I think what we’re going to see in the course of the year is just a continued march down that path. There is a bit of seasonality in the back half of the year from a spend perspective, so that’s why it’s just a little bit slightly higher than the first half of the year.

Got it. Okay, that sounds good. What about on the mean medicine side? You know, biotech funding has been healthier. I know that’s generally been a drag over the last period of time, a kind of a spending environment. Like, what are you guys seeing just from more of like a macro basis on that side of the business?

Are you talking about from kind of an IM pharma revenue perspective, Dan?

Yes, exactly. Sorry, Chad. Yes.

Yes. Just as a reminder to everyone, obviously we not – we don’t report revenue based on that, but there has been kind of some impact. I think it depends on what our technology is being used for. Some of the very early kind of research and development budgets aren’t what they used to be, but we now have kind of longstanding relationships where we’ve been embedded, and many different pharma companies are looking at the immunological response to the therapies, and we’ve used in a variety of different contexts, which I think it continues to hold up pretty well.

Okay. And then maybe on DLBCL, I heard you say like 20% quarterly growth. I think sequentially it’s still. Penetration is still fairly nascent. Like, how is that progressing versus expectations? Does that kind of keep going linearly or there an opportunity for any kind of acceleration there?

Yes, I did. I’ll pass it over to Susan to answer that question. But it was 25% sequence of growth. And Susan, do you want to give some color on the trajectory?

Sure. Yes. So DLBCL is now up to 6% of our total business, clinical business, which is up from 3% a year ago. And it we’ve been hitting our internal projections with the indication level with DLBCL. So far we’ve been pleased to see significant uptake in the community setting and also, continued opportunities to report out new data. You may have noted that earlier in Q2 in May, we saw a really nice publication on clonoSEQ in DLBCL in the context of a study for a regimen known as ViPOR, the relapsed/refractory regimen. And it was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in May. And in that study we saw really nice performance from the clonoSEQ assay in terms of the ability to differentiate patients who would have better or worse progression pre survival and overall survival. In that study, 15 patients who achieved complete response at the end of therapy and remain progression free throughout the study, they all had MRD that was undetectable by clonoSEQ. And of those that progressed, three out of the four had detectable ctDNA prior to the evidence of relapse. So we saw another nice demonstration, albeit in a small patient population, of the performance of the assay in a relapsed/refractory setting. We continue to generate data, and that will certainly be a catalyst for ongoing adoption, as well as our ongoing work with regulatory agencies to expand access and to increase the utilization of DLBCL by pharma companies. So, actually, last week we submitted our DLBCL strep [ph] offering to New York state CLEP, which will expand the access to DLBCL in New York if approved. And we continue to work on our FDA submissions, which we expect to be useful both in the pharma setting and also have a halo effect on a clinic over time.

Awesome. Thanks a lot and congrats.

Thanks, Dan.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question comes from Andrew Brackmann from William Blair. Please go ahead.

Hi, guys. Good afternoon. Thanks for taking the questions. Maybe just going back to the Epic integrations, it sounds like things are moving nicely there, but can you maybe just sort of talk about of those accounts who have integrated, just what you’re seeing in terms of any utilization uptick? And I guess, how should we be thinking about the impact here? Not necessarily just over the next couple of quarters, but more so over the next few years. Thank you.

Sure. Susan?

Yes, sure. Yes. So, as Chad mentioned, we now have six sites integrated. Four of those have been integrated for about six months, and then two are brand new in Q2, they have 13 others that are actively progressing towards the completion of the integration, plus a variety of additional sites kind of in the funnel where they’ve been approved for waiting for the resources to be able to implement them on the account side. But the accounts that we started with were relatively smaller accounts. So we saw a very nice pickup almost immediately upon integration, double digit increases in adoption in test volumes just within a quarter, and also significant increases in the number of ordering providers, which reflects the ease of use of the integrated test. We also have seen some really nice improvements in operations. For example, the orders that come in through Epic are less likely to have discrepancies that require follow up from our customer service team, or more likely to have complete accurate billing information, which we need to submit successful claims reimbursement, and so a variety of nice benefits that we’ve seen in those accounts. But those first floor accounts were relatively small accounts intentionally, because we were just getting started. The two very recent accounts are accounts that are larger potential, but very early days from clonoSEQ adoption. So in this case, we’ll get to evaluate over the next six to 12 months whether EMR integration can accelerate sort of uptick from a nascent place in a larger potential account. We will have some of our largest current accounts going live by the end of 2024. And so I think that’s when we’re really going to be able to tell you that more about what we’ve learned about the impact on the business. But I will remind you that Epic integration was the strategy that we’ve had in mind for some time. And so we did built into our 2024 guidance for the clinical business some increase in use based on the implementation of Epic as – Andrew.

Perfect. And then maybe just on the LIMS overhaul, can you just level set us on where that initiative stands and just how we should be thinking about any impact to cost savings over the next couple of quarters in 2025? Thank you.

Yes. With regards to LIMS, I’d say we put that on the back burner to focus initiatives around things that we can do to improve our workflows, namely in the reimbursement space as well as in the customer office space. So, right now coming out of the strategic review and some of the restructuring initiatives, that was one of the projects, we’re deprioritizing at this time and reprioritizing other initiatives that we think have a better near term ROI.

Got it. Thanks, guys.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question comes from Rachel Vatnsdal from JPMorgan. Please go ahead.

Perfect. Good afternoon guys. Thanks so much for taking the questions. So great to hear about the continued strength on MRD and then the cost savings as well. You previously had kind of talked about a second half of 2025 EBITDA breakeven. So is that still the right way to think about it, or we potentially see that timeline get moved up. Given where you’re at from a cost based perspective.

I’d say that’s the right way to think about it right now. I mean, again, we’ll continue to monitor performance and, as we get closer to 2025 update you at that point. But right now, that’s what we’re thinking about and that’s what we’re executing towards.

Great. And then on my follow up, just on the COGS side of things, you mentioned NovaSeq in Dave’s earlier question. So can you walk us through the timing for that rollout and how we should think about the potential reduction in COGS? How quickly can that really kick in? And then where do you think you could get on a COGS per test with NovaSeq in that rollout there? Thanks.

We’re moving along in the development phase. It’s a pretty significant undertaking. So we’re going to be fairly cautious about getting this done and getting it right. But, at the end of the day, we’re anticipating, hey, back half of 2025, we can get this and again, we’ll see the initial uptake. But our anticipation is this could be between five percentage points to eight percentage points. And once we’re up and running and once we get in the workflow, we’ll have a little bit better data, but we’ll wait and see. But we think it’s a meaningful driver. We just need to make sure it’s done right.

Yes. And as volumes continue to grow, that percentage reduction in COGS will correspondingly grow. So that’s an initial estimate of kind of back half of 2025 cost reduction of 5% to 8% with upside from there.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our next question comes from Sung Ji Nam from Scotiabank. Please go ahead.

Hi. Thanks for taking the questions. Just a couple of clarification questions on MRD pharma for the $3 million milestone that you received. Was that an accelerated, customer accelerating from secondary. I’m sorry, converting from secondary to primary endpoint in their study? Or was it just an acceleration since the ODAC in terms of implementing the trial, MRD as primary endpoint, or is something different altogether?

No, it wasn’t result of the ODAC decision. This was a study that had been in play and just recently got approval. So nothing. It wasn’t tied to ODAC…

Where MRD data was used in the submission package. We again, not related to ODAC or endpoint.

Okay, got it. And then just on the again, on the MRD pharma side, are there customers that are currently, that have currently incorporated flow cytometry based monitoring for MRD that might be interested in switching to clonoSEQ? Given the better standardization that you talked about, is that a potential opportunity and kind of curious if you might be getting any interest from those customers and hurdles from switching kind of a midway, if you will, in their studies, from one technique to another?

Absolutely. There’s an opportunity to convert. I mean, with some already have, and we’ve been converting them over the years, but certainly kind of with the ODAC decision, I think it continues to solidify the importance of NGS MRD with the depth of sensitivity, down to one in a million where as low as it, one to 10,000, without even the same level of standardization. So we continue to convert over those pharma customers.

Great. That’s it for me. Thank you.

Thanks, Sung Ji.

Thank you. I am showing no further questions at this time. Thank you for participating in today’s conference. This does conclude the program. You may now disconnect.